Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella-Lineage As Revealed by Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Variation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella-Lineage As Revealed by Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Variation View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Published in Plant Systematics and Evolution 229, issues 1-2, 1-21, 2001 1 which should be used for any reference to this work High paraphyly of Swertia L. Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella-lineage as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation P. Chassot1, S. Nemomissa2, Y.-M. Yuan1, and P. KuÈ pfer1 1Institut de Botanique, Laboratoire de botanique e volutive, Universite de Neuchaà tel, Suisse 2The National Herbarium, BiologyDepart ment, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Abstract. The genus Swertia L., as currently occupya more derived position. Two of the latter de®ned, is polymorphic and mainly distributed in clades show a close relation with species of temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Gentianella s. str., and one is included in a large Phylogenetic relationships between Swertia and clade comprising Comastoma, Jaeschkea and Lo- the other genera of the Swertiinae sensu Struwe matogonium. Selected character states and their et al. -unpubl. data) are discussed based on proposed polarity, such as number and structure cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data. The of nectaries, stylar and seedcoat characteristics, sequences used for this purpose include the trnL pollen morphology, fusion of ¯oral parts and -UAA) intron, the intergenic spacers -IGS) be- chromosome number are discussed in the context tween trnL -UAA) and trnF -GAA) exons, and of molecular data. Rugose, spinose, or winged between trnS -UGA) and ycf 9 exons of cpDNA, seeds are found mainlyin basal lineages, while as well as the ITS region of nrDNA. Although smooth ones are typical for derived species. moderatelyresol ved, the phylogenies resulting Chromosome numbers follow a similar pattern from the separate analyses of nuclear and chlo- with x 13 restricted to basal lineages, while in roplast data are congruent, and the incongruence more derived clades, x is always smaller than 13. length dierence test -Farris et al. 1995) detected With respect to the molecular phylogeny, taxo- no character incongruence. The phylogeny sug- nomic circumscriptions in the Swertiinae sensu gested bythe analysis of combined data sets Struwe et al. -unpubl. data) does not seem to de®nes Swertia as stronglypa raphyletic in relation re¯ect phyletic relationships. to the other genera. This taxon mayhave acted as a stem group, giving rise to diverse lineages, some Key words: Gentianaceae, Swertia, phylogeny, of which are morphologicallydist inct and have paraphyly, nectary, ITS, trnL, trnL-F, trnS, ycf 9. been recognised at the generic level. Latouchea and Obolaria are closelyrelated and occupythe basalmost position in the molecular tree. Swertia Introduction species are distributed in 9 dierent clades, three of which share a basal polytomy with Bartonia, Since the last infrafamilial classi®cation of Frasera, Gentianopsis, Halenia, Megacodon, Gentianaceae published byGilg -1895), the Pterygocalyx and Veratrilla. Two lineages have circumscription of the subtribe Gentianinae an intermediate position. The remaining 4 clades has remained quite stable. Obolaria and 2 Bartonia were included in Grisebach's -1845) The genus Swertia L. is cosmopolitan in tribe Swertieae byBentham and Hooker distribution, although its ca. 150 species main- -1876) but were subsequentlyremoved from lyoccur in temperate regions of the northern the Gentianinae byGilg -1895). Both genera hemisphere. The genus is, however, represent- were reincluded therein following the recent ed in tropical regions and in the southern molecular results of Struwe et al. -1998). The hemisphere, and its highest species diversityis Gentianella-lineage -Gillett 1957; Toyokuni in the Himalayas and in south-western China 1962, 1963; Ho and Liu 1990), in opposition -Meusel et al. 1978). Owing to the highest to the Gentiana-lineage, was de®ned to include species diversityand the occurrence of taxa those genera of the subtribe Gentianinae sensu with the presumed ancestral characters -i.e. tall Gilg -1895) that have corolline nectaries, perennial plants, pentamery, few-¯owered corolla lobes with 5±9 vascular bundles, corol- in¯orescences, rugose seeds), Ho et al. -1994) las without plicae or folds and