De Verharding Van Het Wedstrijdvechten

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De Verharding Van Het Wedstrijdvechten Maarten van Bottenburg & Johan Heilbron De verharding van het wedstrijdvechten Onderzoek in opdracht van het ministerie van VWS Uitgegeven door onderzoeksbureau Diopter Amsterdam, 1996 © Maarten van Bottenburg en Johan Heilbron 1 Inhoud Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 4 Probleemstelling..................................................................................................................... 5 Doelstelling en relevantie....................................................................................................... 5 Onderzoeksmethode en werkverdeling .................................................................................. 6 Opbouw rapport...................................................................................................................... 6 1 Vechten als sport ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Ontstaan en kenmerken van moderne sporten.................................................................. 8 1.2 De herkomst van het wedstrijdvechten ............................................................................ 9 1.3 Het ontstaan van de scherm-, boks- en worstelsport ...................................................... 13 Schermen.......................................................................................................................... 13 Boksen.............................................................................................................................. 13 Worstelen ......................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 De omvorming van Aziatische krijgskunsten in moderne sporten................................. 15 1.5 Verharding...................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Ontsporting..................................................................................................................... 18 2 Erkende vechtsporten in Nederland....................................................................................... 24 2.1 Erkende Europese vechtsporten: schermen, boksen en worstelen ................................. 24 2.2 Erkende Oostaziatische vechtsporten: judo, karate, taekwondo en andere .................... 27 Judo .................................................................................................................................. 27 Karate, taekwondo en kleinere oosterse vechtsporten...................................................... 29 2.3 Omvang en sociaal profiel van de vechtsporten in Nederland ....................................... 33 3 Het circuit van harde vechtsporten........................................................................................ 39 3.1 Een uitdijend netwerk van sportscholen......................................................................... 40 3.2 De vechtsportschool ....................................................................................................... 42 3.3 De functies van harde vechtsport ................................................................................... 44 3.4 Het Bruce Lee-effect ...................................................................................................... 45 3.5 Free fight en all-style wedstrijden .................................................................................. 45 3.6 Amerikaans full contact-karate....................................................................................... 46 3.7 Kick- en thaiboksen........................................................................................................ 47 3.8 Organisatievorming........................................................................................................ 49 3.9 Criminaliteit en erkenning.............................................................................................. 51 3.10 Organisatorische problemen......................................................................................... 52 4 De opkomst van vrije gevechten ........................................................................................... 55 4.1 De Nederlandse voorgeschiedenis.................................................................................. 56 4.2 Japans free fight.............................................................................................................. 60 4.3 De Amerikaanse ultimate fights ..................................................................................... 63 4.4 Vrije gevechten in Nederland......................................................................................... 66 Free fights (Rings)............................................................................................................ 67 Cage fights (kooigevechten)............................................................................................. 70 Mix fights ......................................................................................................................... 76 Free style boxing .............................................................................................................. 78 Shootwrestling, pancrase, vale tudo, No Holds Barred.................................................... 79 4.5 De maatschappelijke discussie ....................................................................................... 80 2 5. Aanbieders en afnemers ....................................................................................................... 86 5.1 De aanbieders ................................................................................................................. 86 Vechters............................................................................................................................ 86 Promotors ......................................................................................................................... 87 Sponsors ........................................................................................................................... 88 Producers.......................................................................................................................... 89 5.2 De afnemers.................................................................................................................... 90 De toeschouwers............................................................................................................... 90 Routiniers versus nieuwkomers........................................................................................ 93 6 Samenvatting, conclusies en beleidsaanbevelingen .............................................................. 95 6.1 Samenvatting.................................................................................................................. 95 Vechten als sport: kan dat?............................................................................................... 95 De sportificering van het vechten..................................................................................... 95 Omvang van de vechtsportbeoefening in Nederland........................................................ 96 Verharding van de vechtsporten....................................................................................... 96 Ontsporting..................................................................................................................... 100 De belevingswereld van de insiders ............................................................................... 101 Profiel van de toeschouwers........................................................................................... 103 6.2 Hoofdproblemen........................................................................................................... 103 Eerste hoofdprobleem..................................................................................................... 104 Tweede hoofdprobleem.................................................................................................. 104 Samenhang tussen beide hoofdproblemen ..................................................................... 105 6.3 Beleidsopties ................................................................................................................ 105 Het Zweedse model ........................................................................................................ 105 Laissez faire.................................................................................................................... 106 Wenselijkheid van een nieuw beleidsmodel .................................................................. 108 6.4 Beleidsaanbevelingen................................................................................................... 108 Noten ...................................................................................................................................... 114 3 Inleiding Nadat op 20 februari 1995 in de Amsterdamse Sporthallen Zuid een aantal free fight - wedstrijden was gehouden, kwam er een golf van publiciteit los rondom dergelijke “straatgevechten in de ring” 1 waarbij “alles mag” 2, zoals ze direct werden omschreven. Die publiciteit heeft tot op de dag van vandaag aangehouden: op iedere gelegenheid waar dergelijke gevechten te zien waren,
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