DOCSLIB.ORG

No. 15 TRONDHEIM STUDIES on EAST EUROPEAN CULTURES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
No. 15 TRONDHEIM STUDIES on EAST EUROPEAN CULTURES No. 15 TRONDHEIM STUDIES ON EAST EUROPEAN CULTURES & SOCIETIES Constantin Iordachi CHARISMA, POLITICS AND VIOLENCE: THE LEGION OF THE “ARCHANGEL MICHAEL” IN INTER-WAR ROMANIA December 2004 Constantin Iordachi is Assistant Professor of Comparative History at the Central (XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\ &(8 %XGDSHVW+HJUDGXDWHGIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI %XFKDUHVW %$ DQGWKH,QVWLWXWHRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI/HHGV 0$ DQGKDVHDUQHGKLV3K'LQKLVWRU\DWWKH&(8,RUGDFKLLVVSHFLDOL]LQJ in the comparative social and institutional history of Central and Southeastern Europe, with an emphasis on citizenship studies, fascism and the history of historiography. He published numerous articles in various scholarly journals and edited books, mainly in Romanian, Hungarian and English. His book The Making of Citizenship in Southeastern Europe during the Long Nineteenth Ceuntry: The Case of Romania, is forthcoming with the CEU Press. ISSN 1501-6684 ISBN 82-995792-3-6 © 2004 Constantin Iordachi and the Program on East European Culture and Societies, a program of the faculty of Arts. Norwegian University of science and Technology. Trondheim studies on East European Cultures and Societies Editor: György Péteri Editorial board: Trond Berge, Tanja Ellingsen, Knut Andreas Grimstad, Arne Halvorsen, Sabrina P. Ramet We encourage submission to the Trondheim Studies on East European Culture and Societies. Inconclusion in the series will be based on anonymous review. Manuscripts are expected to be in English (exception is made for Norwegian 0DVWHUCVDQG3K'WKHVLV DQGQRWH[FHHGGRXEOHVSDFHGSDJHV3RVWDODGGUHVV for submission: Editors, Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies, Department of History, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. For more information regarding the Program on East European Culture and Societies and our paper series, visit our WEB-site at: http:/hf.ntnu.no/peecs/peecs.htm Charisma, Politics and Violence: The Legion of the “Archangel Michael” in Inter-war Romania Constantin Iordachi, Central European University, Budapest Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies 2004 2 3 Table of Contents: List of Illustrations and Tables ...………………….......……………………………....... 5 Acknowledgements …..………………………………….......………………………….... 6 1. Introduction …..……………………………........…………...........………………….... 8 1.1. Main Argument …....…………………………………………….......……………….... 8 1.2. Charismatic Leadership: A Theoretical Mapping …………………….......………….... 12 1.3. Charisma and Generic Fascism …………………………………………….......…….... 18 1.4. Charisma and Inter-war Mass Politics: New Approaches ....……………………........... 22 2. Charisma and Cleavages in Inter-war Romania: The Origins of Codreanu’s Charismatic Cult ..............................................................................…………………….... 26 2.1. State-Building and Student Rebellion ….…......……………………………………….. 26 2.2. Charisma as Counterculture: From Student Rebellion to Charismatic Nationalism ....... 32 3. Charisma and Mass Politics in Inter-war Romania ..................................................... 40 3.1. Old Structures, New Challenges: Charisma versus Political Clientelism ..................... 40 3.2. The Charismatic Genesis of the Legion of the “Archangel Michael” ............................ 45 3.3. From a Regional to a National Movement: The Legion and Mainstream Politics, 1927- 1932 ............................................................................................................................ 54 3.4. The Legion and the “New” Generation .......................................................................... 57 3.5. The Legion and the Intellectuals: The Axa Group .......................................................... 63 3.6. The Legion as a Major Political Force, 1934-1937 ........................................................ 67 4. The Legion of the ‘Archangel Michael’ as a Charismatic Organization .................... 72 4.1. The Cult of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu ............................................................................. 72 4.2. Charismatic Leadership versus Party Organization ........................................................ 83 4.3. Charisma and Gender: Women within the Legion .......................................................... 86 4.4. Charisma and Social Structure ........................................................................................ 89 4.5. Dictatorial Charisma, Education and Discipline ............................................................. 92 4.6. Charisma and Factionalism ............................................................................................. 98 5. Charisma and the Romanian Orthodox Church ......................................................... 