calyces without argued that south-western China is the centre an intracalycular membrane -present in Gen- of origin of the genus. From there, Swertia has tianopsis but of a dierent nature than in perhaps diversi®ed and dispersed to south-east Gentiana -Gillett 1957)). The genera that fall Asia as well to Africa and North America, into this categoryand that are dealt with in where theyhave formed two secondary centres this studyare Comastoma, Frasera, Gentianel- of diversi®cation. There are two taxa in the la, Gentianopsis, Halenia, Jaeschkea, Loma- Arabian Peninsula and one species in Mada- togonium, Swertia and Veratrilla. The descrip- gascar. The genus is absent from Australia, tion of the Gentianella-lineage was a ®rst step New Zealand and South and Central America. towards the recognition of two distinct evolu- Swertia was described byLinnaeus -1753), tionarylineages in the Gentianinae Gilg. in honour of Emanuel Swert, a botanical Previous molecular studies have con®rmed author of the 17th century. The circumscrip- these two lineages -Yuan and KuÈ pfer 1995, tion of the genus has often been debated, Struwe et al. 1998). Pterygocalyx and Mega- resulting in disagreements among researchers codon have whorls of nectaries at the base of of the family. Part of this debate is due to the the ovary-Ho and Pringle 1995) but were morphological similarities -i.e. nectariferous found to be distinct from Gentiana and its and rotate corolla lobes) of the species of allied genera bythe molecular studies of Yuan Swertia and related genera to one another, and KuÈ pfer -1995) and therefore also included namely, Halenia, Lomatogonium and Veratril- in the Gentianella-lineage. Latouchea also has la. Manyspecies of these genera were whorled nectaries at the base of the ovarybut described under Swertia, e.g. Lomatogonium has not been sequenced prior to this study. gamosepalum -as S. gamosepala), Veratrilla Struwe et al. -unpubl. data) consider that baillonii -as S. mekongensis), Halenia cornicu- Gilg's subtribe Gentianinae should be raised lata -as S. corniculata). These genera are now to a tribal status and further divided into two widelyaccepted as distinct from and perhaps subtribes. These are subtribe Gentianinae more advanced in evolution than Swertia -Crawfurdia, Gentiana, Tripterospermum) and -Allen 1933, Liu and Ho 1992). Lomatogonium subtribe Swertiinae -Bartonia, Comastoma, was established as a distinct genus byBraun Frasera, Gentianella, Gentianopsis, Halenia, -1830) based on Gentiana carinthiaca Froehl. Jaeschkea, Latouchea, Lomatogonium, Mega- on grounds of its decurrent stigma. Veratrilla codon, Obolaria, Pterygocalyx, Swertia, Verat- is dioecious and Halenia has spurred corolla rilla). Therefore, the Gentianella-lineage, as lobes except in sect. Swertiella -Allen 1933) used in the text and ®gures, is herewith de®ned where the corolla lobes have short protuber- to include all the aforementioned genera and ances. corresponds to the subtribe Swertiinae sensu In addition to the similarities with the Struwe et al. aforementioned genera, the de®nition of 3 Swertia proper has varied signi®cantlysince it Nilsson -1964, 1967, 1970) initiated exten- was ®rst described byLinnaeus. Many other sive pollen micromorphological studies in the genera were segregated from it, while others Gentianinae to shed a new light on possible were redundantlydescribed from Asia, North relationships. Bartonia and Obolaria were ex- America, Europe and Africa. The following amined byNilsson and Skvarla -1969). African taxa are now recognised as synonyms of species of Swertia were extensivelyinvestigated Swertia -Shah 1990, 1992; Pringle 1993; Ho byJonsson -1973). Pollen morphologyin the and Pringle 1995; Garg 1987): Frasera Walter subtribe was found to be variable although its -1788), Tesseranthium Kellogg -1862) and utilityfor taxonomic purpose seems limited. A Leucocraspedum Rydb. -1917) from North few genera or sections are clearlydiscriminated America; Anagallidium, Ophelia, Agathotes bytheir palynological features, but the authors Griseb. -1839, 1845) and Kingdon-Wardia C. also report that similarities between other gen- Marquand -1929) from the Himalayas; Sczuki- era and sections are too confusing to allow a nia, Stellera and Rellesta Turcz. -1840, 1849) comparison. In the case of Obolaria, pollen from eastern Asia; Monobothrium Hochst. morphologydoes not even support its inclusion -1844) from Africa; Swertopsis Makino -1891) in the Gentianinae preferablyto the Chironiinae from Japan; Blepharaden Dulac -1867) from -as Erythraeinae in Nilsson