NAV1.940715.005

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U.S. NAVAL RADIOLOGICAL History Of DEFENSE LABORATORY

for the year

1961

SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA TABLE OF CONTENTS

-Chapter -Page

I 1961 -- EXPANDED HORIZONS NRDL's Parent Organization. BuShips, Comes ofAge . . . 1 New Associate Scientuic Director , . . , ...... , . 4 Strope Selected as DOD,OCDRandD Director...... 4 Other Major Personnel Changes. . , ...... 6 Organizationchart , ...... 7 Organizational Changes ...... + ...... 8 Mission, Tasks, Functions . . e ...... 9 Tri-Service Induction Takes Place. I . . . . . , . . 9

I1 TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS (including Facilities and Equipment Acquired) Weapons Effects and Related Information ...... 11 Bio-Medical Research and Hazards Evaluation ...... 17 Shielding Studies ...... , 21 War Gaming Information, Simulator and Fallout Models . 9 22 Radiac Systems and Dosimetry . . . . . - . * . . . . 24 Shelter Year , . , ...... 25 Disaster Control, Civil Defense and RadiologicalRecovery. v I . . - . . . . * - 26 Technical Bases for Operational Doctrine e I . . . . . 27 Operational Capability for Radiological Contamination Control...... 29 Applications and Techniques...... 31

I11 PUBLICATIONS . . , . , . . . . I . . . . , ...... 34

IV AWARDS -- COMMENDATIONS -- HONORS * * * + * * - 36 V SEMINARS -- SYMPOSIA -- CONFERENCES Meetings at NRDL -- Meetings Eisewhere , ...... 43 VI TRAINING. *. . . . . , ...... 4;

VI1 VISITORS...... -., ...... 49 VI11 PUBLICITY...... 53 IX MISCELLANEOUS, . . . , ...... 54

- 1- 355 PHOTOGRAPHS

Subject Page L_ Welcome Aboard. Chief .. RADM R . K . James ...... 2 Another Milestone .. Exhibit for BuShips 21st Birthday ...... 3 Dr. E . R . Tompkins . Associate Scientific Director ...... 5 Tri-Service Induction ...... 10 Instrument Raft Used at HYDRA Tests ...... 13 HYDRA Charge Being Lifted Into Water ...... 13 Ghost From the Sea .. HYDRA Explosion ...... 14 Aiding Research ...... 19 Radiological Trainer ...... 23 Wrist-Carried Ratemeter Radiac ...... 23 Speed Demon .. New "704" ...... 33 Electronic "Desk" ...... 33 Frances Brady Wins Meritorious Civilian Service Award ...... 37 Scientist.in.Residence. Dr . Olivier Heroux ...... 37 Scientific Achievement Award Goes to Robert J . Jenkins ...... 39 Dr . E . L . Alpen Receives Military Surgeons Award ...... 39 In Denmark on Fulbright Fellowship .. Dr . C . Sharp Cook ...... 42 Highly Commended by Pasadena Board.. Dr . W . E . Kreger ...... 42 Newbald Lecturer .. Dr . R . W . Brauer ...... 46 French Biochemist .. Dr . Joseph Huppert ...... 46 First Co-op Student Graduates .. Byron Hansen ...... 48 Bddding Young Scientists ...... 51 Undersecretary of the Navy. Hon . Paul B . Fay. Jr., ...... 51 From Many Lands .. NATO Group at NRDL ...... 52 Yugoslav Navy Commandant. Admiral Mate Jerkovic ...... 52 Command-at-Sea Insignia Wearers (Former Ship Commanders) .... 55 Sigma Xi Club at NRDL Receives Charter ...... 55 All Heart .. WE of NRDL ...... 56 i -CHAPTER I -- 1961 - EXPANDED HORIZONS

The year was characterized by new demands on the Laboratory's capabilities from four broad areas: planningfor possible weapons tests; use of radioactivity for space missions; examination of the sea environ- ment; and shelter research.

With the possibility that nuclear weapons tests would have to be ini- tiated without sufficient lead time, the Laboratory has had to remain capable of planning and executing a field test on short notice.

The use of SNAP devices for powering satellite and space vehicles and the safety problems associated with their launching increased Labo- ratory work in this area.

More intense interest in the paths of radioactivity in the sea environ- ment and the possible need to detect weapons testing underwater has in- creased this work.

The establishment of the national shelter program, under the Depart- ment of Defense and consolidation of its research effort have increased the need for work in this area by NRDL.

NRDL'S PARENT ORGANIZATION, BUSHIPS. COMFS OF AGE

The Bureau of Ships. NRDL's parent organization. was 21 years old on 20 June 1961. To mark this occasion the Chief of the Bureau, RADM R. K. James, wrote: ". . . NRDL has won an international reputation for the numerous contributions it has made in its new and esoteric field.. .the research and development.. .highlights the important national role.. . The contributions.. . are proving beneficial to the whole country.. . "

To celebrate this date a world map and photo display of BuShips ac- tivities was mounted in the Lobby; a special edition of the bi-weekly BUL- LETIN was published; and the Lab picnic was held earlier than usual - - Saturday, 24 June. Also NRDLERS were encouraged to invite their fami- lies to visit the Laboratory during the week of 19- 23 June.

-1- 357 358 !

BUIH PS COME5 Of AGE - 21'' BIRTHDAY WEEK

ANOTHER MILESTONE -- Chic!, Hayashi, Graphic Developments Branch, shows the exhibit which he created to Captain Rorh. It wasmountedon cherear wall of rheNRDL lobby during BuShips 21st Birthday week in June 1961. Now 11 is alongside the otherex- hibits a1 the 6th floor display area.

-3- NEW ASSOCIATE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR

Returning to NRDL from a Scientific Liaison Officer assignment in Europe with the Office of Naval Research, Dr. Edward R. Tompkins, for- mer Head of the Chemical Technology Divlsion, on 1 November 1961 filled the position of Acting Assaciate Scientific Director. Dr. Tompkins first came to NRDL in May 1951 as a research consultant and radiological chem- ist. In December 0: that year he was promoted to Head of the Chemical T echnology Division.

He left here in June 1960 to accept the position with the Office of Naval Research. From a "home" office in London, England, he traveled throughout Europe visiting institutions where research in nuclear, physi- cal and inorganic chemistry is conducted. He prepared technical reports describing this research for distribution in the U. S. , attended scientific meetings in Europe and prepared conference reports on them.

A native of Winterset, Iowa, Dr. Tompkins received his A. E. degree from Greeley State (Colo. ) in 1931. He taught high school science for six years before entering the University of California Graduate School.

Following receipt of his Ph. D. degree in biochemistry in 1942, he was a research chemist for the Armour Research Corp. andtheMetallurgi- cal Laboratories (now the Argonne National Laboratory). Next he went to the Clinton Laboratory (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) as a group leader, and late in 1947 aided in establishing the Advisory Field Service for the Isotope Division of the Atomic Energy Commission at Oak Ridge.

In 1948 Dr. Tompkins came to Berkeley to help establish a firm to make equipment for the safe handling of radioisotopes. About a year later, after the products had been developed and were being marketed, he joined the University of California Radiation Laboratory staff. He remained there until he came to NRDL in 1951.

STROPE SELECTED AS DOD,OCD RandD DIRECTOR

Walmer E. Strope. Associate Scientific Director, who played a major role in NRDL'S group shelter project, was appointed Director of Re- search and Development uneer the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Civil Defense when this post was created late in the year.

Earlier in 1961, he and Dr. R. R. Newell, Medical Consultant, were named as members of California Governor Edmund G. Brown's Radiologi- cal Defense Advisory Committee.

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OTHER MAJOR PERSONNEL CHANGES

CIVILIAN

Dr. Lewis H. Gevantman became Head of the Chemical Technology Division in January after serving as Acting Head for about six months.

Dr. William E. Kreger. Head of the Nuclear Radiation Physics Branch, was appointed Head of the Nucleonics Division during the absence of Dr. C.Sharp Cook. (See page 41)

MILITARY

CDR Gale L. Bergey, USN, reported aboard in September to head the newly established Naval Radiological Control Office, Code 160. (See Organizational Changes, page 8)

CDR Martin 0. Greaney, Jr.. MC, USN, replaced CAPT H. S. Etter. MC, USN, as Radiological Medical Director and Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Program Officer.

CDR R. W. King, USN, Senior Program Officer. was replaced by LCDR T. W. Robinson, USN, the Bureau of Ships Program Officer.

LT Kenton Hypes, Jr., MSC, USN, headed the Military Personnel Division, replacing LCDR R. L. Thompson, MSC, USN.

LT C. H. Brown, MC, USNR, became the new Radiological Health Division Officer, replacing LT David Katz, MC, USNR. Dr. Katz was re- leased from the Navy and accepted a position as a radiologist with the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Japan. Early in the year Dr. Katz was certified in radiology and nuclear medicine by the American Board of Radio logy.

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- 7- 363 ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES

The chart on the preceding page shows graphically the organization of NRDL as of 31 December 1961. Changes made during the year include:

After careful review, in April the following Boards and Committees were found to have served their purpose and were dropped: Director's Council; Working Group; and Accelerator Scheduling and Computer Sched- uling Committees.

Also in April, the RADCON Team Office, Code 160, with an Officer- in-Charge, was established to provide emergency radiological control measures in the areas specified by CNO. (See pages 29-31)

In August, a separate Branch was re-established within the Biological and Medical Sciences Division to perform functions relating to radionuclide metabolism and internal deposition. It was titled the Biophysics Branch (Code 923). The former Biophysics Branch was redesignated the Cellular Radiobiology Branch (Code 926). This Branch will continue the studies of the effect of radiation on the bone marrow. It will also maintain the pres- ent large animal studies, primarily an investigation of the rateof recovery from radiation injury.

