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Medicinal Aspects and Importance of Swertia Chirata Gejalakshmi Subramanian* Kayalvizhi Seralathan, Harikrishnan.N, V.Pavan Kumar 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr.M.G.R

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Medicinal Aspects and Importance of Swertia Chirata Gejalakshmi Subramanian* Kayalvizhi Seralathan, Harikrishnan.N, V.Pavan Kumar 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr.M.G.R High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 Medicinal aspects and importance of Swertia Chirata Gejalakshmi Subramanian* Kayalvizhi seralathan, Harikrishnan.N, V.Pavan kumar 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Velappanchavadi, chennai-771 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis ,Seven Hills College of Pharmacy,Venkataramapuram,Tirupati-517561,Andhra Pradesh,India2 ABSTRACT Medicinal plants plays an vital role in various disorders because it produces less toxicity and more effective results for particular diseases. Among all the herbal plant swertiachirata is the most commonly used herb in Indian, British, American pharmacopoeias which has an high potency towards pharmacological actions. This herbs were used as traditional herb and folk remedies among herbalists. At present study reveals that swertia has high potency that drug which used for pharmaceutical purpose. The active compound in swetia is reported to be effective for treating bacterial, fungal, viral infection, carcinogenicity, diabetics, inflammation, etc. The aim of review work is to study about the phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, pharmacognostic activity. Keywords : swertiachirata, Anti- inflammatory activity, Carcinogenicity, Traditional medicine INTRODUCTION Swertia chirata belongs to family of Gentianaceae. this medicinal plant is always native to temperate Himalaya.The Swertia chirata originated at an altitude of 1200-1300m from Bhutan to Kashmir. About 80% of the world population in developed and developing countries need medicinal plant for their basic and primary health care. Because Herbal plants are considered as rich source of phytochemical ingredients Swertiamarin, Amarogentin, Swechirin, Mangiferin, Sweroside, Gentianine, Amaroswerin, Oleanolic acid, Swertanoone, Ursolic acid are the chemical present in swertiawhichproduces efficacyforhuman purpose 1 . swertia is an ancient herb. The another name for swertia includes [Nepali Neem] because of annual/biennial herb in the forests of Nepal. This shrub / herb exists in the sub-temperate region of Himalayas at an altitude of 1200 to 1500 meters and grows up to the height of 1.5 meters from Bhutan to Kashmir 2,3,4,5 . The main purpose of this medicinal herbs includes safety, efficacy, easily availability and less toxicity 6, 7 . Its therapeutic usage is recorded in IP codex, the British and the American pharmacopoeias and also in some Indian Traditional systems of m edicines ie. Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. The swertia was formulated in basic of bitter tonic in Ayurvedic Herbal system to cure fever and for curing various other diseases 1 Nearly 90 tonnes of swertia have been traded Nepal, wherase only 1.5 tonnes have been traded from Midwestern 9,10 BOTANICAL PROFILE OF SWERTIA Volume 27, Issue 5, 2021 510 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 English: Chirata (Indian Gentian) Hindi: Charayatah Arabic: Qasabuzzarirah Bengali: Chireta Burma: Urdu: Chiarayata, Persian: Nenilawandi, Panjabi: CharaitaSekhagi Marathi: Chirayita Malayalam: Nilaveppa Tamil: Nilavembu, Shirattakuchi Nepal: Cherata Telugu: Nilavembu Gujarati: Chirayata Kannada: Nilavebu Deccan: Charayatah Sanskrit: Anaryatikta, Bhunimba, Chiratika, Ardhatika, varantaka, Qasabuzzarirah 11.12,13,14 TABLE 1: VERNACULAR NAMES OF SWERTIA Volume 27, Issue 5, 2021 511 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Genus: Swertia Species: chirata Family: Gentianaceae Binomial Name: Swertia chirata Buch Ham TABLE 2 : TAXONOMY OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 15 Charak Samhita Stanyashodhan mahakashaye 16 , Trsnanigrahana mahakashaye 17 and 18 in tikta skandha Susurut Samhita Aragvadhadi gana 19 Priyanighantu Satpushpadi Varga 20 Acharya Vagbhat Aragvadhadi gana 21 Nighantu Adarsh Kiratadi Varga 22 Abhidhaanratnamala. Tiktadravyasakandha 23 TABLE 3 : CLASSIFICATION IN AYURVEDIC FORM 24 PERIOD OF OCCURANCES At October and November the plant is quickly spreads from seed which is shed Herbs.Thus it can be cultivated in suitable area in the temperate Himalayas. The Seeds obtained seems to be appears very small in size, therefore it should be seedlings transplanted later in the field and sown in nursery. