DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Corrected Thesis Without Highlights

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Corrected Thesis Without Highlights Governing Through The Network Amil Mohanan Department of Geography, University College London Thesis submitted in fulflment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 DECLARATION I, Amil Mohanan confrm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confrm that this has been in- dicated in the thesis. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the relationship between the state, computer networks and their relationship to the government of education. It explores the historical devel- opment of computer networks and the governmental rationalities of education, in addition to an ethnographic study of practices surrounding computer networks at a secondary school in London. This novel approach has looked at interactions between the materiality of networks, their presence in the discourses of national policies and the practices of its end users. It begins by focussing on an early public data network developed at the National Physical Laboratory called the NPL Net- work. This experimental network was built using the idea that networks had to be fexible and adaptable to the needs of its end users rather than the interests of computer manufacturers and network operators. It also looks at the effects that computer networks have had on governmental mechanisms used to regulate schools. The thesis argues that the introduction of the National Grid for Learning and the National Pupil Database have been used to intensify practices of perform- ance management and intelligence testing. Finally, it looks at practices within schools that are afforded by networked forms of government. Broadly, the thesis problematises the idea that networked forms of governance are less coercive than the mechanisms they replace. The thesis demonstrates that networks have caused an intensifcation of power within the education system that has made its mechan- isms more efficient whilst saturating its feld of operation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Summary of Chapters 8 Networked Liberalism 14 Network Societies and the State 15 Network Forms and Forms of Government 24 From Government to Governance 31 Digital Servitude and Machinic Enslavement 34 ‘Virtual’ Geographies 41 Foucault and Education 47 Conclusion 53 Methodology 55 Research Questions 56 Archival Research 58 Ethnographic Research 60 Refexivity, Positionality and Ethics 66 Conclusion 71 Networks & Nomads 73 Cybernetics: A Nomad Science 76 Cybernetics at NPL 79 From Interfaces to Packet Switching 85 A Rhizomatic Network 89 The State Capture of Networks 93 Nomadic Applications 97 The ARPA Net 101 Table of Contents v TCP/IP and early Inter-networking 105 An Information Superhighway for a Neoliberal World 110 Conclusion 115 Human Capital Technology 117 Eugenics, Technology and Education 119 The Marketisation of Education 130 Neoliberalism in Britain 137 The National Grid for Learning 141 Connecting the Learning Society 142 The Stevenson Report 145 Excellence in Schools 148 Human Capital, Control and Neoliberalism 152 Conclusion 156 Networks of Government 158 Ryedale Secondary School 159 Technology and the Classroom 166 The Electronic Register 170 Seated in Order 175 The Performing Teacher 179 The Classroom of the Future 187 Playing on the Computers 191 Conclusion 201 Conclusion 202 Bibliography 213 Appendix 241 TABLE OF FIGURES 1.1 Excerpt from newspaper article covering the announcement to link 2 qualifcations to income 4.1 The node for the European Informatics Network at NPL, pictured 74 with Roger Scantlebury, Derek Barber and Donald Davies in 1977. 4.2 The NPL Standard Interface for a generalised data processing system 83 4.3 Centralised, Decentralised and Distributed Networks 86 4.4 Hypothetical NPL Digital Communication Network consisting of 88 Nodes (N) and Interface Units (I) 4.5 Golden Age for the Fourth Generation’ by Timothy Johnson from The 95 Sunday Times, 5th May 1968 4.6 Ceefax page created by the BBC for transmission over the EIN 99 Network via NPL 4.7 American President Bill Clinton Installing computer cables at a school 111 with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay Table of Figures vii 5.1 ‘Labour goes for Net gain’ 118 6.1 Layout of the Geography classroom 167 6.2 Screenshot of sample student information from SIMS taken from the 172 company website. 6.3 Venn diagram from SIMS Discover showing attendance, behaviour 176 and lateness information taken from the company website. 6.4 Threshold indicators for a random school shown on the OFSTED 184 School Data Dashboard Website 6.5 Plan of school library 188 6.6 Alphasmart NEO used to administer reading tests 189 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been fortunate to have two supervisors, Dr. Jason Dittmer and Dr. Alan In- gram, who have encouraged and inspired me throughout this process. I am also deeply indebted to all the teachers and students who took me with open arms and made me feel like one of their own whilst I intruded in their lives doing feldwork. I would also like to thank James for looking out for me, and Pooya, for encour- aging me to be nomadic. I would also like to thank my parents and my brother for always believing in me. I am also in eternal debt for the love and support that my wife Shivani has shown me over the last few years. CHAPTER ONE Introduction The education secretary Nicki Morgan, has recently announced that