In November, a reorganizatinn within the Chemical Technology Divi- sion redistributed and reoriented the work of the Division among five Branches instead of four:

Code 931, Radiation Chemistry Branch, was redesignated the Applied Research Branch and assigned enlarged functions.

Code 932, Nuclear and Physical Chemistry Branch, was re- designated the Nuclear Chemistry Branch with functions redefined.

Code 933, Technical Developments Branch, and Code 934, Radi- ological Effects Branch, remained unchanged except for minor restatement of functions.

Code 935. Physical Chemistry Branch, was established. Func- tions comprise those formerly included in the Nuclear and Physical Chem- istry Branch, plus others.

The Camp Parks operations continued to increase. The organi- zation and administration received a thorough examination and minor im- provements were initiated.

-3- 364 MISSION. TASKS. FUNCTIONS

According to a review made by BUSHIPS dated 26 October 1961, the Mission of NRDL remains the same as last year.

Two changes were made under Tasks and Functions:

Under Section B -- the name "Office of Civil and Defense Mo- bilization" was changed to "Office of Emergency Planning."

Section E became Section F and a new "E" was added as follow s : "Maintain an operational radiological control (RADCON) team .to assist local Naval Commanders ashore and their disaster control organ- izations west of the Mississippi River in CONUS and overseas in handling of nuclear accidents. This will include assistance in radiological moni- toring and recovery operations and in the evaluation of biological hazard incident to the accident and recovery."

TRI-SERVICE INDUCTION TAKES PLACE

An Army, a Navy, and an Air Force Officer -- allactivedutyreserv- ists for the past three to four years -- were sworn in as regular members of their respective Services at NRDL. Theywere LTJG E. E. White, USN, Bureau of Naval Personnel Programofficer; Capt. W. G. Wisecup? USAF- VC, U. S. Air Force Program Officer and veterinarian in charge of large animals; and 1st Lieutenant C. J. Watsabaugh, USA, Head of Veterinary Medical Service, Biological and Medical Sciences Division.

CAPT E. B, Roth, USN, Commanding Officer and Director, express- ed his distinct pleasure and pride at having these officers make the regu- lar service their chosen careers. He pointed out that the Tri-Service nature of the Laboratory is emphasized by this event.

365 -9- f TRI-SERVICE INDUCTION --CAPT E. 8. Rorh. CO & Dir.. congratulates an Army. a Navy. and an Air Force Officer --activeduty Reservists who were recenrly sworn in as Regulars in rheu respective Service at NRDL. From lefr. they are Capt W. G. Wisecup USAF-VC; LTJG E. E. White. USN: and lst Lieut. C. 1. Wauabaugh, USA.

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TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING 1961

This synopsis of technical accomplishments during 1961 is presented under the following categories (including pertinent facilities and equipment acquired):

Weapons Effects and Related Information

Bio-Medical Research and Hazards Evaluation

Shieldinz Studies

War Gaming Information, Simulator and Fallout Models

Radiac Systems and Dosimetry

Shelter Year

Disaster Control, Civil Defense and Radiological Recovery

Technical Bases for Operational Doctrine

Operational Capability for Radiological Contamination Control

Applications and Techniques

WEAPON EFFECTS AND RELATED INFORiMATION

HYDRA PROGR-qiV -- Non-Nuclear Field Test

With the threat of undersea warfare taking on greater military ini- portance weapons are attempting to keep pace with the rapid advance in submarine technology. For example, the development of the nuclear depth

-11- 367 charge has greatly extended the kill range produced by the underwater shock wave.

Project HYDRA (hydrodynamic- radiological), presently sponsored by the Defense Atomic Support Agency, was initiated by the Bureau of Ships to evaluate the impact of all the effects including radiatiop produced by the detonation of an underwater nuclear explosion. Partly because of the moratorium on nuclear testing much of the research effort has beende- voted to the employment of conventional high explosives as an e.xperime3- tal model. Under the HYDRA program the first phase of a larse scale test series was completed at San Clemente Island in June through dctober: This series proved that specially designed high explosive charzes willpro- vide answers to the phenomena in question, and radioactivity in the form of a tracer can be employed in the charge to determine the time-space history of the explosion products. Insight is being obtained to the ques- tions of how the products from an underwater explosion are bexg distri- buted both in the ocean and in the atmosphere.

A unique 10.000 pound charge of a rather common high explosive, HBX- 1, was developed for the test series. Requirements necessitated that the charge be spherical and uncased, be centrally initiated and be capable of accepting a capsule of radioactive tracer at its center. With the help of .many Naval organizations, an excellent charge design and fabrication procedure evolved. Fourteen of these high explosive charges, %helargest uncased spheres ever cast, were detonated over a range of depths at the test site.

Two radioisotopes were employed as tracers. Five huodred curies of Lutetium-177 were placed in the center of each of three charges and five hundred curies of Xenon-I33 were employed in a fourth charse. The problem of combining two rather hazardous materials, high explosives and large quantities of radioactivity, was resolved quite satkfactorily. Prior to the operation, two studies had to be made: the effect of gamma radiation on the high explosive had to be determined, and the heating effect caused by the absorption of the radioactivity in the booster needed study. For the conditions of the experiment it was shown that no serious effects would develop.

The distribution of radioactivity was measured in the atmosphere and in the ocean around the point of detonation by means of beta and gamma transducers and by sampling both the air and the water. Several ur2que instrumentation systems were developed to make these determinations. To measure the spatial distribution of the tracer-laden explosion products in the rising plumes above the surface immediatelv after the detcnatT.on, a helicopter was positioned over the shot point at 3,500 feet 2nd a series of three dropsondes was released. Each instrument package sensed beta and

-12.- 368 IXSTRLTMENTATION RAFT -- hien )make final shec; ai ~:~srruxe>!ra- [ion rafr prior LO HYDRA. ihor.

369 - 13- GHOST FROM THE SEA --During HYDRA 11-A rms this jer of water rose ahou: 1,s: fee: into :he air when a 10,000 pound hish [he ocean surface. Undenvarer ejfcc:~of [be esplosionwers :ecorded on all ~:strcm:: barge about 400 ~3rd~EO [he ri~nro! ;!le euplosion poin:.

370 - 14- gamma activity as a function of space-time coordinates afid the data were telemetered to a magnetic tape recording station ashore. The radioactivi- ty in the water was surveyed after the detonation with a newly designed gamma probe-winch assembly capable of reading levels as low as the Potassium-40 background of the sea. Its operable range was to two hun- dred feet of hydrostatic pressure. This probe was mounted on an. LCM and by photographic and geometric tracking a-three-dimensional grid of the residual radioactivity in the water was obtained. These instruments, plus an array of raft stations moored to surface buoys and carrying beta trans- ducers recording via hard wire to a master tape recorder, completed the radiation measurement phase of the program.

Although NRDL was primarily responsible for conducting the tests, several other activities took advantage of the high explosives series and conducted independent experiments to obtain valuable data on air shock waves, underwater hydroacoustics, water waves created by the explosion seismic detection, and the interaction of both tracer and underwater shock on marine life. These agencies included the U. S. Navy Electronics Labo- ratory, San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland; the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office; and the California Fish and Game Department.

MODIFICATION OF IGNITION BEHAVIOR

It is necessary to determine the manner and degree the mineral con- tent of natural kindling fuels influences their ignition be5avior when they are exposed to thermal radiation, and to learn of any undesirable conse- quences of the indiscriminate application of approved fire extinguishing or fireproofing materials such as the long-accepted bicarbonates of sodium and potassium. These experiments showed an unexpected ar.d unxsual re- sult. Normal fire retarding materials used to make hflammable materials "fire resistant" actually increase the tendency for glowing igrition under conditions likely to exist near a nuclear weapon detonation.

Treatment of alpha-cellulose with potassium bicarbonate prior to its exposure to thermal radiation reduces its susceptibility to flaming ignition. Sustained flaming ignition can be completely prevented without adding more than 1.5 per cent potassium bicarbonate by weight. However, potassium bicarbonate greatly increases the sensitivity of cellulose to glowing ignition. In fact, it appears that g!owing ignition depends entirely upon mineral sub- stances acting catalytically on the pyrolysis of cellulose. Glowing ignition may be non-existent in "ashless" cellulose, while in cellulose with high mineral content, glowing ignition is the only significant effect.

371 - 15- HIGH TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

There is a need for rapid and reliable methods of measuring the thermal diffusivity of all classes of materials that have potential use over wide temperature ranges. A flash method for the measurement of the thermal diffusivity of metals up to 1800'C has been developed. A high in- tensity short duration light pulse is absorbed in the front surface of a thermally insulated specimen a few millimeters thick heated in an induc- tion furnace and the resultant temperature history of the rear surface is measured by a lead sulfide cell, displayed on an oscilloscope, and photo- graphed. The thermal diffusivity of the material is determined from this temperature versus time curve provided the theoretical boundary condi- tions are experimentally satisfied. Measurements of the thermal diffu- sivity of Armco iron, molybdenum, and titanium have been made.

EARLY-TIME GAMMA YIELD

Previous studies of the early-time gamma ray energy release from nuclear detonations have been concerned with gammas from fission-product decay and neutron radiative capture, as these sources tend to be most im- portant. Recent calculations showed, however, that under conditions where a substantial number of gamma rays and fast neutrons may escape, that two other sources - the fission process itself and neutron inelastic scat- tering - can make a substantial contribution to the total gamma ray yield. This would be particularly significant for small weapons.