and Skvarla 1969). the Pyre ne es. Henricea Lem. -1824) is not valid Nevertheless, Nilsson -1967) described palyno- due to its earlier use in Asteraceae. For logical anities between Frasera and Halenia, Grisebach -1845), the generic concept of Swer- and between Lomatogonium and Comastoma, tia was narrow, that is, Anagallidium, Stellera and also noted that the pollen of these four and Ophelia were segregated from Swertia, and genera shares common aspects. The pollen of Frasera was accepted as a distinct genus. Swertia is morphologicallyheterogeneous and Bentham and Hooker's -1876) generic concept variable. African species could be categorised of Swertia was basicallysimilar to that of into three
Recommended publications
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2:2 (2012) 294:299 Journal Homepage
    ISSN-2249-5746 International Journal Of Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicine 2:2 (2012) 294:299 Journal Homepage http://interscience.org.uk/index.php/ijahm Phytochemical Studies on Swertia cordata (G. Done) Clark and Comparative Chromatographic Evaluation of Five Different Species of Swertia Karan M.,* Jamwal A., Vasisht K. University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India *Corresponding author:- Dr Maninder Karan University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India Email: [email protected] Swertia cordata (G. Done) Clark is an important species of the genus Swertia (Family Gentianaceae) reputed for its medicinal properties in Ayurveda. The present study reports the isolation of two xanthones, 1-hydroxy-2,3,7-trimethoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone (2) and one triterpenoid, lupeol (3) from S. cordata. The compounds (1) and (2) are being reported for the first time from S. cordata. Further, chromatographic comparison of five different species of Swertia viz. S. angustifolia Buch Ham. ex D. Don, S. chirata Buch Ham, S. cordata (G. Done), S. lurida (D. Don ex G. Done) C. B. Clarke and S. purpurascens (D. Don) A. Wall ex E. D. Clarke was made on the basis of TLC fingerprint profile to know how closely these species are related and to mark the similarities / dissimilarities between different Swertia species. Key words: Swertia species, xanthones, TLC fingerprint comparison INTRODUCTION The genus Swertia belongs to family Gentianaceae which is known to have about 700 species and 80 genera. The plants of this family are annual or perennial herbs. About 150 species are distributed in Asia, Europe, North America and Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Plant Survey of San Juan Public Lands, Colorado
    Rare Plant Survey of San Juan Public Lands, Colorado 2005 Prepared by Colorado Natural Heritage Program 254 General Services Building Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 Rare Plant Survey of San Juan Public Lands, Colorado 2005 Prepared by Peggy Lyon and Julia Hanson Colorado Natural Heritage Program 254 General Services Building Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 December 2005 Cover: Imperiled (G1 and G2) plants of the San Juan Public Lands, top left to bottom right: Lesquerella pruinosa, Draba graminea, Cryptantha gypsophila, Machaeranthera coloradoensis, Astragalus naturitensis, Physaria pulvinata, Ipomopsis polyantha, Townsendia glabella, Townsendia rothrockii. Executive Summary This survey was a continuation of several years of rare plant survey on San Juan Public Lands. Funding for the project was provided by San Juan National Forest and the San Juan Resource Area of the Bureau of Land Management. Previous rare plant surveys on San Juan Public Lands by CNHP were conducted in conjunction with county wide surveys of La Plata, Archuleta, San Juan and San Miguel counties, with partial funding from Great Outdoors Colorado (GOCO); and in 2004, public lands only in Dolores and Montezuma counties, funded entirely by the San Juan Public Lands. Funding for 2005 was again provided by San Juan Public Lands. The primary emphases for field work in 2005 were: 1. revisit and update information on rare plant occurrences of agency sensitive species in the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP) database that were last observed prior to 2000, in order to have the most current information available for informing the revision of the Resource Management Plan for the San Juan Public Lands (BLM and San Juan National Forest); 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Plants of Northeastern Utah