the ‘true worth’ of qualifcations would be determined using data from taxation after stu- dents leave schools (Vaughan, 2015). It was argued by the education secretary that the adoption of new technologies could increase the efficiency of assessment and accountability mechanisms that would bring schools into the ‘digital age’ (see fg- ure 1.1 overleaf ). This announcement alludes to new ways through which students are being governed through technologies that are claimed to be more accurate and efficient than teachers’ assessments of their students. This is an indication of how governmental activity has been transformed by the idea of networks, both as a sociological concept for thinking about the organisation of societies, and as a technical mechanism for linking together disparate physical entities. Computer networks promise a world free of hierarchy where all actors enjoy positions of equivalence through access to information and rights of participation. I argue in this thesis that computer networks could also be used to sustain or even intensify existing social hierarchies and relations. I do this by looking at the way that com- Introduction 2 Nicky Morgan: link qualifications to in- to account, adding: “We have an analogue come to show 'true worth' of different system in the digital age." courses League tables and Ofsted would always be Richard Vaughan, essential, she said, “but there is so much Times Educational Supplement, more we can do”. Parents and their children 21 January 2015 would demand more information as more “choice and competition" were injected into Qualifications could be linked to tax data to the school system, the education secretary show the “true worth” of certain subjects as added… part of the government’s drive to track stu- dents after they leave school, the education She also highlighted how technology could secretary said today… change how students are assessed in the future, citing the work of educationist John Speaking at the education technology show Hattie, which uses regular testing to ascer- Bett in East London this morning, Nicky tain how students are progressing. Morgan said that technology could trans- form accountability, assessment and teach- “By using technology to administer regular ers’ workload in the future… standardised tests, he has transformed the way children learn and the way parents are Ms Morgan told the audience that change able to monitor their child’s progress,” Ms was needed in the way schools were held Morgan said… Figure 1.1—Excerpt from newspaper article covering the announcement to link qualifications to income (repro- duced from Vaughan, 2015) puter networks are used to coordinate the activities of secondary school education in England. Over the past few decades in England we have witnessed education refecting a shift from bureaucratic forms of organisation by Local Education Authorities to networks established between state and non-state actors. One result of this trend has been the recent controversial conversion of local authority schools into academies and free schools sponsored by a diverse range of charities, faith groups and businesses coordinated by central government. The growing involvement of non-state actors in education has been interpreted as evidence of the increasing blurring of boundaries between the state and the market (Junemann and Ball, 2013). Since the 1990s, it has been argued that government by the state has made way for governance through network relations based on heterogeneous actors who are self-organising and opposed to hierarchical forms of bureaucratic organ- isation (Rhodes, 1996). Junemann and Ball (2013: 426) point out that in the English education system, this process has involved a gradual decentralisation and in- Introduction 3 creased autonomy for schools whilst simultaneously increasing central control in classrooms through the prescription of the curriculum and the setting of perform- ance targets for teachers simultaneously. One of the aims of this thesis is to prob- lematise such simple notions of decentralising networks. On an empirical level this thesis primarily addresses a lack of material and practice- oriented studies in the virtual geographies literature. Existing studies are either speculative in manner or lack an empirical focus on interactions between end users and the network itself. This thesis politicises the role of computer networks in the operation of the state, by looking at the nature of the relations they help produce and assess whether they enable forms of domination. It has been argued by Cas- tells (2000) for instance that computer networks have weakened the state because of their ability to ‘deterritorialise’ the nation state.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Engineering of Computer Networking Protocols : an Historical Perspective Gregor V