RADIATION EFFECTS ON ELASTOMERS

A problem was set up to determine the relationship between compres- sion set induced by radiation and degree of vulcanization for rubber speci- mens that are not heated after release from compression, and to determine the ability of various additives to reduce radiation-induced compression set.

It was found that compression set due to a 10' r dose of gamma radi- ation decreases linearly from 92 to 75 er cent as the degree of vulcani- zation increases from 5~10'~to 30~10'~ crosslinks per gram of specimen. At 20~10'~crosslinks per gram, the crosslinking density above which spe- cimens are always tightly cured, compression set is 82 per cent. 9, 10- Phenanthrene-quinone and 1, 4-naphthoquinone functioned as antirads at lo8 r and reduced compression set moderately below that predicted from degree of cure.

372 - 1 b- BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH AND HAZARDS EVALUATION

The Bio-Medical program yielded the following among its highlights for 1961:

Effects of Radiation on Gastro Intestinal Tissues

Skin, stomach and caecum as target tissues for irradiation effect have been shown to be remarkably resistant to damage as judged by reduc- tion in bioelectric power and electrical work outputs. Immediate, direct effect has been produced only at 8000 rad neutron doses, but not at 10,000 rad X-ray doses; Low dose effects in stomach on the seventh post-irradi- ation day have proved to be an indirect effect.

Susceptibility to Infection

Susceptibility of LAfl mice to respiratory infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a result of continuous exposure to low doses oi X- radiation (1.45 rad/hour) from a Co60 source has been investigated. The primary objective is to determine what accumulative dose of radiation is necessary to decrease the resistance to an infection administered by an aerosol. The data at present indicate that after an accumulative dose of approximately 900 rads, the resistance of the mice is decreased sufficient- ly so that about 1.6~10~organisms will kill 50 per cent of the animals compared to an LDso of 6.0x lo5 -L. monocytogenes necessary to kill non- irradiated mice.

Renal Neoplasia in Irradiated Mice

A very high incidence of renal neoplasms (occurring 12 or 18 months after treatment) has been observed in groups of mice X-irradiated (690 rad) 3 hours after unilateral nephrectomy, or 1 hour before unilateral nephrec- tomy. X-radiation alone or unilateral nephrectomy without irradiation elicited no kidney neoplasms. The occurrence of these kidney tumors may be the consequence of the interaction of a specific proliferative stimulus (unilateral nephrectomy) on radiation- altered kidney cells.

Studies on Acute Recovery and Residual Injury

Recovery from radiation damage in eleven mammalian species is be- ing studied by utilizing divided doses of X-radiation at sequential times after an initial radiation exposure. Correlation of post-radiation recovery

373 - 17- i

with hematological indices is being established. The LDsO/xI for all spe- cies has been determined and recovery studies have been completed for several species. In contrast to the rat, present data suggest that the guinea pig, rabbit, and the sheep are more radiosensitive (decreased re- covery) three weeks after the conditioning dose of radiation. Further studies are being conducted to determine whether this interval of increased radiosensitivity represents a transient or permanent alteration of the re- covery phenomenon.

Effects of Irradiation on Performance and Behavior

The studies of long range physiological and pathological changes dur- ing the post-irradiation life span have continued to discern effects that are dependent upon age at the time of radiation exposure. Preliminary anaLy- sis of data in the first series of experiments indicate that the reduction of life span in animals irradiated as young adults does not occur in animals exposed after completion of the normal growth phase. Additional studies, involving animals exposed to fast neutrons at different points of their life span, have been initiated this year to determine the pattern of life span re- duction, growth effects, clinical signs and pathology as a function of age at exposure.

The renal neoplasms, dental defects and progressive lens opacifica- tion that occur in the male Sprague-Dawley rate after X-ray exposure are also observed after exposure to fast neutrons. Thus the conclusion that these responses are specific to radiation exposure can be generalized to include both types of radiation.

Lens opacification of the rat can be induced by a fast neutron dose as low as 50 rads. The cataroctogenic process is progressive but not com- plete at this dose level. At a higher but still sublethal dose (230 rads) opacification was complete in the majority of animals examined through- out their life span. The effects at these dose levels suggest that the rat is one of the most radiosensitive species with respect to lens opacification and should be very useful in the study of radiation cataractogenesis.

Biochemical Alterations and Metabolism

Pronounced arteriosclerosis of abdominal aortas of dogs was pro- duced 2 weeks to 17 months after irradiation with electrons from the Van de Graaff accelerator. The course of development of the lesions was simi- lar to that occurring naturally in old dogs. Direct irradiation of the iso- lated perfused rat liver did not cause detectable alteration in uptake or re- lease of glucose or fatty acids from the perfusate. Direct irradiation of the intestine did not change the fatty acid uptake or release.

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- 19- Non- recuuerable Radiation Iniurv

Measurements are being made in mice of the change in LDjo when the dose is distributed into a series of equal daily exposures. The LD5o changed from 640 rad for a single dose up to 1100 rad when given as 20 consecutive daily doses of 55 rad each. For the period between 10 and 30 days the measured LD50 agrees with that calculated by assuming that 8.2 per cent of each dose is non-recuperable and that the exponential recovery rate constant is 0.072 days-'. This value of the recovery constant is signi- ficantly lower than that usually obtained by the technique of two doses with a variable time interval between doses.

Biochemical Effects at the Subcellular Level

It has been established by enzymatic methods that X irradiation causes latent injury to a system responsible for the induction or formation of kidney enzymes (thymidine kinase - DNA polymerase) responsible for DNA synthesis when whole-body X radiation (850 rad) is applied prior to the time of induction. Since DNA synthesis is one of the necessary sub- cellular events occurring prior to cell division, this finding may provide a mechanism for the observed latent radiation-induced inhibition of mitosis in kidney, liver, and other tissues with low cell turnover.

Organ Regeneration andGrowth as Affected by Radiation

The effects of irradiation on the mitotic process have been studied in a number of ways. Principally the work reported earlier has led to the finding that repeated resection of the liver of irradiated rats leads to re- generation without loss of the defective mitotic population. Incidences of 85-90 per cent defective mitoses in the first regrowth cycle after radiation are not reduced in subsequent regrowth cycles. In addition the mouse kid- ney has been shown to have a highly radiosensitive period following a stimu- lus for compensatory hypertrophy produced by unilateral nephrectomy. X-ray exposure (690 rad) 2 hours after nephrectomy has a profound inhibit- ing efiect on the mitotic rate in the remaining kidney. Time studies show this period to be short and lead to the conclusion that radiation is influenc- ing some premitotic change in the cell.

Plutonium Release Test

The Convair- Fort Worth Nuclear Research Facility, under the direc- tion oi the Air Force Special Weapons Center, performed a series of plu- tonium release tests at the Nevada Test Site. The release tests were con- ducted to obtain data for hazard predictions necessary for the operation of the SNAP-3 Unit to be used by the Navy in the TRANSIT series of satellites.

376 -20- NRDLparticipation involved the placing of one foot square test samples of various construction materials in the fallout pattern. One total release test was conducted. The exposed samples were returnedto the Laboratory to determine how difficult it is to decontaminate them. This information is required in the study of the radiological recovery of missile ranges after accidents involving missiles with nuclear components.

Pacific Missile Range Radiological Hazard Study. This Laboratory has made a preliminary evaluation of potential radi- ological hazards from testing nuclear-powered and nuclear- auxiliary- powered vehicles and satellites at the Pacific Missile Range. Useof these power units (e. g. PLUTO, ROVER, and SNAP) requires: (1) Guidance on radiation protection; (2) Recommendations for RADSAFE requirements; (3) Understanding of effects of environmental factor on potential radiation hazards from testing operations: (4) Estimate of degree andextent ofhaz- ard which may result from release of contaminant. Results to date are given in two parts. The first (USNRDL-'TR-497, Official Use Only) furnishes Radiation Protection Guidance, RADSAFE Re- quirements, and Pertinent NavalMissile Facility, Point Arguello, EnviroF- mental Factors. The second (USNRDL TR-498, Secret RD) briefly dis- cusses Potential Radiological Hazards Associatedwith Projects PLUTO, ROVER, and SNAP.

Tritium Hazard. An evaluation was made of hazards due to tritium in closed spaces. It is adsorbed through the lungs and the skin chieflyas the oxide, however, there appears to be some absorption of the gas from contaminated surfaces in contact with the skin. The mechanism of this absorptionandits relation- ship to such factors as tritium concentration, type of surface upon which it is adsorbed and various types of skin protective barriers are being investi- gated. Studies of the auto-oxidation of tritium in atmospheres of various composition are continuing. Instruments for measuring the tritium con- centration in the atmosphere have been evaluated. Thus, byits nature. the tritium hazard evaluation required inputs from essentially all the basic scientific disciplines of the Laboratory, chemistry, physics. electronics, and biology.

SHIELDING STUDIES

ESGINEERING SHIELDING

Studies in this program have attempted to develop a system for pre- dicting radiation levels withinvarious types of ships exposedto atomic debris.

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In 1958-59 the experimental work was completed for representing radiation from fallout on both the hull and topside surfaces. These data have been compared with results obtained by using a number of calcula- tional models. Though we can now predict doses from fallout fairly suc- cessfully, the calculations are complex and lengthy. Progress is being made in the development of simpler models that will still predict within acceptable limits of accuracy.

Experimental work is continuing to provide a means for predicting doses within ships enveloped bv a radioactive cloud. Calculations have been made for estimating dose levels within a destroyer. Comparison of these predictions with an actual field exposure in which an enveloping cloud has known characteristics has not yet been possible.