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: chloroplasts and mesophyll tissue of swertialeaves was found in inner tissue (parenchyma). The epidermis occurs in layer which is covered by lined cuticle. Then stomata was found in lower surface. The layer of cork ( 2-4 ) was found in transected roots of swertia. Then secondary cork (4-12 ) appears in parenchymataous cells which are thick-walled. Companion cells, thin-walled strands of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma has been observed in secondary phloem. tracheids cells, vessels and xylem fibres was observed in secondary xylem MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION The stem surface of swertia was smooth and no hairs or projections and 1m in length and 6 mm in diameter and yellowish-brown to purplish in colour. The was described in 2 shapes 1. slightly quadrilateral(upper part of stem) 2.Cylindrical(lower part). The shape of flowers occur in oval with wide of 2-3 mmwith two glandular depressions near the base of each of corolla lobes. The length of fruit 0.16 mm to 0.45 mm in breadth with irregular oval in shape [25,26] Volume 27, Issue 5, 2021 512 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 THE ISOLATED CHEMICAL COMPOUND FROM SWERTIA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTION 2, 27,28, 29 CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY CONSTITUTENTS Mangiferin Anti viral, Immunomodulatory, Anti -inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti -diabetic, Antitumor, Anti-HIV, Chemo preventive, Hypoglycemic, Ant atherosclerotic, Antiparkinson. Swertiamarin. CNS depressant, Anticholinergic, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Anti -hepatitis, Antiatherosclerotic, Cardio-protective, Anti-diabetic, Anti-arthritic Amaroswerin Gastroprotective. Amarogentin Antileishmanial, Topoisomerase inhibitor, Anticancer, Anti -diabeti c, Gastro protective, Anthelmintic Swerchirin Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic, Pro -hematopoietic, Chemo preventive, Blood Sweroside. Hepatoprotective, Antibacterial, Hyper pigmentation, Osteoporosis, Anthelmintic Gentianine Antimalarial, Anti -hepatitis B virus, Antipsychotic. Oleanolic acid Antimicrobial, Antitumor, Anti -inflammatory, Antioxidant activity PHYTOCHEMISTRY STUDIES 30,31,32 Chiratin and Ophelic acid has been obtained from swertia. In general they exists in both amorphous or crystalline substances. Apart from this other important chemical constituents such as Xanthones, Xanthone glycoside and a flavonoid mangiferine, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium were also found in swertia . MEDICINAL APLICATION OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 33 S.NO PLANT PARTS USED BIOLOGICAL ACTION 1. Whole plant Used in several traditional and indigenous systems of medicines, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha 2. Whole plant Used in British and American pharmacopeias as tinctures and infusions 3. Root Serves as a drug and an effective tonic for general weakness, fever, cough, joint pain, asthma, and the common cold 4. Whole plant Leaves and chopped stems are soaked overnight in water. A paste is prepared and filtered with 1 glass of water. This preparation is given once a day for 2–3 days in headaches and blood pressure. 5. Whole plant For fever with tremor, whole plant cut Volume 27, Issue 5, 2021 513 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 into small pieces is boiled in 1/2 L of water until the volume is reduced to less than half glass. The filtered water is stored in a glass bottle and half spoon is given to children once a day for 2 days and for adult 1 spoon once in a day for 2 days or varies to three times a day until cured. 6. Whole plant Boiled in water and one cup of decoction is taken orally to cure malaria 7. Whole plant Paste of the plant is applied to treat skin diseases such as eczema and pimples 8 Whole plant Liver disorders; stomach disorders like dyspepsia and diarrhoea, intestinal worms 9. Whole plant Hiccups and vomiting, ulcers, gastrointestinal infections, and kidney diseases 10. Whole plant Used in combination with other drugs in cases of scorpion bite. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SWERTIA CHIRATA 34 ACTIVI PART USED TEST SOLVENT TEST CONTROL TOXI TY METHOD SYSTEM ORGANISM / CITY MODELS Anti - Whole plant In vitro Ethanol Escherichia coli Ciprofloxaci Nil bacterial Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti- Whole plant In vitro DCM; Staphylococcus Kanamycin - Nil bacterial ethanol aureus 30 μg/disc Anti- Stem In vitro Ethanol Staphylococcus Chlorphenicol Brine bacterial aureus 30 μg/disc shrimp assay– positiv e Anti- Whole plant In vitro Methanol Aspegillusniger Amphotericin Nil fungal Anti- Whole plant In vitro Methanol Leishmania - Negati leishman donovani ve for ial cytoto xicity Antihel Whole plant In vitro Water: Haemonchuscon Levamisole Nil mintic methanol tortus 0.55 mg/ml Antimal Leaves / stem In vitro Methol:PE:w Plasmodium Parasitized red Nil arial ater:ethanol falciparum blood cells and 10 μCi Anti- Whole palnt In vitro 50% ethanol HepG 2.2.15 Tenofovir Nil hepatitis cells line Volume 27, Issue 5, 2021 514 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 B virus Antiinfla Aerial part In vivo Petroleum N/A Mice treated Nil mmatory with vehicle or Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) Hypogly Whole plant In vivo ethanol N/A Mice treated Nil cemic with vehicle Antidiab Whole plant In vitro Ethanol:HEX STZNAD(strept Metformin Nil etic ozotocinnicotina (100 μg/kg) mide) induced
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