High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Medicinal aspects and importance of Chirata Gejalakshmi Subramanian* Kayalvizhi seralathan, Harikrishnan.N, V.Pavan kumar 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Velappanchavadi, chennai-771 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis ,Seven Hills College of Pharmacy,Venkataramapuram,Tirupati-517561,Andhra Pradesh,India2

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plays an vital role in various disorders because it produces less toxicity and more effective

results for particular diseases. Among all the herbal swertiachirata is the most commonly used herb in Indian, British, American pharmacopoeias which has an high potency towards pharmacological actions. This herbs were used as traditional herb and folk remedies among herbalists. At present study reveals that swertia has high potency that drug which used for pharmaceutical purpose. The active compound in swetia is reported to be effective for treating bacterial, fungal, viral infection, carcinogenicity, diabetics, inflammation, etc. The aim of review work is to study about the phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, pharmacognostic activity.

Keywords : swertiachirata, Anti- inflammatory activity, Carcinogenicity, Traditional medicine

INTRODUCTION Swertia chirata belongs to family of . this medicinal plant is always native to temperate Himalaya.The Swertia chirata originated at an altitude of 1200-1300m from Bhutan to Kashmir. About 80% of the world population in developed and developing countries need medicinal plant for their basic and primary health care. Because Herbal plants are considered as rich source of phytochemical ingredients Swertiamarin, Amarogentin, Swechirin, Mangiferin, Sweroside, Gentianine, Amaroswerin, Oleanolic acid, Swertanoone, Ursolic acid are the chemical present in swertiawhichproduces efficacyforhuman purpose 1 . swertia is an ancient herb. The another name for swertia includes [Nepali Neem] because of annual/biennial herb in the forests of Nepal. This shrub / herb exists in the sub-temperate region of Himalayas at an altitude of 1200 to 1500 meters and grows up to the height of 1.5 meters from Bhutan to Kashmir 2,3,4,5 . The main purpose of this medicinal herbs includes safety, efficacy, easily availability and less toxicity 6, 7 . Its therapeutic usage is recorded in IP codex, the British and the American pharmacopoeias and also in some Indian Traditional systems of m edicines ie. Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. The swertia was formulated in basic of bitter tonic in Ayurvedic Herbal system to cure fever and for curing various other diseases 1 Nearly 90 tonnes of swertia have been traded Nepal, wherase only 1.5 tonnes have been traded from Midwestern 9,10

BOTANICAL PROFILE OF SWERTIA

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English: Chirata (Indian Gentian) Hindi: Charayatah Arabic: Qasabuzzarirah Bengali: Chireta Burma: Urdu: Chiarayata, Persian: Nenilawandi, Panjabi: CharaitaSekhagi Marathi: Chirayita Malayalam: Nilaveppa Tamil: Nilavembu, Shirattakuchi Nepal: Cherata Telugu: Nilavembu Gujarati: Chirayata Kannada: Nilavebu Deccan: Charayatah Sanskrit: Anaryatikta, Bhunimba, Chiratika, Ardhatika, varantaka, Qasabuzzarirah

11.12,13,14 TABLE 1: VERNACULAR NAMES OF SWERTIA

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Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Genus: Swertia Species: chirata Family: Gentianaceae Binomial Name: Swertia chirata Buch Ham

TABLE 2 : OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 15

Charak Samhita Stanyashodhan mahakashaye 16 , Trsnanigrahana mahakashaye 17 and 18 in tikta skandha Susurut Samhita Aragvadhadi gana 19 Priyanighantu Satpushpadi Varga 20 Acharya Vagbhat Aragvadhadi gana 21 Nighantu Adarsh Kiratadi Varga 22 Abhidhaanratnamala. Tiktadravyasakandha 23

TABLE 3 : CLASSIFICATION IN AYURVEDIC FORM PERIOD OF OCCURANCES 24

At October and November the plant is quickly spreads from seed which is shed Herbs.Thus it can be cultivated in suitable area in the temperate Himalayas. The Seeds obtained seems to be appears very small in size, therefore it should be seedlings transplanted later in the field and sown in nursery.

MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION:

chloroplasts and mesophyll tissue of swertialeaves was found in inner tissue (parenchyma). The epidermis occurs in layer which is covered by lined cuticle. Then stomata was found in lower surface. The layer of cork ( 2-4 ) was found in transected roots of swertia. Then secondary cork (4-12 ) appears in parenchymataous cells which are thick-walled. Companion cells, thin-walled strands of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma has been observed in secondary phloem. tracheids cells, vessels and xylem fibres was observed in secondary xylem

MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION

The stem surface of swertia was smooth and no hairs or projections and 1m in length and 6 mm in diameter and yellowish-brown to purplish in colour. The was described in 2 shapes 1. slightly quadrilateral(upper part of stem) 2.Cylindrical(lower part). The shape of flowers occur in oval with wide of 2-3 mmwith two glandular depressions near the base of each of corolla lobes. The length of fruit 0.16 mm to 0.45 mm in breadth with irregular oval in shape [25,26]