WAR GAMING INFORMATION, SIMULATOR AND FALLOUT MODELS

ARPA Program

The Laboratory initiated for the Advanced Research Projects Agency an operational analysis whose objective is to determine the feasibility of detecting and identifying the radioactivity from small under seanuclear ex- plosions. The system would employ aircraft, ships, or submarines vectored to areas located approximately by hydroacoustic, seismic, or other means. Agencies contributing informationto this study have included the Hydrographic Office. Naval Postgraduate School, Air Force Technical Applications Center, Bureau of Naval Weapons, and Coast Guard and Air Force search and rescue organizations.

Radiological Trainer

The Laboratory's experience with operating units of the fleet has emphasized the need for better and more realistic training with regard to radiation and contamination control. One significant step to improve such training is to develop more realistic training aids. In respnse to this problem, NRDL participated in the development of the Radiological Trainer (Device XllF3). This unit is capable of spreading a short-lived radio- nuclide so as to simulate the radiation and contamination control problems produced by a radiological accident or the detonation of a nuclear weapon. The device can contaminate arras so that the trainee can practice decon- tamination operations. Above all, its application is completely safe, if used by trained personnel. The unit is primarily designed for use afloat. It's use should provide for a significant improvement in fleet readiness for nuclear warfare.

378 - 22- Radiologicdl 3rairz:

-23- RADIAC SYSTEMS AND DOSIMETRY

A WRIST- CARRIED HIGH RANGE GAMMA-DETECTING RATEMETER

In the development of military radiac devices, continuing stress is placed on simplicity, reliability, economy, and functional or operational utility. The development of solid state components and their inclusion in radiac devices has permitted a definite step forward in achieving the aims outlined. In some applications, however, it appears that a truly minia- ture high range gamma ratemeter would have a distinct functional advan- tage. For example, in tactical situations involving ground troops a small light-weight unit would permit the operator to perform his other functions at maximum efficiency. The development of the cadmium sulfide photo- conductive crystal to the point where selected ones can detect gamma radi- ation with sufficient sensitivity has made possible such an instrument. The detector is the size of a transistor, or smaller, and is well suited to incorporation in recycling, or blocking oscillator, type units. In addition to making possible a subminiature-type radiation detection instrument, the use of the cadmium sulfide detector results in an all solidstate device with expected gains in reliability, simplicity, and, ultimately, in economy.

A compact wrist-carried instrument has been developed at NBDL to measure gamma radiation between 1 and 500 r/hr. It is light weight, small in size, and not burdensome to wear. The detector for this device is a cadmium sulfide crystal which senses gamma radiation in the same way an "electric eye" or photocell senses light, Le., it conducts more heavily when the radiation falls upon it. A simple blocking oscillator cir- cuit allows this instrument to operate for long periods of time with low battery drain. This instrument features hermetic construction, recharge- able nickel-cadmium battery, range switching (0-5, 50, 500 r/hr), low current drain, and small number of parts. Calibration is maintained with- in f 15 per cent for all combinations of temperature (-40 to t5Oo C), hu- midity (0 to 100 per cent) and battery condition (1.15 to 1.35~).

The instrument (RGX- 10) is described in USNRDL-TR-488.

IMPROVEMENT OF PORTABLE RADIAC INSTRUMENT READOUTS

At present, most portable radiac instruments employ a meter dis- play with range switching, which may also include a scale changing mech- anism on the meter. The precision of the meter reading is generally limited by scale interpolation and visual "averaging" of meter excursions. and may be further complicated by the application of scale factors.

- 24- 380 Hence, the ideal readout would eIiminate interpolation, "averaging", and scale factors. These advantages are inherent in the digital readout. The intermittent digital readout offers a significant improvement over the scale changing meter. Interpolation and "averaging" are eliminated by static digital display, and scale factors are eliminated by a three-decade linear scale.

A developmental model of the intermittent digital readout has been constructed and tested at NRDL, The dimensions of the readout are 3 1/2" x 1 1/2" x 4 1/2", and the weight is 23 ounces. Performance of the model is satisfactory and has demonstrated the feasibility of the servo- digital readout approach as an improvement over the meter display pres- ently employed in portable radiac instrument designs.

This development is reported in USNRDL-TR-459.

THE SHELTER YEAR

SHELTER PARTICLE INGRESS

A study of the ingress via the shelter ventilating system of particles typical of fallout has been underway. Preliminary calculations indicate that particles of 125 to 177p and smaller are deposited inside the living area of the NRDL experimental shelter. Larger particles are deposited in the entrance plenum, but could be tracked into the living area. Filters in the vents exclused all particles of 18 to 700~.

CIVIL DEFENSE TEST

To acquaint personnel of the Office of Civil Defense, Western In- structors' Training Center, San Lorenzo, with conduct of a shelter test, for indoctrination of additional groups, Laboratory representatives served as shelter leaders at an overnight test. Participants included citizens from Northern California communities who will be conducting Civil Defense planning and drills.

Daytime visits to the shelter on other occasions were made by State senators and assemblymen, school officials. Civil Defense officials, engi- neers, and builders,

- 25- 381 DISASTER CONTROL, CIVIL DEFENSE AND RADIOLOGICAL RECOVERY

EVALUATION OF THE MAIN NRDL BUILDING AS A FALLOUT SHELTER

Specifications were written and drawings were made showing the modifications to the existiEg facility which would be required to provide minimal services to the shelter population. These services include awater

supply, sanitary facilities I electrical services, communications equipment, storage of food and medical supplies, and sleeping and recreation facilities. A detailed cost estimate was made showing the approximate f-unding required to modify the building to shelter 500 and 2,000 persons respectively. A comparison was made between the above cost estimates ($14,500, $55,000) and the cost required to modify any large building to fulfill the same re- quirements ($16,400, $60,000). This comparison showed that because cf construction features unique to the building it would cost less per person to modify this structure as opposed to any other. Thcse construction features responsible for this cost differential were identified.

Computations were made to determine the shielding residua; num- bers at different points throughout the building. The results of these :om- putations show that the areas with the smallest residual numbers, ,001 to .01, are located in the central core of the building on the second, thirdand fourth floors.

NAVAL REACTOR HAZARDS STUDY

An evaIuation was completed for the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the radiological hazards associated with accidents to all types of present and proposed Naval nuclear reactors, including both ship reactors and land-based reactors. Core meltdown accidents and refueling accidents were among those treated. (Results of the evaluation were published as USNRDL-TR-531, by M. G. Gibbons, and J. R. Hippensteele, 15 August 1961, Secret R. D.) Determination of the most feasible countermeasures for effective and timely recovery ashore from the effects of accidents to Naval nuclear reactors ashore or afloat is currently being made or. the, basis of the estimated .hazards.

- 26- 382 ROOF W ASHDOW N

The Army's Office of the Chief of Engineers (Protective Construc- tion Branch) requested technical assistance to investigate the roof wash- down system on the North American Defense Command Control Center building at Fort MacArthur. San Pedro, California. The NRDL BuDocks and Army CE program and liaison officers and two investigators met on 10 January with personnel of the 47th Artillery Brigade(0perating Unit), Los Angeles District, CE (construction agency), and South Pacific Divi- sion, CE (supervisory agency). Following an introductory conference, the group inspected both the pumping and piping system. Recommendations for modifications were made to the Corps of Engineers.

A similar type of consultation was performed on I9 January 1960for the Federal Aviation Agency at its Control Center Building in Fremcnt, California. Research in the roof washdown countermeasure is part of z problem in Radiological Reclamation of Land Areas epcneored by the Of- fice of Civil and Defense Mobilization and the Corps of Engineers.

TECHNICAL BASES FOR OPERATIONAL DOCTRINE

-4SW NUCLEAR WEAPON DELIVERY

NRDL has been working on a proposed revision of OPNAvlNST 003400.6 which concerns weapon delivery standoff for ASW nuclear weapons.

Delivery of nuclear ASW weapons poses the problem of FrotectiEg the ships involved from the effects of the nuclear detonacion. Czrrent standoff ranges place severe performance requirements on ship operztional capabilities. Any reduction in these ranges must be based on better under- standing of nuclear weapon effects and hazards as well as the apFlicab!e ship escape tactics.

The revision of OPNAVINST 003400.6 incorporates the results of Operation HARDTACK and other applicable data. The revision is being conducted in two phases. Phase I consists of an interim revisior. basedon preliminary nuclear effects scaling (base surge and underwater shock) and limited ship maneuver. Effort on this phase is nearing completicn andwill provide up-to-date quantitative information within the general format oftht

383 -27- existing instruction. Subsequent effort (Phase II) will involve a major ex- tension of the rewrite, using more sophisticated nuclear effects data, ex- tensive ship maneuver, and a radiological/tactical simulator.

OPERATION GREEN LIGHT

Observers from NRDL attended the second and third phases of Opera- tion GREEN LIGHT, a three-phase major Fleet exercise conducted off the West Coast by U. S. Pacific Fleet forces. Included was offensive mock nuclear war against various land and shipping targets. NRDL personcel were particularly interested in radiological defense, instrument require- ments, and other aspects of fleet doctrine for nuclear warfare involve- ment. They were situated at levels ranging from the staff of the Amphibi- ous Task Force Commander in USS ELDORADO (AGC-11) to the Ftaff of an assault battalion of the Landing Force. It was a unique opportunity for both participants and observers to review nuclear defense doctrine and its actual application to tactical situations. The NRDL observers were en- thusiastic about the observer mission as a vehicle for gaining a vdid per- spective on the end use of their Laboratory's product.