104 5.1. Religion and the Sacralization of Politics ......................................................................104 5.2. The Status of the Orthodox Church: Responses to Institutional Crisis ......................... 107 5.3. Religion, Politics and Anti-Semitism at Grass-Roots Level: The Borúa Incident .........111 5.4. The Legion and the Orthodox Church ............................................................................114 6. Caesarism against Charisma: Carol II’s Personal Regime and the Confrontation with the Legion, 1933-1940 ................................................................................................ 119 6.1. Building a National Anti-Legionary Coalition: The King’s Personal Regime ..............119 6.2. The Great Repression: Codreanu’s Execution ...............................................................122 7. Factionalism and the Routinization of Charisma: The Destructive Rule of the Legion, 6 September 1940- 23 January 1941 ....................................................................130 7.1. The Legion in Power: Succession to Charismatic Leadership ...................................... 130 4 7.2. Charisma and Violence: Criminal Revenge versus Christian Morality .........................137 8. Legionary Legacy Revived: Codreanu as a Contemporary Hero Model ............... 146 8.1. “The symbol of the Divine Will”: Codreanu as a Charismatic Giant ........................... 146 8.2. Charisma and Communist Leadership ...........................................................................151 9. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 159 9.1. Weber’s Ideal Type of Charismatic Authority: Heuristic Value and Limits .................159 9.2. The Legion and Generic Fascism: Toward a New Scholarly Consensus.......................162 10. Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 166 10.1. Archival Collections .................................................................................................. 166 10.2. Newspapers and Journals ........................................................................................... 166 10.3. Articles and Book Chapters ........................................................................................ 166 10.4. Books .......................................................................................................................... 170 11. Annexes ......................................................................................................................... 179 11.1. Tables .......................................................................................................................... 179 11.2. Sources - Documents 1-7 ............................................................................................ 182 5 List of Illustrations 1. The “Văcăreúteni” after their trial following the “Student Plot” in 1924 ..….................. 34 2.Wedding photograph of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and Elena Ilinoiu, near Focúani, 13 June June 1925 .............................................................................................................................. 36 3. The icon of Saint Michael from the Văcăreúti monastery .…............................................ 47 4. The cover of the official journal of the Legion, Pământul Strămoúesc (The Fatherland).. 52 5. Ion I. MoĠa (1902-1938), dressed in folk costume …....................................................... 73 6. The “Captain” - Corneliu Zelea Codreanu ....................................................................... 76 7. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu among relics of Romanian soldiers, at Predeal, in 1937 …..... 79 8. The Văcăreúteni, the charismatic staff of the Legion, around the venerated icon of Saint Michael .................................................................................................................................. 99 9. The funerals of MoĠa and Marin, 13 February 1937 ….................................................... 102 10. Miti Dumitrescu (1913-1939), the leader of the death squad which assassinated Prime Minister Armand Călinescu ................................................................................................. 126 11. The summary execution of the Legionary death squad, 23 September 1939 …............ 127 12. The exhumation of the corpses of Codreanu and of the members of two Legionary terrorist groups, the Decemviri and the Nicadori, Jilava, 27 November 1940 ...….............. 135 List of Tables Table One: Proportion of Ethnic Romanians in the General and Urban Population; Level of Urbanization; and Literacy Rates in Greater Romania by Historical Provinces,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Romanian Political Science Review Vol. XXI, No. 1 2021