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THE ISOLATED CHEMICAL COMPOUND FROM SWERTIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTION 2, 27,28, 29

CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY CONSTITUTENTS Mangiferin Anti viral, Immunomodulatory, Anti -inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti -diabetic, Antitumor, Anti-HIV, Chemo preventive, Hypoglycemic, Ant atherosclerotic, Antiparkinson. Swertiamarin. CNS depressant, Anticholinergic, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Anti -hepatitis, Antiatherosclerotic, Cardio-protective, Anti-diabetic, Anti-arthritic Amaroswerin Gastroprotective. Amarogentin Antileishmanial, Topoisomerase inhibitor, Anticancer, Anti -diabeti c, Gastro protective, Anthelmintic Swerchirin Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic, Pro -hematopoietic, Chemo preventive, Blood Sweroside. Hepatoprotective, Antibacterial, Hyper pigmentation, Osteoporosis, Anthelmintic Gentianine Antimalarial, Anti -hepatitis B virus, Antipsychotic. Oleanolic acid Antimicrobial, Antitumor, Anti -inflammatory, Antioxidant activity PHYTOCHEMISTRY STUDIES 30,31,32

Chiratin and Ophelic acid has been obtained from swertia. In general they exists in both amorphous or crystalline substances. Apart from this other important chemical constituents such as Xanthones, Xanthone glycoside and a flavonoid mangiferine, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium were also found in swertia .

MEDICINAL APLICATION OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 33

S.NO PLANT PARTS USED BIOLOGICAL ACTION 1. Whole plant Used in several traditional and indigenous systems of medicines, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha 2. Whole plant Used in British and American pharmacopeias as tinctures and infusions 3. Root Serves as a drug and an effective tonic for general weakness, fever, cough, joint pain, asthma, and the common cold 4. Whole plant Leaves and chopped stems are soaked overnight in water. A paste is prepared and filtered with 1 glass of water. This preparation is given once a day for 2–3 days in headaches and blood pressure. 5. Whole plant For fever with tremor, whole plant cut

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into small pieces is boiled in 1/2 L of water until the volume is reduced to less than half glass. The filtered water is stored in a glass bottle and half spoon is given to children once a day for 2 days and for adult 1 spoon once in a day for 2 days or varies to three times a day until cured. 6. Whole plant Boiled in water and one cup of decoction is taken orally to cure malaria 7. Whole plant Paste of the plant is applied to treat skin diseases such as eczema and pimples 8 Whole plant Liver disorders; stomach disorders like dyspepsia and diarrhoea, intestinal worms 9. Whole plant Hiccups and vomiting, ulcers, gastrointestinal infections, and kidney diseases 10. Whole plant Used in combination with other drugs in cases of scorpion bite.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 34

ACTIVI PART USED TEST SOLVENT TEST CONTROL TOXI TY METHOD SYSTEM ORGANISM / CITY MODELS Anti - Whole plant In vitro Ethanol Escherichia coli Ciprofloxaci Nil bacterial Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti- Whole plant In vitro DCM; Staphylococcus Kanamycin - Nil bacterial ethanol aureus 30 μg/disc Anti- Stem In vitro Ethanol Staphylococcus Chlorphenicol Brine bacterial aureus 30 μg/disc shrimp assay– positiv e Anti- Whole plant In vitro Methanol Aspegillusniger Amphotericin Nil fungal Anti- Whole plant In vitro Methanol Leishmania - Negati leishman donovani ve for ial cytoto xicity Antihel Whole plant In vitro Water: Haemonchuscon Levamisole Nil mintic methanol tortus 0.55 mg/ml Antimal Leaves / stem In vitro Methol:PE:w Plasmodium Parasitized red Nil arial ater:ethanol falciparum blood cells and 10 μCi Anti- Whole palnt In vitro 50% ethanol HepG 2.2.15 Tenofovir Nil hepatitis cells line

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B virus Antiinfla Aerial part In vivo Petroleum N/A Mice treated Nil mmatory with vehicle or Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) Hypogly Whole plant In vivo ethanol N/A Mice treated Nil cemic with vehicle Antidiab Whole plant In vitro Ethanol:HEX STZNAD(strept Metformin Nil etic ozotocinnicotina (100 μg/kg) mide) induced diabetic albino mice Antipyre Root In vitro Water Brewer's yeast Paracetamol Nil tic induced pyrexia (150 mg kg −1 Typhoid- ) Paratyphoid A, B vaccine induced Hyperexia

Medicinal application of swertia derivd from literature records 1 12 10 8 6 4 2 literature records 0

Conclusion

The present review focus on the botany, medicinal application, phytochemistry and pharmacological action of swertia chirata. More medicinal activities have been predicted scientifically. Thus, swertia can be used for pharmaceutical purpose for various diseases.