NATO MONOGRAPH ON NUCLEAR WARFARE DEFENSE

A special Steering Group, with Dr. Theodore von Karman as Chair- man, was appointed by the Standing Group of NATO to conduct Long Term Scientific Studies for NATO through 1975. At the request of CNO, NRDL prepared a paper for the Committee titled, "Nuclear Radiation Research Requirements in the Defense of Western Europe, circa 1970." This sum- mary examines the subject in the following topic areas:

Implications of Nuclear Weapons in NATO Operations

Environment in Nuciear Warfare

Assessing Environment (Surveillance)

Survivability and Protection

Reclamation Measures

Doctrine and Training

Selected Bibliography

384 - 28- "NUCLEAR DEFENSE AT SEA." MN8968

NRDL personnel acted as technical advisors in the shooting and script preparation for the BUSHIPS sponsored movie "Nuclear Defense at Sea;'! The movie is designed to illustrate the fundamental importance of nuclear defense actions as an integral function of command.

Sequences of actions and decisions taken in two situations; (1) volun- tary involvement in fallout from a -_distant high yield surface burst, and (2) involuntary involvement from a lower y-rld close- in burstlare depicted. The necessary decisions and the fundamental dlfferences in the required actions in each case are emphasized. The manner of presentation is de- signed to give the viewer an understanding of the latest concepts and basic principles of nuclear defense that can be applied in any of the many differ- ent kinds of radiological situations that may be encountered. Copies of the film have been distributed to the fleet for training.

OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY FOR RADIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION CONTROL

RADCON TEAM

Navy Observer at Site of Reactor Accident

At 2100 hours on 3 January a violent explosion occurred in a nuclear reactor at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Sta- tion near Idaho Falls, Idaho. The reactor involved was the SLR-1 (Station- ary, Low Power No. 1) being operated by a civilian concern primarily for the training of service personnel in reactor operation. Three military personnel were assembling the control rod drivesystem at the time of the explosion. Two were killed immediately and the third died within an hour. Emergency rescue efforts were severely hampered by the intense radiation, 500 to over 1,000 r/hr, which persisted in the enclosure above the wrecked reactor.

In accordance with an existing agreement between the Chief of Naval Operations and the Atomic Energy Commission, CNO directed NRDL to send an official Navy Observer to the accident site. Mr. Edward Leahy was designated the Navy Observer and arrived at Idaho Falls in the evening of 4 January. Mr. Leahy is the Head of the Radiological Evaluation and De- velopment Branch of NRDL and a RadSafe Specialist on NRDL's RADCON

- 29- Team. He remained at the site for ten days until an on- site relief was ef- fected by Mr. Hong Lee who is a Program Head inNRDL's Technical De- velopments Branch and a Recovery Specialist on the RADCON Team.

By invitation of the AEC, these Navy Observers were active at the scene of the accident in monitoring the deliberations of the various panels of AEC reactor experts convened at Idaho Falls and inadvising them of the resources available for assistance from NRDL and the Navy. NRDL in- terest concentrated on the RadSa.fe and recovery aspects of the accident rather than on the deficiencies of reactor design or procedures. Aspecial report covering the aspects of the accident of significance to the Navy was prepared and disrributed to appropriate Naval organizations.

This accident indicated again the need for fast and efficient reaction to a nuclear accident by local, well-trained personnel and for the prompt arrival on the scene of qualified experts to assist in the unique aspects which invariably develop. In this respect the basic soundness of OPNAV- INST 81 10.16A. "Nuclear Accidents and Nuclear Weapon Incidents; pro- cedures for." was demonstrated. This Instruction relies upon the capa- bilities of local Disaster Control organizations to react promptly and ef- fectively to a Navy nuclear accident and provides for the rapid deployment of a skilled Radiological Control (RADCON) Team to the accident site from either NRDL or the EODTC, Indian Head, Maryland.

The Navy observers attended the meetings of the AEC Investigating Committee, which conducted a detailed inquiry into the accident and its causes, and the Technical Advisory Committee which determined what steps were required to safely obtain data from accident and proceed with recov- ery operations. The observers informed the Technical Advisory Commit- tee of the technical skills and equipment available fromthe NRDL andother Navy facilities. A number of one-of-a-kind instruments such as the pin- hole camera and directional gamma detector as well as standard radiacs were flown to the NRTS from NRDL for use in recovery operations.

Navv Observers Reoort on Nuclear Weanon Accident

At 1000 local time on 14 March 1961, a B-52 airplane of the 413th Strategic Wing, Strategic Air Command, crashed near Yuba City, California.

CNO directed NRDL to deploy two Navyobservers to the scene of the accident per a pending observer agreement between the Air Force and the Navy. Major F. L. Vuillemot. USMC (OinC of NRDL's RADCON Team) and Mr. A. L. Baietti, Civilirm. GS- 14 (RadSafe Specialist of NRDL's RADCON Team) were designated the Navy Observers and arrived at the site at 1945

-30- I

local time. For the next two days they observed the recovery activities of Air Force personnel from nearby Beale AFB and the Directorate of Nuclear Safety Research (HQ USAF). Also on the scene were AEC offi- cials from the Albuquerque Operations Office and the Los Alamos Scien- tific Laboratory.

Recovery operations were simplified by the fact that no explosion or major fire resulted from the crash. A comprehensive Navy observer re- port was prepared upon the observers' return to NRDL and forwarded to CNO for possible further distribution. The report presents an informative description of Air Force Disaster Control elements in action at a nuclear weapon accident and includes much information of value to Naval commands responsible for coping with nuclear accidents.

APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES

GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETRY

The scintillation gamma ray spectrometer has become an increas- ingly useful instrument in several areas of nuclear research, including nuclear chemistry. Its vaIue has been enhanced significantly by using EDP techniques in interpreting the output data. There have been problems, however, in adapting the spectrometer output to the computer input. Avail- able commercial adapters are unsuitable to the Laboratory machine; con- sequently a data reader is being built so that data and all required col- lateral information can be punched into cards in a standard format accept- able to the computer. The reader can easily handle data from any of several generating stations (spectrometers, counters, etc.). A consider- able simplification over the usual form of data reading will have been ac- complished (no decoder is required), and a significant improvement in speed will have been gained (approximately 12 seconds for a 256 channel reading compared to 1-4 minutes for existing punched paper tape systems). The system should offer advantages .in improved accuracy and reliability as well.

NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING ANTIMONY AND ARSENIC

A very rapid radiochemical procedure has been developed for anti- mony and arsenic. A sample is added to a 30 pes cent solution ofHzS04

-31- 387 containing a carrier for antimony or arsenic (or both). This solution is dropped into a flask containing granular time at 100' C. The volatile stibine and/or arsine formed is passed through a hot quartz tube and de- composed to the metal, which collects as a metallic mirror on a cooler portion of the quartz tube. The chemical yield is consistently between 70 and 80 per cent. The time required for separation of the metal from the other elements of a fission product solution is about 10 seconds. This should be of substantial benefit to the determination of the early-time de- cay scheme of fission products.

RADIOLOGICAL TACTICAL SIMULATOR

A new analytical and computational tool, called a Radiological Tactical Simulator, was installed this year. The "RAT" is designed to record the radiological effects experienced by a ship or other target moving in a changing nuclear environment.

Input information (via punched paper tape and magnetic tape) includes: (1) Target maneuver. (2) Quantitative description of radiologicalfield (fall- out and base surge) in region of maneuver, including changes with time. (Separate descriptions are given for component gamma radiation sources: transit, region-deposit, target-deposit.) (3) Attenuation factors for counter- measures, such as shielding, washdown, and decontamination.

From the input the machine automatically records histories of dose rate and integrated dose to targetpersonnel. Results are indicatedfor com- ponent radiation sources, singly and combined, with and without effects of countermeasures. This output analysis will yield improved understanding of nuclear warfare operations and indicate best direction for further re- search. Resulting recommendations will contribute to tactical and opera- tional doctrine to aid command decisions.

388 -32- ,

SPEED DEMON -- The Laboratory's new conputer. r3e "103." During a thousandth of a second the compurer has access to any BO of the 4,096 words in iE main memory bank of core storage. Oritcan take 10 consecutive words from amongrhe'3.093 words on its tapidly spinning magnetic drums and transfer rt-ern IO main memory, and srlll have a few micro-seconds lefr over. Or itmay userhatrhousandrh of a secocdfornans- ferring 0-11'2 words in either direction benveen rrasnetx rape and core memory. Or if ir's not mere!y swirchingnumbers around

ELECTROSIC "DESK" -- Charles Trilling rums away from his "desk" (really a compact elecuonic compurer) to make anadjustment of compmer output ofrhe new Radiological Tactical Simulator. Early in 1959. Mr. Trilling was asked to explore the possibilities of devising such a machine, which was eventually built by an outside contracror. He is in charge of the continuing PATS Program. This e~.uipnentwascomplered and insrailed during 1961.

- 33- CHAPTER I11 -- PUBLICATIONS

REPORTS AND MEMORANDA

The following types and numbers of publications were issued in 1961:

U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Report (Formal)...... 1 Technical Reports (USNRDL-TR) ...... 41 Technical Memoranda (TM) ...... 6 Progress Reports (P) ...... 5 Evaluation Report (ER) ...... 1 Reviews and Lectures (R and L) ...... 16 - Total ... 70

PUBLICATION IN THE OPEN LITERATURE

One hundred papers and articles by NRDL authors were published in over 30 journals during 1961.