    Romanian Political Science Review vol. XXI, no. 1 2021 The end of the Cold War, and the extinction of communism both as an ideology and a practice of government, not only have made possible an unparalleled experiment in building a democratic order in Central and Eastern Europe, but have opened up a most extraordinary intellectual opportunity: to understand, compare and eventually appraise what had previously been neither understandable nor comparable. Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review was established in the realization that the problems and concerns of both new and old democracies are beginning to converge. The journal fosters the work of the first generations of Romanian political scientists permeated by a sense of critical engagement with European and American intellectual and political traditions that inspired and explained the modern notions of democracy, pluralism, political liberty, individual freedom, and civil rights. Believing that ideas do matter, the Editors share a common commitment as intellectuals and scholars to try to shed light on the major political problems facing Romania, a country that has recently undergone unprecedented political and social changes. They think of Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review as a challenge and a mandate to be involved in scholarly issues of fundamental importance, related not only to the democratization of Romanian polity and politics, to the “great transformation” that is taking place in Central and Eastern Europe, but also to the make-over of the assumptions and prospects of their discipline. They hope to be joined in by those scholars in other countries who feel that the demise of communism calls for a new political science able to reassess the very foundations of democratic ideals and procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • HOTĂRÂRE Privind Aprobarea Nomenclatorului De Artere Al Municipiului Iaşi
    Municipiul Iaşi Consiliul Local HOTĂRÂRE privind aprobarea Nomenclatorului de artere al Municipiului Iaşi Consiliul Local al Municipiului Iaşi, întrunit în şedinţa ordinară în data de 31 mai 2017; Având în vedere iniţiativa Primarului Municipiului Iaşi prin expunerea de motive la proiectul de hotărâre; Având în vedere avizul favorabil întocmit de Comisia de Amenajare a Teritoriului și Urbanism a Consiliului Local al Municipiului Iași ; Având în vedere avizul favorabil întocmit de Comisia Juridică şi De Disciplină a Consiliului Local al Municipiului Iaşi; Având în vedere O.U.G. nr.64/2010 privind modificarea şi completarea Legii cadastrului şi a publicităţii imobiliare nr.7/1996; Având în vedere referatul de specialitate întocmit de Serviciul G.I.S.-Cadastru, Având în vedere prevederile Legii nr. 52/2003 privind transparenta decizionala in administratia publica, republicata ; Având în vedere dispoziţiile Legii privind normele de tehnică legislativă nr.24/2000 cu modificările şi completările ulterioare, Având în vedere dispoziţiile Legii nr.215/2001, privind administraţia publică locală, republicată cu modificările ulterioare, În temeiul art.115, alin.1, lit.b din Legea nr.215/2001, 1 / 2 la H.C.L. nr. 208 din 31 mai 2017 HOTĂRĂŞTE: Art.1. Se aprobă Nomenclatorul de artere al Municipiului Iaşi cuprins în anexa care face parte integranta din prezenta hotărâre. Art.2. Se radiază următoarele denumiri de arteră: strada Octav Băncilă, trecătoarea Hotin. Art.3. La data adoptării prezentei hotărâri îşi încetează aplicabilitatea reglementările anterioare. Art.4. Copie după prezenta hotărâre va fi comunicată: Primarului Municipiului Iaşi; Directiei de Arhitectura si Urbanism; Serviciul G.I.S.-Cadastru, Direcţiei Locale de Evidenţă a Persoanelor, Direcţiei Generale Economice şi de Finanţe Publice Locale, Biroului Judeţean de Administrare a Bazei de Date şi Instituţiei Prefectului Judeţului Iaşi.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania's Cultural Wars: Intellectual Debates About the Recent Past
    ROMANIA'S CULTURAL WARS : Intellectual Debates about the Recent Past Irina Livezeanu University of Pittsburgh The National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h 910 17`" Street, N.W . Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 2000 6 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Contractor : University of Pittsburgh Principal Investigator: Irina Livezeanu Council Contract Number : 816-08 Date : March 27, 2003 Copyright Informatio n Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funde d through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicat e and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract o r Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER's own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows : (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of th e United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United State s Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale . * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by th e National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available b y the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Trainin g Act of 1983, as amended) .