    MOUNTAIN PLANTS OF NORTHEASTERN UTAH Original booklet and drawings by Berniece A. Andersen and Arthur H. Holmgren Revised May 1996 HG 506 FOREWORD In the original printing, the purpose of this manual was to serve as a guide for students, amateur botanists and anyone interested in the wildflowers of a rather limited geographic area. The intent was to depict and describe over 400 common, conspicuous or beautiful species. In this revision we have tried to maintain the intent and integrity of the original. Scientific names have been updated in accordance with changes in taxonomic thought since the time of the first printing. Some changes have been incorporated in order to make the manual more user-friendly for the beginner. The species are now organized primarily by floral color. We hope that these changes serve to enhance the enjoyment and usefulness of this long-popular manual. We would also like to thank Larry A. Rupp, Extension Horticulture Specialist, for critical review of the draft and for the cover photo. Linda Allen, Assistant Curator, Intermountain Herbarium Donna H. Falkenborg, Extension Editor Utah State University Extension is an affirmative action/equal employment opportunity employer and educational organization. We offer our programs to persons regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age or disability. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert L. Gilliland, Vice-President and Director, Cooperative Extension
    [Show full text]
  • Buchbesprechungen 247-296 ©Verein Zur Erforschung Der Flora Österreichs; Download Unter
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Neilreichia - Zeitschrift für Pflanzensystematik und Floristik Österreichs Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 4 Autor(en)/Author(s): Mrkvicka Alexander Ch., Fischer Manfred Adalbert, Schneeweiß Gerald M., Raabe Uwe Artikel/Article: Buchbesprechungen 247-296 ©Verein zur Erforschung der Flora Österreichs; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Neilreichia 4: 247–297 (2006) Buchbesprechungen Arndt KÄSTNER, Eckehart J. JÄGER & Rudolf SCHUBERT, 2001: Handbuch der Se- getalpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Unter Mitarbeit von Uwe BRAUN, Günter FEYERABEND, Gerhard KARRER, Doris SEIDEL, Franz TIETZE, Klaus WERNER. – Wien & New York: Springer. – X + 609 pp.; 32 × 25 cm; fest gebunden. – ISBN 3-211-83562-8. – Preis: 177, – €. Dieses imposante Kompendium – wohl das umfangreichste Werk zu diesem Thema – behandelt praktisch alle Aspekte der reinen und angewandten Botanik rund um die Ackerbeikräuter. Es entstand in der Hauptsache aufgrund jahrzehntelanger Forschungs- arbeiten am Institut für Geobotanik der Universität Halle über Ökologie und Verbrei- tung der Segetalpflanzen. Im Zentrum des Werkes stehen 182 Arten, die ausführlich behandelt werden, wobei deren eindrucksvolle und umfassende „Porträt-Zeichnungen“ und genaue Verbreitungskarten am wichtigsten sind. Der „Allgemeine“ Teil („I.“) beginnt mit der Erläuterung einiger (vor allem morpholo- gischer, ökologischer, chorologischer und zoologischer) Fachausdrücke, darauf
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
    Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Current Tracking List
    Nevada Division of Natural Heritage Department of Conservation and Natural Resources 901 S. Stewart Street, Suite 5002, Carson City, Nevada 89701-5245 voice: (775) 684-2900 | fax: (775) 684-2909 | web: heritage.nv.gov At-Risk Plant and Animal Tracking List July 2021 The Nevada Division of Natural Heritage (NDNH) A separate list, the Plant and Animal Watch List, systematically curates information on Nevada's contains taxa that could become at-risk in the future. endangered, threatened, sensitive, rare, and at-risk plants and animals providing the most comprehensive Taxa on the At-Risk Plant and Animal Tracking List are source of information on Nevada’s imperiled organized by taxonomic group, and presented biodiversity. alphabetically by scientific name within each group. Currently, there are 639 Tracking List taxa: 285 plants, Nevada's health and economic well-being depend 209 invertebrates, 65 fishes, 9 amphibians, 7 reptiles, upon its biodiversity and wise land stewardship. This 27 birds, and 37 mammals. challenge increases as population and land-use pressures continue to grow. Nevada is among the top Documentation of population status, locations, or 10 states for both the diversity and the vulnerability of other updates or corrections for any of the taxa on its living heritage. With early planning and responsible this list are always welcome. Literature citations with development, economic growth and our biological taxonomic revisions and descriptions of new taxa are resources can coexist. NDNH is a central source for also appreciated. The Nevada Native Species Site information critical to achieving this balance. Survey Report form is available on our website under Management priorities for the state’s imperiled the Submit Data tab and is the preferred format for biodiversity are continually assessed, providing submitting information to NDNH.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Plants for Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
    Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve Plant Checklist DRAFT as of 29 November 2005 FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) Vascular Plant Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Present in Park Rare Native Field horsetail Vascular Plant Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum laevigatum Present in Park Unknown Native Scouring-rush Polypodiaceae (Fern Family) Vascular Plant Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Present in Park Uncommon Native Brittle bladderfern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Dryopteridaceae Woodsia oregana Present in Park Uncommon Native Oregon woodsia Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern Family) Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Argyrochosma fendleri Present in Park Unknown Native Zigzag fern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cheilanthes feei Present in Park Uncommon Native Slender lip fern Vascular Plant Polypodiales Pteridaceae Cryptogramma acrostichoides Present in Park Unknown Native American rockbrake Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss Family) Vascular Plant Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella densa Present in Park Rare Native Lesser spikemoss Vascular Plant Selaginellales Selaginellaceae Selaginella weatherbiana Present in Park Unknown Native Weatherby's clubmoss CONIFERS Cupressaceae (Cypress family) Vascular Plant Pinales Cupressaceae Juniperus scopulorum Present in Park Unknown Native Rocky Mountain juniper Pinaceae (Pine Family) Vascular Plant Pinales Pinaceae Abies concolor var. concolor Present in Park Rare Native White fir Vascular Plant Pinales Pinaceae Abies lasiocarpa Present
    [Show full text]
  • Field Trip Plant List
    Location: Castlewood Canyon State Park Date: May 1, 2021 *Questions? Suggestions? Contact us at [email protected] Leader: Audrey Spencer & Suzanne Dingwell Major Group Family Scientific name (Ackerfield) Common name Nativity Notes Ferns and Allies Dryopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis brittle bladder fern Native Gymnosperms Cupressaceae Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain juniper Native Gymnosperms Pinaceae Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine Native Gymnosperms Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Native Angiosperms Agavaceae Leucocrinum montanum common sand lily Native Angiosperms Agavaceae Yucca glauca Great Plains yucca Native Angiosperms Alliaceae Allium sp. onion Native in fruit Angiosperms Apiaceae Lomatium orientale salt-and-pepper Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Achillea millefolium yarrow Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Arctium minus common burdock Introduced List C Angiosperms Asteraceae Artemisia frigida fringed sagebrush Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Grindelia squarrosa curlycup gumweed Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Heterotheca villosa hairy false goldenaster Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Nothocalais cuspidata sharppoint prairie-dandelion Native Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Sch. Bip. GBIF 2/28/21 J. Ackerfield Angiosperms Asteraceae Packera fendleri Fendler's ragwort Native Angiosperms Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale dandelion Introduced Angiosperms Boraginaceae Mertensia lanceolata prairie bluebells Native Angiosperms Brassicaceae Alyssum simplex alyssum Introduced Angiosperms Brassicaceae Noccaea fendleri ssp. glauca
    [Show full text]
  • Genome and Metabolomic Based Approaches To