MISCE LLANE 0 US P UB LICAT IONS

"Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics." published in April by D. Van Nostrand Co.. Inc., was written by Dr. C. Sharp Cook, Head, Nucleonics Division. Intended for use as a college textbook and in training courses for engineers in industry, the text deals with atomic and nuclear structure and associated radiations. including discussions of relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, solid state physics, and elementary particles. It as- sumes a knowledge of differential and integral calculus.

Command History of the U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for 1960.

390 - 34- PATENTS

Three patents were issued: (1) Walter F. Joseph - Transistorized Power Supplies, NC-20.206, Patent No. 2,978,627. (2) William B. Lane, Ross K. Fuller, James L. Mackin, Sanford Baum, Lloyd J. Graham, Wesley E. Shelberg, Paul E. Zigman, John R. Lai - Detergometer, NC- 19,554, Patent No. 2,974,520. (3) Edward A. Schuert - Fallout Plotting Device, NC-24, 604, Patent No. 2,973,579.

Nine applications for patents were filed with the U. S. Patent Office by BUSHIPS Patent Attorney on behalf of Laboratory personnel. Four in- vention disclosures were filed with the BUSHIPS Patent Attorney and four invention disclosures received from NRDL personnel were authorized for preparation of patent applications.

391 - 35- CHAPTER IV

AWARDS - COMMENDATIONS - HONORS

SCIENTIST- IN-RESIDENCE

NRDL's first Scientist- in-Resiaence, Dr. Olivier Heroux, Associate Research Officer at the National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, re- .ported on 1 October 1961. On leave of absence from the Canadian Re- search Council, Dr. Heroux has been employed there since 1951, the year he received his Ph. D. degree in biology at Lava1 University, Quebec, Canada. He earned a B. S. degree at the same university in 1948. He was born in Trois-Rivieres, P.Q., Canada. Dr Heroux is married and has five children.

Independent Research -- According to the requirements established at NRDL in 1960, a Scientist-in-Residence will be expected co work on a matter of his own choosing within broad categories of NRDL's field of in- terest which are "the basic thermal and ionizing radiations from all types of nuclear reactions, their chemical, physical, and biological effect, both topical and environmental, and ways to predict, prevent or minimize them." Other Scientist- in-Residence positions are currentlyopen; eventually there may be as many as six in one year. NRDL expects that these scientists will widen the intellectual horizon and thus stimulate andbenefit the perma- nent staff. Appointments to these positions are made under special author- ity granted only to this Laboratory by the Civil Service Commission.

Cold Adaptation -- A specialist in the field of cold adaptation, Dr. Heroux will continue some of the research he was doing in Canada and also start two new and unique experiments: one on aging of rats under different cold environmental conditions; the other, the effect of irradiation on the mitotic rate of the skin epidermia adapted to cold.

MERITORIOUS CIVILIAN SERVICE AWARD

Frances Brady, Head, Graphic Developments Branch, received a Meritorious Civilian Service Award, the third highest Navy honorary award. "For over 10 years," said CAPT E. B. Roth, USN, Commanding Officer and Director, "the Graphic Developments Branchof this Laboratory 39.2 -36- DR. OLIVIER HEROUX -- F~srScien:s:-!:- Residence.

OUTSTAKDISG NOh!AS --Frames firad?, Head, Graphic Ds.,r!a?:r:c?rs Ersnc'., re- ceiveshlerirorious C.\ 1.m~s~:,. ice i\iard.

393 - 37- under Miss Brady's guidance has developed and maintained standards of scientific and technical illustration, technical exhibit and other visual aids production together with general art in support of the Laboratory's mission which have been accorded constant verbal and written recognition. This re- cognition has been given by the scientific personnel, representatives of sponsoring agencies and scientific and technical journals, and by others in the scientific illustration field both within and outside of Government." Miss Brady was one of 74 career women who competed for the first annual Federal Woman's Award in 1961.

NRDL AWARD FOR SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT

The second annual NRDL Award for Scientific Achievement went to Robert Jenkins, Nucleonics Division's Radiation Effects Branch's High Temperature Physics Program, "for significant interdisciplinary contri- butions to the development of a new method for measuring thermal diffu- sivity in a temperature range up to an eventual limit of the melting point of the material concerned."

As runner-up. Dr. John Krebs, Biological and Medical Sciences Di- vision's Pharmacology Branch, was commended for his contribution to the general concept of residual radiation injury.

NRDL Gold and Silver Awards Announced -- In 1962 the concept of the annual NRDL Award for Scientific Achievement will be extended. Sci- entific Department Division Heads may nominate co-workers at any grade level who have made scientific contributions in the preceding year which they consider worthy of consideration for the award. A candidate's achieve- ment must stand out among the scientific discoveries, inventions and ap- plications at the Laboratory that have come to notice during the year, or merit recognition as an example of outstanding direction of research. In evaluating these accomplishments, weight shall be given not only to their utility but also to originality of thought and the courage to hold to unortho- dox ideas if such ideas were essential to the attainment of the results. NRDL led the way for West Coast Navy Laboratories by the establishment of the annual Gold and Silver Awards for Scientific Achievement. The award date has been changed from mid-year to January, making it feasible for the committee to in turn recommend Gold Medal winners for the Chief, Bureau of Ships Award.

- 38- 394 SIGNIFICANT CONTFZBUTION -- 2obsrr j. Ii.:)..nircceprs Scl?>riiic .ichievement award from Dr. E. P. Coo??:, Sc:e.Trlflc >usc:o:,:n the presence ofhlrs. Jenkins. 31s plaque is ir.sc:heJ "for si.;n:iican: itter. disciplinary conuiburions to the ds,:e!opm?!>: afs r.ei; ;:~trto: fcC.ness- uing therrnaldifiusiviry ina temprra!3r? :as: ~p :a?.:; e: e.l!u~! lilnir of the melting point of the mater:al coixer.~e!.

395 - 39 AWARD FROM MILITARY SURGEONS

At the 68th annual convention of the Associationof Military Surgeons of the U. S., Dr. Edward L. Alpen, Head of the Biological and Medical Sciences Division, was presented the 1961 Sustaining Membership Award-- a scroll and $500. The annual award, given for the first time in 1958, is made to a person in any of the U. S. Government Medical Services whohas made an outstanding contribution in the field of medical research. Dr. Alpen is the first Navy Department scientist to win it.

Nuclear Contributions -- Dr. Alpen's achievements are of inestimable value to the Navy whose very future depends upon its ability to operate ef- fectively in a "nuclear environment." Through his own research and a scientific program that he has designed, coordinated,and directed, he has made a significant contribution to the understanding of how muchof several kinds of ionizing radiation can be tolerated, how best to ameliorate their effects and employ countermeasures against the contamination of ships and their personnel. Acclaim Abroad -- Dr. Alpen's concepts of Radiological Hazard Evaluation have gaedwide acclaim and acceptance not only in the U. S. but also among our NATO allies. Functions of Bone Marrow -- Out- standing also is his accomplishment elucidating the blood forming functions of the bone marrow, the effects of radiation on it and its recovery. These fundamental studies in hematapoesis have wide acceptance in civilian sci- entific circles and this new concept may have far-reaching effects in the management of anemias. This wide acceptance of his accomplishments by both military planners and his civilian scientific peers is consideredunique.

GENERAL AWARDS

Forty-four Superior Accomplishment Cash Awards totaling $9,400.00 were presented to 68 civilians (five of the total were group awards). Ten received Outstanding Performance ratings for the year. Two military men received Good Conduct medals. Fifty- six Beneficial Suggestions were received. Eleven were adopted with a total cash award of $290.00 (eight were intangible and three were for tangible benefits).

The Laboratory received the Secretary of the Navy Award for Achieve- ment in Accident Prevention and three safe driving pins were earned.

Eight 20-year service pins were given out; and one 30-year service pin was presented.

- 40- 396 MISCELLANEOUS HONORS

Fulbright Fellowship

In the early Spring 1961 the Department of Stateadvised Dr. C. Sharp Cook,Head, Nucleonics Division, that the Board of Foreign Scholarships had selected him for a grant under the Fulbright Act. The award is for the 1961-62 academic year to be spent at the Institute of Physics of the Uni- versity of Aarhus, Denmark. The research in which Dr. Cook will be en- gaged at the Institute is primarily low energy nuclear physics and utilizes such equipment as a six-gap "orange-type'' beta spectrometer, a 256- channel pulse height analyzer, and a number of other pieces of equipment for use in beta and gamma spectroscopy studies, and beta-gamma and gamma-gamma coincidence work.

Chairman of Pasadena Board and ILCPA

Upon~completionof his term as member and Chairman of the Board of U. S. Civil Service Examiners for Scientists and Engineers at Pasadena, Calif.. and for the Interlaboratory Committee on Personnel Administration, Dr. W. E. Kreger was commended by the 11 ND Commandant, RADM M. E. Arnold: ". . . in this office you gave inspiration to the members in fur- thering improvemen ts in personnel matters.. .During your term as Chair- man of the ILCPA your leadership inspired studies on Incentive Awards, Avenues of Advancement Beyond Supervisory Positions, and Performance Evaluation Systems. These studies will serve as a beginning of projects which will improve the personnel structure as related to scientists and engine,ers.. . "

Nature Conse rvancv

In a recent administrative reorganization of the Western Division of Nature Conservaricy. Dr. C. L. Newcombe, Hazard Evaluation Branch of the Military Evaluations Division, was appointed chairman of the West- ern Administrative Board that administers the organization's program in 13 western states.

-41- !S DESMARK -- Dr. C. Sharp Caokis on a Fulbrleht Fello,wsinip at rhe University of .iar'.us durifig [he 1961-6:: academic year.

