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Sarah Owdah Alomrani.Pdf Expression of the rice cystatin, Oryzacystatin-I (OC-I) influences the plant growth and development Sarah Owdah Alomrani Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Faculty of Biological Sciences Centre for Plant Sciences September 2020 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2020, The University of Leeds, Sarah Alomrani ii Acknowledgment Today, I have completed the writing of my thesis during the lockdown period which has been enforced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Before I thank those who have support me through my journey, I would like to mention that, when I got divorced, around five years ago, I felt broken and I will always remember that my father told me: “You can start on your next chapter as an independent Saudi women”. I thought that the only thing that people will know about me was that I had been divorced, but now that is not the case. I have worked hard to obtain a scholarship to study in UK in my favourite subject, plant sciences, and the most important thing about me now is that I’m a strong women who no longer hopes for someone who would bring flowers for her, but I am able to plant my own flowers. My journey in the UK has been a very challenging experience, for which I am thankful. I am especially grateful to the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding my PhD studentship. It would have been impossible to complete the PhD process without the considerable help and support of a number of people. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Christine Foyer, whose guidance and support have been invaluable to improving my skills and helping me to become a real scientist. Secondly, I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr. Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso for all of her advice and help. Moreover, I am grateful to her for accepting me as a member of her team. Thirdly, I would also like to thank the members of the Foyer and Baker labs for enabling me to work in such a delightful and diverse setting. It is my belief that true happiness is the result of having a loving and supportive network of family and friends, and I have been blessed with both. I am truly grateful to my wonderful parents who have been a source of constant support, guidance and inspiration. Without them, I would ever have been able to reach this stage. In conclusion, I would like to add that I am immensely proud of this achievement. Despite the considerable difficulties I have faced, I fervently believe that I have made the right decision to study abroad, and I am eternally grateful to have had the chance to go through this difficult, yet rewarding, experience. iii Abstract Plants contain large numbers of proteases that fulfil a wide range of functions. Cysteine proteases and their endogenous inhibitors, phytocystatins, are involved in the control of protein turnover, but their precise functions remain poorly characterized. To study cysteine protease/phytocystatin functions in detail, the properties of Arabidopsis, wheat and soybean seeds expressing Oryzacystatin I (OC-I) were investigated. All of the transgenic seeds contained significantly more protein than the wild type, but germination was similar in all lines. The protein profiles of the seeds were broadly similar to the wild type, but the wheat and soy flour made from the transgenic seeds showed some differences in protein composition compared to that of the wild type. Moreover, a proteomic analysis of the transgenic wheat seeds revealed some differences in the accumulation of specific proteins, particularly storage proteins. The growth and development of three independent transgenic Arabidopsis lines that express the cystatin Oryzacystatin I (OC-I) in the cytosol (CYS lines) and three independent lines that express OC-I in the chloroplasts (PC lines) were characterised. The CYS and PC lines had a smaller rosette diameter with fewer leaves, and they accumulated less biomass than the wild type during vegetative growth. However, the transgenic lines had significantly more biomass than the wild type at the later (reproductive) stages of development. The CYS lines had less leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments than the wild type, particularly at the later stages of development. In contrast, the PC rosettes accumulated more leaf pigments than the wild type at the later stages of leaf development. The CYS and PC rosettes flowered significantly later than the wild type. The abundance of leaf transcripts and photosynthetic proteins was changed in the CYS and PC lines. In addition, chloroplast- to-nucleus signalling, analysed by the changes in the levels of specific transcripts that encode photosynthetic proteins in the presence of chloroplast inhibitors, was extensively modified in the CYS and PC lines compared to the wild type. Moreover, photosynthetic carbon assimilation was less inhibited after exposure to high light stress in the CYS and PC lines than in the wild-type. Taken together, these data demonstrate that OC-I and its target cysteine proteases play important roles in the regulation of photosynthesis, as well as vegetative and reproductive development. iv Table of contents Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................. iv Table of contents ...................................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ..........................................................................................................................x List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 . Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Photosynthesis ......................................................................................................... 1 The impact of stress conditions in plant growth and development ........................... 3 Chloroplast protein degradation ............................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Rubisco degradation ......................................................................................... 5 Proteases and their Classification ............................................................................ 8 1.4.1 Intracellular localization of proteases .............................................................. 10 1.4.2 Cysteine proteases (CPs) ............................................................................... 11 1.4.3 The roles of CPs in plant growth and development ......................................... 12 Plant protease inhibitors ......................................................................................... 15 1.5.1 Phytocystatins ................................................................................................. 16 Hypothesis and objectives ...................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2 . Materials and Methods ...................................................................................... 25 Oryzacystatin-I (OC-I) Constructs .......................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Overexpression of OC-I in Arabidopsis lines ................................................... 25 2.1.2 Overexpression of OC-I in wheat lines ............................................................ 28 2.1.3 Overexpression of OC-I in soybean lines ........................................................ 30 Seed sterilization .................................................................................................... 30 Growth conditions ................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 The growth of transgenic Arabidopsis lines on agar plates ............................. 30 2.3.2 The growth of transgenic Arabidopsis lines on soil ......................................... 31 v 2.3.3 The growth of transgenic wheat lines on soil .................................................. 31 Phenotypic analysis ................................................................................................ 31 2.4.1 Germination efficiency and seedling survival .................................................. 31 2.4.2 Root architecture ............................................................................................. 32 2.4.3 Shoot growth analysis ..................................................................................... 32 Seed yield ............................................................................................................... 33 Selection on kanamycin plates ............................................................................... 38 Leaf pigments ........................................................................................................
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