    Engineering of computer networking protocols : an historical perspective Gregor v. Bochmann University of Ottawa with thanks to Colin West and Dave Rayner http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~bochmann/talks/history.ppt McNaughton Lecture 24th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Niagara Falls, May 2011 Gregor v. Bochmann, University of Ottawa 1 Approximate time line 1960: first high-level programming languages 1965: time sharing operating systems and interactive terminals 1970: first experimental computer networks 1975: X.25 networking standard, proprietary networking architectures, e.g. IBM’s SNA 1980: experimental Internet, OSI standardization started, Teletex (a kind of Web service, Telidon in Canada) 1985: Formal Description Techniques (FDTs) developed, experimental tools 1990: commercial SDL tools, beginning of public use of the Internet and Web 1995: Java released, wide use of the Internet, digital wireless telephony spreads – UML (universal modeling language) 2000: XML and Web Services 2005: beginning integration of wireless services with the Internet 2011: there we are . Gregor v. Bochmann, University of Ottawa 2 Computer communications in the 1970ies Remote access to servers User terminals Batch entry terminals Line multiplexing line speed: 300 bps Link protocols (with sequence numbering) Alternating bit protocol (1969) Bisync, SDLC (IBM) Gregor v. Bochmann, University of Ottawa 3 Computer communications in the 1970ies Computer networks ARPANET (USA): first long distance computer network – first trial in 1969 NPL network (UK): first LAN Cyclade (France): introduced IP service at the network layer – around 1972 Donald Davies, NPL Leonard Kleinrock, UCLA Louis Pouzin with ARPAnet node INRIA (France) Gregor v. Bochmann, University of Ottawa 4 Computer communications in the 1970ies Protocol standards First network protocol standard: X.25 Vendor networking architectures IBM (SNA), DEC, Honeywell, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth of the Internet
    Growth of the Internet K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko AT&T Labs - Research [email protected], [email protected] Preliminary version, July 6, 2001 Abstract The Internet is the main cause of the recent explosion of activity in optical fiber telecommunica- tions. The high growth rates observed on the Internet, and the popular perception that growth rates were even higher, led to an upsurge in research, development, and investment in telecommunications. The telecom crash of 2000 occurred when investors realized that transmission capacity in place and under construction greatly exceeded actual traffic demand. This chapter discusses the growth of the Internet and compares it with that of other communication services. Internet traffic is growing, approximately doubling each year. There are reasonable arguments that it will continue to grow at this rate for the rest of this decade. If this happens, then in a few years, we may have a rough balance between supply and demand. Growth of the Internet K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko AT&T Labs - Research [email protected], [email protected] 1. Introduction Optical fiber communications was initially developed for the voice phone system. The feverish level of activity that we have experienced since the late 1990s, though, was caused primarily by the rapidly rising demand for Internet connectivity. The Internet has been growing at unprecedented rates. Moreover, because it is versatile and penetrates deeply into the economy, it is affecting all of society, and therefore has attracted inordinate amounts of public attention. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the growth rates of the Internet, with special attention paid to the implications for fiber optic transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Internet Evidence 1
    Name: Sam Kavande Rocha Enrollment: 2777582 Nombre del curso: Name of professor: Information technologies Tania Zertuche Module: Activity: 1 Evidence 1 Date: 8 / September / 2015 References: The evolution of Internet Evidence 1 1 Table of contents: Introduction Page 2 Topic explanation Page 2 to 3 Conclusions Page 4 Bibliography Page 5 references 2 Introduction: The Internet is evolving. The majority of end-users perceive this evolution in the form of changes and updates to the software and networked applications that they are familiar with, or with the arrival of entirely new applications that change the way they communicate, do business, entertain themselves, and so on. Evolution is a constant feature throughout the network Topic explanation: The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, NPL network, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telnet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies was the first to put theory into practice by 3 designing a packet-switched network at the National Physics Laboratory in the UK, the first of its kind in the world and the cornerstone for UK research for almost two decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Computing Subject Code
    MOTHER TERESA WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION KODAIKANAL – 624 102 M.Sc COMPUTER SCIENCE (P.G) MATERIAL FOR MOBILE COMPUTING SUBJECT CODE Compiled by Dr. K.Kavitha MOBILE COMPUTING UNIT I Introduction : Mobility of Bits and Bytes – Wireless The beginning – Mobile computing – Dialog Control – Networks –Middleware and Gateways – Applications and Services – Developing Mobile Computing Applications – Security in Mobile Computing – Standards – Why is it necessary – Standard Bodies –Players in the wireless space. Mobile Computing Architecture: history of computers - History of Internet – Internet the Ubiquitous Network – Architecture for mobile computing- Three – tier Architecture – Design Considerations for mobile computing- mobile computing through Internet – Making existing applications mobile-enabled. UNIT II Mobile computing through Telephony: Evolution of Telephony – Multiple Access Procedures – mobile computing through telephone-developing an IVR application – voice XML – Telephony Application Programming Interface. Emerging Technologies: Introduction – Bluetooth – radio Frequency Identification – wireless broadband-mobile IP – Internet Protocol version 6 -Java card. UNIT III Global System for Mobile Communications: Global system for Mobile communications – GSM Architecture – GSM Entities –call routing in GSM –PLMN Interfaces-GSM address and identifiers-Network aspects in GSM-GSM Frequency Allocation –Authentication and Security. General PacketRadio Service: Introduction-GPRS and packet Data Network – GPRS Network