HIGHLYCOMMENDED -- Dr. W. E. Kreger, Temporary Head, Sucleonics Division. did an outstanding job on rhe Pasadena Board.

398

-42- CHAPTER V

SEMINARS -- SYMPOSIA -- CONFERENCES

MEETINGS AT NRDL

Two Scientific Director's Colloquia were held in 1961 and the Divi- sional seminar program was accelerated, presenting research results of Laboratory staff members as well as those of a cumher of visitkg scier- tists. Guest speakers from other countries included Dr. H. Langendorff, Radiological Institute, Universityof Freiburg, Germany; Dr. A. J. Swallow, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England; and Dr. Joseph Huppert, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.

The 2nd Conference on Long-Term Radiation Effects in Large Ani- mals was held here in collaboration with the AEC Division of Biology and Medicine and the Office of Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion. NRDL was host to at least one session of: (1) the annual three-day conference for Com- manding Officers, Naval Reserve Medical Specialists Units and Comman- dants' Representatives from the 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13thNaval Districts; (2) annual postgraduate course, "Present Concepts of Internal Medicine" con- ducted by the Department of Medicine, Letterman General Hospital; and (3) the Course for Medical Officers in ABC Defense at the U. S. Naval Schools Command, Treasure Island. As in past years, NRDL personnel played a major role in presenting the latter course.

Other meetings held here included the Northern California Chapter of the Animal Care Panel; Northern California Chapter of the Optical Society of America; Project Advisory Committee of the Ship Structure Committee; Cold War Symposium, presented by Naval Reserve Research Company 12- 5; Weapons Effects Board Subpanel on Residual Radiation and Fallout; and Senior Navy Mathematicians.

MEETINGS ELSEWHERE

Again in 1961 member of the Laboratory staff presented papers, served on committees and panels, and chaired sessions at local, national, and international meetings. Those outside the United States included the 5th International Free Radicals Symposium, Upsala, Sweden; International

399 -43- Commission for Optics at the Imperial College of London; American and Mexican Physical Societies, Mexico City; 10th Pacific Science Congress, Hawaii; 18th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Mon- treal. Canada; International Symposium on "Selective Vulnerability of the Central Nervous System to Hypoxia" at Baden. Switzerland; and in Vienna, Austria, a conference on "The Detection and Use of Tritium in the Physi- cal and Biological Sciences, sponsored by the International AEC in coopera- tion with the Joint Commission on Applied Radioactivity.

Conferences in this country where NRDLERS took an active part in- cluded Gordon Research: Oceanographic Instrumentation: International Symposium on Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Immune Processes; Radi- ological Safety; Space-Nuclear; Special Libraries Association; Military Operations Research; TIMS-ORSA: Scientific Glassblowers; Biological Photographic Association; Health Physics Society; BuShips Rand D Policy Council; California Emergency Public Works Seminar; Remote Handling Problems for Advanced Systems, sponsored by the Air Force Systems Command; American Physical Society; APEX Committee; Radiation Re- search Society; Atomic Energy in Space; Power Sources; Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology; Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; American Chemical Society: Federal Personnel Management: Navy Science Symposium; Yearly 1r.forma.tion Meeting at Oak Ridge; Society of Technical Writers andpublishers; Radiative Proper- ties of Solid Materials; Working Group on Fallout Models. established by the National Academy of Sciences at the request of OCDM; dermatologists on "Treatment of Skin Cancer: " Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spec- troscopy: International Solid State Circuits; Secretaries Association; American Institute of Electrical Engineers; American Rocket Society; American Niiclear Society: AEC Division of Biologyand Medicine Fallout Conference; Animal Care Panel; Symposium on Shock. Vibration. and Associated Environments; American Symposium of the AmericazVacuum Society: Symposium on Nuclear Weapons Employment for Medical Officers; International Conference on "Modern Trends in Activation Analysis; " In- ternational Symposium on Nuclear Propulsion; and a conference on "Con- jugation and Homeostasis in the Liver."

SPECIAL LECTURES

An authority in the field of liver physiology, Dr. R. W. Brauer. Head Pharmacology Branch, delivered the annual Mary Scott Newbald lecture before 400 members and guests of the College of Physicians in Philadelphia. On several occasions Nobei prize winners have been invited to give this lecture.

400 -44- !

Dr. R. R. Newell. Medical Consultant, was an instructor at the course on “Advances in Clinical Radioisotope Instrumentation” presented by the Medical Division of the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies.

Dr. Cecil Entenman. Head, Biochemistry Branch was a speaker at a course on “Newer Lipid Methods,” sponsored by the American Oil Chem- ists Society, at Rochester, New York.

-45- NEWBALD LECTLIRER -- Dr. R, M'. 8rauer. Head, Pharmacology Branch, delive:*d the annual Mary Scotr Newbald Lecture in 1961. Here he upic- turedwith apparatus for keeplcg alivean isolated rat liver and studying the cifecrs of injurious agents upon such functions as bile secretion.

FRENCH BIOCHEMIST -- Dr. Joseph Huppert(left1 Pasteur Institute. Paris, France. confers wirh Leonard Cole, Head of Experimental Parhology Branch ar NRDL. Dr. Hupperr gaveaseminar at thisLaboratary tn May. He camero Lhe U. 5. to deliver rhe Rhodes Mernorlaltectmear theSloane- KeRering lnsrirure OfCancer Research, New Yak City,on the chemical aipecrs of viruses (see TNE 5-5-61). His specialty is the study of bi- ologically acrive nucleic acids such as viruses, bacteriophage. and cancer-producing viruses. He is currenrly doing some work on purification of bacreriophage by a calcium phosphate column chrornarographic method de-iised at 3RDL by MI. Cole and Dr. R. K. Main; tb.us hisinteresr ill corning here.

4132 -46- CHAPTER VI -- TRAINING

Ninety-six employees attended 48 courses in technical and manage- ment subjects given outside the Laboratory in 1961. During the year 18 employees inititated or continued degree.programs in local universities with Laboratory support. Two division Heads attended a Personnel Man- agement Conference for Executives, held in Berkeley; and another parti- cipated in a course in Human Relations and Supervisory Skills for Execu- tives at Ojai, California. One electronics engineer took a course at UC- LA on magnetic recording, the first course of its kind ever offered any- where.

No new student- trainees were added to the Cooperative Education Program. The remaining 13 trainees continued their programs. The first graduate from the Co-op Program, Byron Hansen, became a full-timepro- fessional staff member. He was one of the original group of 10 who en- rolled in the Program in 1957, the year it started. Although the Program usually requires five years to complete, involving alternate periods of study at the university of the student's choice and work at the Lab, Hansen was able to complete it in four years by accelerating his college workload. In June he received his BSEE degree in electronic engineering from UC. He was graduated with an excellent academic record.

The Summer Employment Program was expanded to a total of 62 em- ployees in 1961. The group included seven college or university faculty members, three high school teachers, 23 graduate students, 26 under- graduates, and three high school students. They represented 34 education- al institutions throughout the country.

For the second year, Dr. K. A. Lincoln, Radiation Effects Branch, served as a member of the 12th Region Federal Career Day Staff. Members of this group acquaint college students with opportunities available in gov- e rnment agencies.

Enlisted personnel were given an average of 11 hours of instruction each month in many subjects to help broaden their education and to help them advance in the Service. Of the 38 enlisted personnel on board, six were advanced in rate. Five re-enlisted during 1961.

4u3 -47- WELL DONE! --Byon Hsnsen, ius1 irudenr 10 com?lete the Co-Op Program, acce?ri congrarularions from the Commanding Officer and Duecror, Captain E. B. Rorn.

-48- CHAPTER VII -- VISITORS

During 1961 the Laboratory was visited by 9,108 persons, ranging from the Honorable Paul B. Fay, Jr.. and the Chief of the Bureauof Ships, RADM R. K. James, through high-ranking military men and outstanding scientists to potential young scientists who are now attending high school or college.

Among the distinguished visitors from outside the U. S. were two NATO Military Committee and Standing Groups of about 40 each; the Com- mandant of the Yugoslav Navy, Admiral Mate Jerkovic; Commander of the imperial Iranian Navy, VADM Farajollah Rassai: Swedish Brig. Gen. E. J. A. Lidstrom, Inspector of the Royal Swedish Fortification (RSF), Chief of the Fortification Corps; Director of the Finnish Naval Academy, CAPT Kalverno Kijanen. and parties accompanying them; Dr. H. Langendorff. Director of the Radiological Institute, University of Freiburg, Germany, and his assistant, Dr. H. Melching; Dr. M. Simic, Yugoslav Institute of Nuclear Sciences, working currently at the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital in Chicago; Dr. A. J. Swallow, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England: Dr. Joseph Huppert, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (see picture page 46 ): student-officers and faculty mem- bers of the Student Section of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers of the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif., including foreign students from Korea, Peru, Chili, and Canada; Drs. Andrew McLean and William Marley. U. K. Atomic Energy Authority; Drs. C. G. Stewart and G. C. Butler, Atomic Energy Project, Chalk River; and Dr. R. Kinosita. former President of Osaka University, Director of the Psy- chological and Histological Research Laboratory at the City of Hope and Professor of Pathology at UCLA; Government-sponsored grade "A" E gYP - tian students doing graduate work at Stanford.