    [Show full text]
  • Research Project for the Subject
    The Creator vs. the Creative Man in Romanian Literature (The period between the wars vs. the communist regime) Bagiu, Lucian Published in: Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Philologica 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bagiu, L. (2008). The Creator vs. the Creative Man in Romanian Literature (The period between the wars vs. the communist regime). Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Philologica, 9(2), 121-130. http://www.uab.ro/reviste_recunoscute/index.php?cale=2008_tom2 Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 The Creator vs. the Creative Man in Romanian Literature (The period between the wars vs. the communist regime) - Research Project - asist.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies of 'Aesopian Language' in Romanian Literary Criticism Under
    SLOVO , VOL. 24, NO . 2 (A UTUMN 2012), 75-95. The Rhetoric of Subversion: Strategies of ‘Aesopian Language’ in Romanian Literary Criticism under Late Communism ANDREI TERIAN Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania This paper analyses the subversive strategies of ‘Aesopian language’ with reference to the discourse of the Romanian literary criticism written under late communism (1971-1989). The first two sections of the paper signal certain gaps and inconstancies in defining Aesopian language and in delineating its forms of manifestation; at the same time, they explain the spread of this subversive practice in the political and cultural context of Romanian communism. The following three sections analyse the manner in which Aesopian language materialized in the writings of some of the most important contemporary Romanian critics: Mircea Iorgulescu, Nicolae Manolescu and Mircea Martin. The final section of the study considers a revision of the current definitions of Aesopian language (through the concept of “triggers” theorized in this paper), a new classification of the rhetorical strategies acting globally in a subversive text, as well as a re-evaluation of the relevance of Aesopian language in the context of ‘resistance through culture’, which was the main form of opposition against the communist regime in Romania. INTRODUCTION In the Foreword to his famous pamphlet Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), V.I. Lenin cautioned his readers that the paper had been written ‘with an eye to the tsarist censorship’; therefore, he had found it essential to render his subversive doctrine ‘with extreme caution, by hints, in an allegorical language – in that accursed Aesopian language – to which tsarism compelled all revolutionaries to have recourse whenever they took up the pen to write a “legal” work’.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
    Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES on HIS LIFE Elena
    CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES ON HIS LIFE Elena-Mirela Ciuchea Rezumat: Autoarea – pornind de la cercetarea unor informaţii inedite din arhivele craiovene ale familiei Argetoianu, de la memoriile omului politic şi de la ceea ce s-a scris până la această dată – reconstituie principalele momente şi componente ale formării şi afirmării lui Constantin Argetoianu. Anii de studiu, mediul familial, prietenii, aptitudinile, posibilităţile şi disponibilităţile intelectuale, trăsăturile de caracter, interesul pentru studiu şi pasiunea pentru limbile străine, intrarea şi afirmarea în viaţa politică, contextul mai larg al epocii interbelice etc. sunt câteva din aspectele semnificative, decisive ale vieţii, activităţii şi personalităţii sale, pe care le rezumă acest articol. The interwar period in Romania had its political men presented either as “martyrs” of the nation or like some common thieves, forgetting that when it comes to Mother Nature, only few things keep their white or black nuance, everything maintaining rich varied grey nuances … because otherwise the world would be bored, isn’t it? Maniu