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Swertia Chirayita: a Review to Revitalize Its Importance in Pharmaceutical Arena Vikas Sharma1*, Nidhi Srivastava1, Barkha Kamal1, A.K

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Swertia Chirayita: a Review to Revitalize Its Importance in Pharmaceutical Arena Vikas Sharma1*, Nidhi Srivastava1, Barkha Kamal1, A.K Vikas Sharma et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(6),1784-1787 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Swertia chirayita: A review to revitalize its importance in Pharmaceutical Arena Vikas Sharma1*, Nidhi Srivastava1, Barkha Kamal1, A.K. Dobriyal2 & Vikash S. Jadon1 1Plant Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh (P.G.) Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India 2Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, H.N.B.Garhwal Central University, Campus Pauri, Pauri Garhwal-246001, Uttarakhand, India Received on: 11-02-2011; Revised on: 16-03-2011; Accepted on:21-04-2011 ABSTRACT The present review is the pragmatic approach to ensue important aspect of very important medicinal herb Swertia chirayita, as this genitan species is renowned for its medicinal benefits in different traditional systems of medicines like Ayurvedic, Unani and Sidha. A lot of important attribute have been assigned to this species. This review has been done on various aspects from its botany, conservation, phytochemical contents and pharmaceutical applications. Key words: Swertia, conservation, chemical constituents, medicinal activity, amarogentin INTRODUCTION India - a country of immense biotic wealth - has more than 7000 plant species comprises ca 150 species and is annual, biennial or perennial herb ranging reportedly used for medicinal purposes most of which are being exploited from 2-4 cm. to over 1.5 m in height with 4-5 merous flowers, 1 or 2 nectaries recklessly for the extraction of drugs. The age old traditional values attached at the base of characteristically rotate corolla lobes. The genus mostly occurs with the various forest types and the varieties of forest products (i.e., medicinal in alpine or temperate habitats in Asia, Africa and N. America. The plants) have gained tremendous importance in the present century (1,2). Medicinal circumscription of the genus has often been debated, resulting disagreement plants are the most important source of life saving drugs for the majority of amongst taxonomists due to the morphological similarities (nectariferous and the world’s population. It will be prudent to study species of indigenous rotate corolla lobes) among the species of Swertia and the related genera. medicinal/commercially valuable plants at genetic and molecular levels along Members of the genus are annual, biennial or perennial herb. Roots are fibrous with efficient conservation and management of genetic and phytochemical or woody. Stems absent, scapiform, or well developed, ascending or erect, diversity. Altitudinal variability at genetic and phytochemical level also can be terete, striate or angled or winged, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, rarely exploited to select useful genotypes that could be utilized as cultivars to avoid alternate or whorled or rosulate, sessile or petiolate, margin entire. Inflorescence batch-to-batch variation in extraction of standard drugs. Recent global emphasis cymose, usually grouped into simple or paniculate thyrses, rarely strictly on exploitation of herbal resources and instances of patenting of developing- dichoto- mous, sometimes reduced to single flowers and inflores-cences raceme- country plants by developed countries emphasize the need to generate databases like or flowers solitary and terminal. Flowers pedicellate, 4-or 5-merous. Bracts on indigenous medicinal plants which can be used for future reference. India is leaf-like, opposite and sessile. Calyx and corolla rotate, lobed to base, tubes home to a great variety of ethnomedically important plant species, and is less than 3 mm. Nectaries 1 or 2 per corolla lobe, naked or covered by a scale ranked 6th among 12 mega diversity countries of the world. Uttarakhand is one or flaps, glabrous, fringed or fimbriate. Stamens as many as corolla lobes, of the states in India which is known for its great diversity in terms of flora and attached at base of corolla lobe sinuses, sometimes surrounded by long hairs. 1- fauna and also its rich plant based ethnomedial tradtions. Swertia chirayita is celled Ovary. Style short to elongate. Bilobed Stigma. Fruit a capsule, enclosed one among the 32 highly prioritized medicinal herbs in the rich biodiversity of by persistent calyx and corolla, ovoid or flattened, dehiscing into 2 valves, few Uttarakhand (India) as identified by National Medicinal Plant Board, to many seeded. Seeds are small (6). Government of India (http://www.nmpb.nic.in). Plant Swertia chirayita belongs to Gentianaceae family. Gentianaceae is a family of 84 genera and about 970 THE PLANT: species in the world and treated the family under order Gentianales and clade Swertia chirayita Core asterids(3). Members of the family are widely distributed, but are most Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst. is also mentioned in the literature diverse in temperate and subtropical regions and in the montane tropics. as Swertia chirata, Buch.