Important visitors from this country included RADM E. H. Batcheller and the 11 member BuShips Survey team which he headed; 6th Army offi- cers -- Cols. J. Snee, W. Wisdom. Jr.. T. O'Neill, J. Prentice, H.Davis,Jr., H. Leech, and Capt. R. Trolan: RADM A. R. Matter, Deputy Navy hspec- tor General: RADM C. K. Bergin, Commander, Operational Test and Evalu- ation Force of the U. S. Naval Base, Norfolk: seven members of the Dept. of Defense Research and Engineering Committee on In-House Laboratory Operations; Maj. Gen. L. T. Heath, Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel De- velopments, U. s. Continental Army Command: Brig.Gen. J. 0. Seaman, Director, Office of Special Weapons Development, U. S. Continental Army Command and staff members: RADM Courtney Shands, Navy Deputy to

405 -49- Chief. DASA; Marine Tactical Support Assembly Team, 3rd Marine Air Wing: staff members of the Joint Congressional Committee of Atomic Energy; eight-man On-Site Survey Team headed by CAPT W. R. Boehm. BuShips Inspector General's Office; RADM J. W. Ailes 111, Naval Inspec- tor General; Dr. David Glick, Div. of Histochemistry, Dept of Pathology, Stanford Medical Center; Dr. R. J. Berry, Radiation Br., Natl. Cancer Institute: Prof. T. J. Connolly. Stanford Nuclear Technology Laboratory; Dr. R. C. Wentworth. Space Physics Research, Missile and Space Div.. Lockheed Aircraft; Dr. Randall Caswell, Natl. Bureau of Standards; Dr. Roger Wallace. Radiation Laboratory, UC; Dr. George Kareman, E. Penn. Psychiatric Institute; Dr. Sylvan Rubin, Stanford Research; Dr. G. Vahouny, Asst. Prof. Biochemistry, George Washington University; Dr. W. Braun, Professor of Bacteriology, Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University; Dr. F. W. Van Strattan, Navy Weather Service; Physicist Arthur Hirsch, David Taylor Model Basin; Dr. Arden Sher, Varian Associ- ates; Dr. 0. E. Reynolds, Chief of Life Sciences, Director of Defense Re- search and Engineering; officers of the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Public Health Service who in May completed a two-year graduate- level course in Nuclear Engineering (Effects) at the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service representa- tives; members of the Committee on Air Pollution of the San Francisco Medical Society; Dr. J. L. Meem. Director of the Reactor Facility at the Univ. of Virginia; Prof. W. J. Kaufman, Dept. of Engineering at UC; Feder- al Procurement Officers; Dr. W. Steele Livingston. Dept. of Radiology and Pathology. School of Medicine. UCLA; A. J. Hodges. Jr.. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore; Dr. Shigeo Hayano, Fellow in Surgery at Harrison Dept. of Surgical Research, Univ. of Pennsylvania, who is Professor in Surgery at Gifu Univ.. Japan; and Professor J. W. Wilson, Brown University.

406 -50- 3UDDING SCIENTISTS --hbour 65 juniur high and high school lsr, 2nd. 3rd, and 4th place tiinnerisfine San Francisco Bay .Area SsieEce Fau vlsired NRDL on 10 ,May 1961.

DISTIXGUISHED VISITOR --The Honorable Paul B. Fay, 11. (left), L'ndersecretary of rhe SavyJisrens to an explanarion of the pupose of rhe explosion rank by Dr. L. H. Gevanrman. Head. Chemicaland Technology Division.

-51- !

FROM ,MANY LAh'DS --On 3 Ma!; and again on 14 June 1961 NRDL was hosr IO a Mi0 M!irary CJ~- rnirree and Standing Group. Countries represented included Belgium, Canada, Denmark. F:ance, Gsr- many, Greece, Italy. Nerherlands, Zomay, Porrugal, Turkey. Unired Kingdom.and Unired Srares. Fronr row: (4th horn lefr) -Caprain E. B. Roth, USN, ComrnandingOfficerandDirecror. SRDL: (far n@t) Caprain Rufus T. Brim, USS. Tour ?rojecr Officer.

YUGOSLAV HANDICRAFT -- Adrnualhlare Jerkovic (hands on knees), Cornrnandanr of the Yugoslav Navy. and rnernbenof his parry are shown viewing a display ofYugoslav handicrak in rhe SRDL lobby. llearriclesbelongtoLCDR J. C. Barrletr (far right). Head of rheLogistic Support Division, who was on rhe ArnericanMiliraryAssistance Sralf at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, from June 1951 10 January 1958. Far lefr is Dr. E. P. Cooper, Scientific Direcror. CHAPTER VI11 -- PUBLICITY

With the resumption of nuclear testing by Russia in September, there was a tremendous upsurge of public interest in civil defense. NRDL. along with civil defense agencies -- Federal, State, and local -- received large numbers of inquiries and requests for information on fallout shelters and related concerns.

This Laboratory's position is stated in the "New Civil Defense Pro- gram. 9th Report by the Committee on Government Operations" to the 87th Congress as follows: "Data developed by the U. S. Navsl Radiolog- ical Defense Laboratory justify the estimate that a carefully planned sys- tem of underground shelters, fully equipped and stocked with food and other essentials, can be provided on a cationwide basis at a cost ranging between950 and $100 per person. Adopting even the higher figure and making some allowances for unanticipated costs, we have a cost estimate of $20 billion. A sum hardly one-half a given year's outlay for military defense purposes does not seem to us to be beyond economic reason or technical achievement. From the standpoint of protection agabst fallout radiation, planned location, and efficient use of national resources, a nationwide system of underground group shelters offers the mostpromise."

The Laboratory was mentioned in articles on civil defense and shelters in FORTUNE, LIFE. TIME, and NEWSWEEK.

DAILY PRESS

The press gave wide coverage to the Camp Parks fallout shelter and presentations made by NRDL personnel on group shelter and reclamation research; likewise to the HYDRA 11-A tests conducted off San Clemente Island. The press was given a demonstration of the seawater fallout ex- periment at Camp Parks: also news stories appeared on promotions, honors and awards and participation of Laboratory personnel il important scientific meetings.

TV AND RADIO

TV shows on which NRDLERS appeared included "Assignment Four," a weekly public service show; "Doctors News Conference" and "Profile Bay Area."

409 -53- CHAPTER IX -- MISCELLANEOUS

The Sigma Xi Club of NRDL (organized in 1960) was granted an of- ficial charter by the National Society.. . 88 of the shelterees who partici- pated in the 1960 Family Underground Shelter test met for a reunion din- ner and a showing of movies taken during the test.. . the Biological Photo- graphic Assn. expressed appreciation to Sally Kinney. Photo Branch, for her participation in the regional meeting at the Palo Alto-Stanford Medical Center.. .A. L. Baietti. Health Physics Division, served as president of the newly organized No. Calif. Chapter of the Health Physics Society.. . Dr. C. Sharp Cook, Nucleonics Div., was one of 12 people from govern- ment and industry to serve on the BuShips team to inspect the Operations of the Material Laboratory, New York Naval Shipyard.. .Health Physics Division personnel conducted an after-hours course for San Francisco Naval Shipyard employees on "Introduction to Radioactivity and Its Control" . . .three NRDL officers were entitled to the newly authorized Command at Sea Insignia for commanding officers or former commanding officers of a commissioned ship or aircraft squadron in the Fleet. The three NRDLERS are CAPT E. B. Roth. Commanding Officer and Director, an EDO: LCDR J. C. Bartlett, SC. Head, Logistic Support Division; and CDPJTX. Will. -MSC. in chargeof the Radiobiology Assay Section of the Medical Departmt.

ORCHIDS

"In a pile of drab reports in the morning mail," stated a letter to the CO and Dir., from the Johns Hopkins Univ. Operations Research Office, "your cover for the 'Proceedings of Tripartite Symposium on Technical Status for Radiological Defense in the Fleets (Vol. 4)' is a delight. Thank you for such imaginative treatment. We suggest it be adopted officially for all Tripartite reports."

Women Employees of NRDL (WE) presented two lace tablecloths to the Laboratory; sent Valentines Day mementos to Laguna Honda Home and remembered a ward of elderly ladies there again at Easter; and at Christmastime dressed 20 dolls to assist the Women Supervisors at SFNS and made 93 clown dolls for needy children.. . Throughout the year both men and women took part in PEOPLE-TO-PEOPLE activities and were active in numerous civic organizations.

410 - 54- i

FORMER SHIP COMMANDERS -- These three NRDLERS are entirled towear the newly authorized -. command at sea insigne for Commanding Officers of a commissioned shipor aircraft squadron in the fleer. (Officer cunently in command wearir on the right breast; former Commanding Officers wear it on the left.) They are. from left. LCDR R.C. Will. -MSC, in charge of the Radiobiological Assay Section of the Medical Dept; CAPT E. B.Roth. Commanding Officer and Director, an E;and LCDR J. C. Bartlerr, s,Head of the Logistic Support Division.

S~GMAXI CHARTER -- Charles Reed (standing right), secretary-ueasurer of the Slgma XiClub of NWL,on 10 March 1961 accepted the Official Charter from ~r.Ne110 Pace, who represenredthe National Society of Sigma Xi. Dr. E. P.COOPe1 (seated), Scientific Director. was installed as fine

~ Club's first presidenr.

411 - 55- ALL HE.IRT -- "WE". Women Employees ofXRDL, carries on phiianthroplc work rhrough- our the year. Included in 1961 were these Valentinegifts for a ladies' ward at Laguna Honda Hospital: a remembrance for the elderlypatlents again at Easter; presentation oi mo lace tablecloths to rhe Laborarory; and at Christmas time, dressing 23 dolls and making 93 clowns forhandicapped or underprivileged children. Piclured here are jus; a few of The many "WE" members who worked on rhe projecrs.

442 - 56-