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REFERENCES

1. REVIEW ON SWERTIA CHIRATA AS TRADITIONAL USES TO ITS PYHTOCHEMISTRY AND PHRMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Abdul Aleem1, Hifzul Kabir2* 1PG Scholar, Department of IlmulAdvia, School of Unani Medical Education and Research; Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India 2. Bentley R. and Trimen H (1880) “Medicinal Plant” J and A Churchill: London, pp.183. 3. Clarke C. B. Verbenaceae, in The Flora of British India, Vol. IV, ed Hooker J. D., editor. (London: L. Reeve and Co), 1885; pp.560–604. 4. Gaur R.D., 1999. Flora of the District Garhwal North West Himalaya: With Ethnobotanical Notes. Trans Media Publication, Srinagar Garhwal, India, pp. 811. 5. Lodhi M., Memon Z., Shaheen S. and Wasim A. Effect of Methanol Extract of Swertia chirata on Various Cellular Components of Blood in Rats. Health Sciences, 2017; 6(8):5964 6. Sewell Robert DE, and Mahmoud RafieianKopaei. “The history and ups and downs of herbal medicine usage.” Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2014; 3(1):1-3. 7. Campus, UAU, Haridwar, Uttarkhand, India International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, (ISSN: 2320 5091) (September, 2017) 5(9) 8. MoFSC 2069 (BS) Hamro Ban. Government of Nepal (GoN), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), Kathmandu.10. 9. MoFSC 2070 (BS) Hamro Ban. Government of Nepal (GoN), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), Kathmandu.10. 10. Kirtiker K. B. (1996). Indian Medicinal Plants (2 ed., Vol. 3). Dehradun: International Book Distributors, Rajpur road, Dehradun, India.pp.1664-66 11. Anonymous, The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India, CCRUM, Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Rakmo Press New Delhi - 110 020, 2007. 12. Chopra R. N. (1956). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Councel of Scientific and Industrial Research.pp. 237 13. Nadkarni A. K. (1989). Indian Materia Medica. Bombay: Bombay Popular Prakashan.pp. 1184-1185 14. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants an Illustrated Dictionary. Edn 1, Springer, New Delhi, 2007, 632. 15. Agnivesha Maharishi, Charak Samhita Vol.1 with elaborated Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Pt.KashinathaShastri, Edited by Dr Gangasahayapandeya, Published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition Reprint: 2006.P.26. 16. Agnivesha Maharishi, Charak Samhita Vol.1 with elaborated Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Pt.KashinathaShastri, Edited by Dr Gangasahayapandeya, Published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition Reprint : 2006.P.27. 17. Agnivesha Maharishi, Charak Samhita Vol.1 with elaborated Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Pt.KashinathaShastri, Edited by Dr Gangasahayapandeya, Published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Edition Reprint : 2006.P.89 18. Sushruta Samhita of Maharshi-Sushruta Part-1, edited with AyurvedaTattvaSandipika, commentary by KavirajaAmbikadutta Shastri, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2007; 142. 19. Prof. Priya Vrat Sharma, Priyanighantu, ChaukhambaSubhartiPrakashan, edition 2004, P.100. 20. Kavirajatridev Gupta, AstangaSamgraha , vol.1, Krishnadas Academy Varanasi, Reprint 1993, P.13 21. Vaidya Bapalal ji, Nighantu Adarsa, Chaukhambha Bharti Academy, Vol 2, Reprint 2005, P.70. 22. Prof. PriyavratSharma, Abhidhaanratnamala, Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi, First Edition 1997, P. 18 23. Anonymous (1992), The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India, CCRUM, (Vol. 2) Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Seema Offset Press New Delhi-110006. pp.117-125 24. Anonymous, The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India, CCRUM, Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Rakmo Press New Delhi - 110 020, 2007 25. Anonymous (1992), The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India, CCRUM, (Vol. 2) Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Seema Offset Press New Delhi-110006. pp.117-125

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26. Kumar N. et al, Review on Swertia Chirata Buch.-Ham. Ex Wall: A Bitter Herb W.S.R. to Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity. International Ayurvedic medical journal, 2017; 5(9). 27. Kumar V & Van Staden J; A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant; PMC, 2015; 6, PMC4709473. 28. Sankar A.S.S., Sugathan N. V. and Mohan M. A REVIEW ON SYNERGISTIC AND HORMETIC ACTION OF SWERTIA CHIRATA FROM HOMOEOPATHIC PERSPECTIVE. International Journal of AYUSH Medicine & Research, 2017; : 2456-6209. 29. Kirtiker K. B. (1996). Indian Medicinal Plants (2 ed., Vol. 3). Dehradun: International Book Distributors, Rajpur road, Dehradun, India.pp.1664-66 30. Anonymous, The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India, CCRUM, Department of AYUSH Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India Rakmo Press New Delhi - 110 020, 2007 31. Anonymous. (YNM) “Standardisation of Single Drugs of Unani Medicine” (Vol.III). New Delhi: CCRUM Department of AYUSH Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare, Government of India. 32. Kumar V. and Staden J.V., A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant,FrontPharmacol. 2015; 6: 308. 33. Vijay kumar& Johannes Van Staden; A Review of Swertiachirayita(Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant; PMC,V.6; 2015, PMC4709473.

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