-Ham.;Ophelia chirata Grisebach.; Agathotes chirayita Clarke divided Gentianaceae into three tribes: Exaceae, Chironeae and Don.; Gentiana chirayita Roxburgh(4,7-9) and Gentiana floribunda Don(9). It is Swertieae(4). Cronquist treated the family under order Gentianales of subclass known by an array of names, suggesting its widespread use. Asteridae and class Magnoliopsida(5). Swertia is named in honor of Emanuel Sweert (rarely spelled Swert, 1552-1612), a Dutch gardener. Clarke(4) divided Common names: Swertia into three subgenera: Ophelia, Euswertia and Poephila. The genus Chirayita • Hindi: Chirayata, Charaita, Chirata • Marathi: Charayatah, Chirayita Swertia finds the key position in the field of research. The plant Swertia • Tamil: Nilavembu, Shirattakuchi, Anariyatittam • Malayalam: Kiriyatta, chirayita has been listed in Red Data Book, due to which many conservation Kiriyattu, Nilaveppa, Uttarakiriyattu • Telugu: Nelavemu • Kannada: Nelabevu programmes came into existence, these includes in-situ, ex-situ/in-vitro mode • Urdu: Chiraita shireen • Sanskrit: Anaryatikta, Ardhatikta, Bhunimba, of conservation. Phytochemical analysis as well as Molecular facet of medicinal Chiratika, Haima, Jvarantaka, Kairata, Kandatiktaka, Kiranta, Kirataka, Kirata plant Swertia chirayita has been and are being explored in many research Tikta, Naditikta, Naipala, Nepalanimba, Nidrari, Ramasenka, Sannipatha, institutes globally. The present review discusses the botanical description and Sutiktaka, Trinanimba, and Viktaka(7,8). medicinal importance of Swertia chirayita under different research area and importance of these research works has been focused. This sum up of the The trade name of S.chirayita is chiretta(7,8). research efforts about immense medicinal importance and characterization contains broader areas of research on Swertia chirayita. DISTRIBUTION The plant is a native of temperate Himalayas, found at an altitude of 1200– GENUS—Swertia L. 3000 m (4000 to 10,000 ft), from Kashmir to Bhutan, and in the Khasi hills Swertia L (Gentianaceae – Gentianeae – Swertiinae) is a morphologically at 1200–1500 m (4000 to 5000 ft) (8, 9). It can be grown in sub-temperate diverse but taxonomically distinct genus. The taxa in its present circumscription regions between 1500 and 2100 m altitudes (10). *Corresponding author. DESCRIPTION Annual or biennial herb up to 90-125 cm. Stem erect, hollow, terete, glabrous Vikas Sharma sometimes slightly winged. Leaves opposite, whorled, sessile, leaf blade ovate 1Plant Molecular Biology Lab., or elliptic, 1.6-10.2 × 0.6- 4.0 cm, amplexicaul or clasping, margin entire, Department of Biotechnology, apex acute. Inflorescence panicles of cymes. Flowers tetra-merous, in numerous small clusters on branches of panicles. Pedicels 0.4 - 0.6 cm. Bracts elliptic- Sardar Bhagwan Singh (P.G.) ovate, 0.5 -1.0 cm × 1-3 mm. Calyx greenish yellow, deeply lobed, tube 0.5- Institute of Biomedical Sciences & Research 1.0 mm, lobes linear lanceolate, 4 - 6 × 0.5-1.0 mm. Corolla greenish yellow, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, tube 1-2 mm, lobes ovate, 4-6.5 × 2-3 mm, glands 2 per corolla lobe, oval or Uttarakhand, India oblong, fimbriate. Stamens 4 (as many as corolla lobes), haplostemonous, Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 6. June 2011 1784-1787 Vikas Sharma et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(6),1784-1787 filament 3-4 mm, anthers 0.5-1.0 mm. Carpel 3 - 5 mm; Ovary 1-celled, Table 1.Some important chemical constituents of Swertia chirayita ovoid, 2 - 3 x 1.5-2 mm, stigma lobe capitate. Fruit a capsule, Capsule 0.5-0.6 cm, enclosed by persistent calyx and corolla (6). Active Constituent Chemical Nature Medicinal activity Amarogentin Seco-iridoid glycoside Antileshmanial MACROSCOPIC CHARACTER Amaroswerin Seco-iridoid glycoside gastro-protective The stems are orange brown (7) or purplish in color (10) and contain large Chiratanin Dimeric Xanthone —- Chiratol Xanthone Bitter continuous yellowish pith.; Leaf nearly rough but glabrous, three to five nerved, Decussatin Xanthone Bitter dark greenish brown to blackish in colour; petioles almost absent. The Roots Enicoflavine Triterpenoid alkaloid Bitter are yellowish brown and simple, tapering and stout, short, almost 7 cm long Gentianine*, Triterpenoid alkaloid anti-inflammatory*, sedative*, diuretic*, hypotensive*, (4,9) Gentiocrucine antipsychotic*, analgesic* and usually half an inch thick . Kairatenol Hexane extract Hypoglycemic Mangiferin Xanthone Antibacterial,immunosuppressant HABITAT Oleanolic acid Triterpenoid Emollient
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