    [Show full text]
  • End-To-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory
    End-to-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory vorgelegt von Matthias Bärwolff Von der Fakultät IV Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr. Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Anja Feldmann (Vorsitzende) Prof. Dr. Bernd Lutterbeck (Berichter) Dr. David D. Clark (Berichter) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 22. Oktober 2010 Berlin 2010 D 83 Dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Technische Universität Berlin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. Ing. Advisers: Prof. em. Dr. iur. Bernd Lutterbeck, Technische Universität Berlin Dr. David D. Clark, Massachusetts Institute of Technology I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Auslandsdienst, DAAD) who have given me a scholarship for a stay at MIT in early 2009. Diese Doktorarbeit wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Auslandsdiensts (DAAD) in Form eines dreimonatigen Doktorandenstipendiums im Jahr 2009 angefertigt. © Copyright 2010 by Matthias Bärwolff www.bärwolff.de [email protected] +49 30 20238852 rinciples are often more effective guides for action when they appear as no more than an unreasoned prejudice, Pa general feeling that certain things simply “are not done”; while as soon as they are explicitly stated speculation begins about their correctness and their validity. [ . ] Once the instinctive certainty is lost, perhaps as a result of unsuccessful attempts to put into words principles that had been observed “intuitively”, there is no way of regaining such guidance other than to search for a correct statement of what before was known implicitly.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic and International Telecommunications
    NASA-C_-IgI660 U.S. COMPUTER RESEARCH NETWORKS: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS oo co .,,o PREPARED FOR: ,o e..,i to I'.- t NASA Lewis Research Center U C: ,..4 z O Contract No. NAS3-25083, Task Order 4 N ',,0 J. E. Hollansworth et_ L9 PREPARED BY Contel Federal Systems Government Networks Group o. D. Kratochvil And D. Sood M5 t_ t_ £ tit DECEMBER, 1990 L _0 U. m Jlm PREFACE This report was prepared by Contei Federal Systems for the NASA Lewis Research Center under Task Order 4 of the Contract NAS3-25083. Under this contract, Contel Federal Systems provides technical support to NASA for the assessment of the future market for satellite communications services. Task Order 1 focused on the costs and tariffs for telecommunications services. Task Order 2 dealt with the current and future domestic telecommunications requirements of the United States research community. Task Order 3 identified the legal and regulatory issues related to Direct Broadcast Satellite-Radio. Task Order 4, the results of which are presented in this report and summarized in Section 1, Introduction And Summary, focused on the impact of current and future international telecommunications requirements of the United States research community. Page ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank members of the Coordinating Committee For Intercontinental Research Networking (CCIRN), the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology (FCCSET), the Federal Research lnternet Coordinating Committee (the FRICC which now has been replaced by the Federal Networking Council, FNC), and other Federal agency representatives who provided information on their networks.
    [Show full text]
  • 18Mps25e-Cyber Psychology Unit-1
    18MPS25E-CYBER PSYCHOLOGY UNIT-1 TOOLS AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INTERNET Tools are more than just making something to make a task easier. They change the way of your thinking, of approaching a task, and can reach unimagined wide range of social changes. A task is fundamentally different if we use a tool or use our own memory. The development of tools, right from the earliest alphabetic and numerical system, has radically transformed not only to the task, but also the human capabilities. Vygotsky(1978) called this as mediation and argued that tools allow for the extension of human capabilities. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense funded research into time-sharing of computers.Research into packet switching, one of the fundamental Internet technologies, started in the work of Paul Baran in the early 1960s and, independently, Donald Davies in 1965.After the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in 1967, packet switching from the proposed NPL network was incorporated into the design for the ARPANET and other resource sharing networks such as the Merit Network and CYCLADES, which were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the Network Measurement Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science directed by Leonard Kleinrock, and the NLS system at SRI International (SRI) by Douglas Engelbart in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969.The third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department.