    GENOME AND METABOLOMIC BASED APPROACHES TO AUTHENTICATE Swertia chirata FROM ITS ADULTERANTS AND THEIR COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AGAINST HYPOXIA INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RATS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by KRITIKA KAUSHAL DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WAKNAGHAT, DISTRICT SOLAN, H.P., INDIA JULY, 2019 @ Copyright JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, WAKNAGHAT JULY, 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work reported in the Ph.D thesis entitled “Genome and Metabolomic based approaches to authenticate Swertia chirata from its adulterants and their comparative evaluation against hypoxia induced oxidative stress in rats” submitted by Ms. Kritika Kaushal at Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India, is the record of candidate’s own work carried out by him under our supervision. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. (Dr. Anil Kant) Date: 20.08.2020 Associate Professor Department of Biotechnology Bioinformatics Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan 173234 DECLARATION BY THE SCHOLAR I hereby declare that the work reported in the Ph.D. thesis entitled “Genome and Metabolomic based approaches to authenticate Swertia chirata from its adulterants and their comparative evaluation against hypoxia induced oxidative stress in rats” submitted at Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India is an authentic record of my work carried out under the supervision of Dr. Anil Kant. I have not submitted this work elsewhere for any other degree or diploma. (Kritika Kaushal) Date: Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan, India 173234 Dedicated to my Parents This thesis is dedicated to my caring and devoted parents, for all their love, support and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Asterids
    Diversity and Evolution of Asterids . gentians, milkweeds, and potatoes . Core Asterids • two well supported lineages of the ‘true’ or core asterids ‘ ’ lamiids • lamiid or Asterid I group • ‘campanulid’ or Asterid II group • appear to have the typical fused corolla derived independently and via two different floral developmental pathways campanulids lamiid campanulid Core Asterids • two well supported lineages of the ‘true’ or core asterids lamiids = NOT fused corolla tube • Asterids primitively NOT fused corolla at maturity campanulids • 2 separate origins of fused petals in “core” Asterids (plus several times in Ericales) Early vs. Late Sympetaly euasterids II - campanulids euasterids I - lamiids Calendula, Asteraceae early also in Cornaceae of Anchusa, Boraginaceae late ”basal asterids” Gentianales • order within ‘lamiid’ or Asterid I group • 5 families and nearly 17,000 species dominated by Rubiaceae (coffee) and Apocynaceae lamiids (milkweed) • iridoids, opposite leaves, contorted corolla Rubiaceae Apocynaceae campanulids Gentianales corolla aestivation *Gentianaceae - gentians Cosmopolitan family of 87 genera and nearly 1700 species. Herbs to small trees (in the tropics) or mycotrophs. Gentiana Symbolanthus Voyria *Gentianaceae - gentians • opposite leaves • flowers right contorted • glabrous - no hairs! Gentiana Gentianopsis Blackstonia Gentiana *Gentianaceae - gentians CA (4-5) CO (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) • flowers 4 or 5 merous Gentiana • pistil superior of 2 carpels • parietal placentation; fruit capsular *Gentianaceae - gentians Gentiana
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Treatment of the Gentianaceae in Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1979 A taxonomic treatment of the Gentianaceae in Virginia Georgia A. Hammond-Soltis College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Systems Biology Commons Recommended Citation Hammond-Soltis, Georgia A., "A taxonomic treatment of the Gentianaceae in Virginia" (1979). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625057. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-ry01-2w40 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thou waitest late, and com7st alone When woods are bare and birds have flown, And frosts and shortening days portend The aged year is near his end. Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye Tjook through its fringes to the sky Blue - blue - as if that sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. * Bryant , from Wiidflowers of the Alleghanies APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts iL a, d. m / Y m M i - M i iA Author Approved September, 1979 istav W. Hall, Stewart A. Ware, Ph. D. r~V>Dtnn% Pi. 2. Lf&te Donna M. E. Ware, Ph. D. Mitchell A. Byrd , ‘Ph. D. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................ v LIST OF TABLES................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES.................................................
    [Show full text]