hasn’t been too nice. Why? His Jesuit face made many people stay aside…still the same “sobriety” didn’t prevent him from washing his hands in a Pillatian way from things on which his whole life philosophy was based on. A lot more likable, but extremely controversial was Constantin Argetoianu, the chameleon of the interwar Romanian politics, the man that managed to show how easy it was to pass from bitter hatred to friendship and admiration, all depending on the interest. This Oltenian boyar, loved and admired by many, hated and sworn by more, tried with the use of some delicious “Memories” to exculpate him in front of history and time.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 CONTENTS STUDIES and ARTICLES Lucian Amon, a HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE
    Analele UniversităŃii din Craiova. Istorie, Anul XX, Nr. 1(27)/2015 CONTENTS STUDIES AND ARTICLES Lucian Amon, A HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE SHAPE OF THE SOUTHERN ENCLOSURE OF SUCIDAVA FORTRESS ........................................................................... 5 Cezar Avram, Roxana Radu, MEDIEVAL STATE AND SOCIETY. COMPARATIVE STUDY: ROMANIAN COUNTRIES AND MEDIEVAL STATES FROM EASTERN EUROPE (XIV-XVI CENTURIES) ......................................................................................... 13 Mihai GhiŃulescu, DE L’INSTITUTIONNALISATION DU CONSEIL DES MINISTRES EN ROUMANIE ET AILLEURS .................................................................... 25 Cosmin-Ştefan Dogaru, L’EPISODE DE 1871: UN MOMENT DIFFICILE POUR LE JEUNE ETAT ROUMAIN. DES ESSAIS INFRUCTUEUX A UNE CONSTRUCTION DURABLE .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Bogdan-ŞtefăniŃă Miulescu, ROMANIA, EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND THE NEW PHASE OF THE “EASTERN QUESTION” ........................................................................ 43 Anca Parmena Olimid, BROADENING ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION AND ECCLESIASTIC SELF-GOVERNMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE ROMANIAN MODERN INSTITUTIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE XIX TH CENTURY ............. 53 Daniel Motoi, DISCIPLINE WITHIN THE TEACHING STAFF OF CRAIOVA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY ............................................................... 61 Filip-Lucian Iorga, THE ONOU FAMILY: FROM THE MOLDAVIAN COUNTRY
    [Show full text]
  • Nicolae Iorga
    Ediţie îngrijită, introducere şi note de Andrei Pippidi Redactor: Marieva Ionescu Coperta: Ioana Nedelcu Tehnoredactor: Manuela Măxineanu DTP: Andreea Dobreci, Dan Dulgheru Tipărit la Monitorul Oficial R.A. © HUMANITAS, 2019 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Iorga, Nicolae Jurnalul ultimilor ani: 1938–1940. Inedit / N. Iorga; ed. îngrij., introd. şi note de Andrei Pippidi. – Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2019 ISBN 978‑973‑50‑6422‑8 I. Pippidi, Andrei (ed., pref., note) 821.135.1 94 EDITURA HUMANITAS Piaţa Presei Libere 1, 013701 Bucureşti, România tel. 021/408 83 50, fax 021/408 83 51 www.humanitas.ro Comenzi online: www.libhumanitas.ro Comenzi prin e‑mail: [email protected] Comenzi telefonice: 021/311 23 30 transcrieri fonetice şi norme practice pentru lectura jurnalului Grafia lui N. Iorga este cunoscută din textele publicate în tim‑ pul vieţii sale, în general sub supravegherea sa. Ulterior, în numeroase cazuri, s‑a procedat la adaptarea după ortografia oficială modernă. Mi s‑a părut necesară respectarea întocmai a manuscrisului, tipărit aici pentru prima oară, cu particulari‑ tăţi care ţin de perioada istorică în care s‑a format grafia auto‑ rului, deci anii din jurul lui 1890, după cum se poate constata şi în autografe ale sale care nu erau destinate tiparului (scrisori personale, de familie). Aşadar persistă până la sfârşitul vieţii unele forme dialectale moldoveneşti (mâni sau mâne = mâine, amiezi = amiază) sau o pronunţie păstrată din secolul al XIX‑lea, ca diferenţa la pronumele relativ între sg. care şi pl. cari, supt = sub, aceia = aceea, ceia ce = ceea ce, aceiaşi = aceeaşi. Din aceeași epocă datează numele lunilor anului: decembre, novem‑ bre, octombre, septembre, sau mart, april.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicolae Filipescu Şi Idealul Naţional Stefan Silviu Ciobanu Perioada Cea