    [Show full text]
  • On Development of Information Communications in Human Society
    Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 17(3-B), 520-545, 2019 ON DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS IN HUMAN SOCIETY Bangwei Zhang* Hunan University, College of Physics Changsha, People’s Republic of China DOI: 10.7906/indecs.17.3.13 Received: 21 May 2019. Regular article Accepted: 27 September 2019. ABSTRACT Information is very important. Information is also very complicated, making that people have no common understanding and conclusion for the nature of it up today. There are too many papers and some books to describe information; however it is rather difficult to find the description and analysing for the whole history of information from the advent of human beings to the present day. Two parts of information in prehistoric period and the time interred divinization are described. Every part is separated according to several succeeded stages for description. It is near impossible to describe in detail such entire historical facts of information in human society in a paper, so the description and discussion is focused on their comprehensiveness and integrity. By knowing and analysing all these solid historical facts of information, some relative issues e.g. “did information age really exist in the development of material civilization in human society” can be recognized easily. KEY WORDS information, history of information, information communication, matter, substance civilization, six-stage theory CLASSIFICATION JEL: B10, D83 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +0731 88822715; *College of Physics, Hunan University, Changsha 410 082, People’s Republic of China * On development of information communications in human society INTRODUCTION Near everybody knows the importance of information because nobody can leave the information and it communications.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOINFORMATICS and COMPUTER APPLICATIONS in BIOLOGY Subject Code : 16SACBS2
    BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY Subject Code : 16SACBS2 Prepared by Dr.G.THILIPKUMAR, M.Sc., DCHT., M.Phil., M.Ed., Ph.D., M.Sc.(Psy), Assistant Professor in Computer Science, Arputha College of Arts & Science for Women, Vamban – 622 303. Alangudi TK. Bioinformatics and Computer Applications in Biology BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY UNIT- I COMPUTER Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer' usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory. Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. Digital Computer Definition The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output Device, Central Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory. A Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips. Four Functions about computer are: UNIT-I Page 1 Bioinformatics and Computer Applications in Biology accepts data Input processes data Processing produces output Output stores results Storage CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER SPEED : In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster than computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Network
    Computer network A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes (data links.) These data links are established over cable media such as wires or optic cables, orwireless media such as WiFi. Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each other. In most cases, application-specific communications protocols are layered (i.e. carried as payload) over other more general communications protocols. This formidable collection ofinformation technology requires skilled network management to keep it all running reliably. Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to the World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications as well as many others. Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology, traffic control mechanism and organizational intent. The best-known computer network is
    [Show full text]
  • [3] [Editor's Note: in Honor of the 30Th Anniversary of TCP/IP We Print the Following History of the International Collaboration That Make TCP/IP Possible.]
    [3] [Editor's Note: In honor of the 30th Anniversary of TCP/IP we print the following history of the international collaboration that make TCP/IP possible.] The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision (A Work In Progress) by Ronda Hauben [email protected] "[T]he effort at developing the Internet Protocols was international from the beginning." Vinton Cerf, "How the Internet Came to Be" ABSTRACT The process of the Internet's development offers an important prototype to understand the creation of a multinational collaborative research project which depends on and fosters communication across the boundaries of diverse administrative structures, political entities, and technical designs. The mythology surrounding the origins of the Internet is that it began in 1969 in the U.S. That is the date marking the origins of the ARPANET (a U.S. packet switching network), but not the birth of the Internet. The origins of the Internet date from 1973. The goal of the researchers creating the Internet was to create a network of networks, a means for networks from diverse countries to inter- communicate. Originally the design was to link up several national but diverse packet switching networks including the ARPANET (U.S.), Cyclades (France), and NPL (Great Britain). When that was not politically feasible, the research project involved Norwegian, British and American research groups, and researchers from other countries, especially France, at various junctures. These research groups did the early development work. The Internet was international from its very beginnings. Preface The following work in progress begins the investigation of the collaboration between researchers from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Computer Networks Stanford Univ CS144 Fall 2012
    An Introduction to Computer Networks Stanford Univ CS144 Fall 2012 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 09 Oct 2012 17:42:20 UTC Contents Articles --WEEK ONE-- 1 Introduction 2 Internet 2 What the Internet is 20 Internet protocol suite 20 OSI model 31 Internet Protocol 39 Transmission Control Protocol 42 User Datagram Protocol 59 Internet Control Message Protocol 65 Hypertext Transfer Protocol 68 Skype protocol 75 BitTorrent 81 Architectural Principles 95 Encapsulation (networking) 95 Packet switching 96 Hostname 100 End-to-end principle 102 Finite-state machine 107 --END WEEK ONE-- 118 References Article Sources and Contributors 119 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 124 Article Licenses License 125 1 --WEEK ONE-- 2 Introduction Internet Routing paths through a portion of the Internet as visualized by the Opte Project General Access · Censorship · Democracy Digital divide · Digital rights Freedom · History · Network neutrality Phenomenon · Pioneers · Privacy Sociology · Usage Internet governance Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Governance Forum (IGF) Internet Society (ISOC) Protocols and infrastructure Domain Name System (DNS) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) IP address Internet exchange point Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) Internet service provider (ISP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Services Blogs · Microblogs · E-mail Fax · File sharing · File transfer Instant messaging · Gaming Podcast · TV · Search Shopping · Voice over IP (VoIP) Internet 3 World Wide Web Guides Outline Internet portal The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide.
    [Show full text]