    III.PERSONALITĂŢI BUCUREŞTENE Reflecţii asupra vieţii lui Nioclae Filipescu - Nicolae Filipescu şi idealul naţional Stefan Silviu Ciobanu Perioada cea mai importantă din cariera politică a lui Nicolae Filipescu o reprezintă fără îndoială aceea în care acţiunile· sale s-au îndreptat spre realizarea idealului naţional. Visul său era acela ca cel puţin Transilvania să se alăture Vechiului Regat şi să cuprindă astfel între graniţele aceluiaşi stat pe românii care până atunci fuseseră obligaţi să trăiască sub organizarea administrativă a altor state, fără să beneficieze de drepturile ce li se cuveneau ca cetăţeni ai acelor state. Privirea sa va fi cu precădere îndreptată spre Transilvania, legăturile sale cu elita românească de acolo fiind unele foarte bune. O personalitate importantă a elitei româneşti transilvănene din această perioadă cu care Nicolae Filipescu avea legături strânse era Octavian Goga, cel pe care Nicolae Filipescu îl va sprijini în demersurile sale atât material cât şi spiritual, lucru ce îl va face pe Octavian Goga să afirme despre el la un moment dat că „ a întrupat însuşirile rezumative ale unei rase". 136 La data atentatului de la Sarajevo, care a fost de altfel picătura care a umplut paharul, evenimentul care a aruncat în aer ordinea din relaţiile internaţionale declanşând războiul, Nicolae Filipescu se afla în străinătate. În timpul petrecut în străinătate a vizitat şi Germania, mai mult el avusese şansa de a vedea armata germană. Ajuns în ţară îi mărturiseşte lui Constantin Argetoianu la Sinaia: „ mi-e frică de un nou '70: armata asta nu poate fi bătută„.Ce ne facem?" Sub pretext de fost ministru de război al României el se plimbase prin toată Germania de la Baden Baden la Berlin şi de la Berlin la Viena ca să vadă cum se făcea mobilizarea şi să ia contact cu armata Kaizerului.
    [Show full text]
  • Bozok Tip Dergisi
    ZOK ÜNİ VERSİT O V Nİ ES B E Ü İ ISSN 2146-4006 R K T T S I A İ O P T Z G F E O Z A B S K O İ T Ü Y A L T G E Z S O İ Y 2006 2007 Bozok Medical Journal Cilt: 9, Sayı: 3, Eylül 2019 BOZOK TIP DERGİSİ Volume: 9, Number: 3, September 2019 Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayın Organıdır Official Journal of Yozgat Bozok University Medical Faculty www.bozok.edu.tr I BOZOK TIP DERGİSİ ZOK ÜNİ VERSİT O V Nİ ES B E Ü İ R K T T S I A İ O P T Z G F E O Z A B S K O İ T Ü Y A L T G E Z S O İ Y 2006 2007 Cilt 9, Sayı 3, 2019 Tıp Fakültesi Adına Sahibi Prof. Dr. Ferit ÇİÇEKÇİOĞLU Yazi İşleri Müdürü Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yunus HACIMUSALAR Editör Prof. Dr. Ethem Serdar YALVAÇ Editör Başyardımcısı Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şükrü SOLAK Prof. Dr. Levent IŞIKAY Editör Yardımcıları Doç. Dr. Çiğdem KADER Doç. Dr. Hülya ŞİMŞEK Doç. Dr. Mustafa KARA Doç. Dr. Murat KORKMAZ Doç. Dr. Yavuz Selim İNTEPE Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Abdullah GÜREL Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Emre GÖKÇEN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Elif TURAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Seda SABAH ÖZCAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Sinan KARACABEY Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Taylan ONAT Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Zeynep Tuğba OZAN (İstatistik Editörü) Doç. Dr. Mahmut KILIÇ Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Elif ULUDAĞ Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Gökçen AYDIN AKBUĞA Öğr. Görevlisi Gözde ERTÜRK ZARARSIZ Dergimiz Türkiye Atıf Dizini (Türkiye Citation Index), ULAKBİM Tıp Veri Tabanı (Türk Tıp Dizini) ve Türk Medline Ulusal Sağlık Bilimleri Süreli Yayınlar Veritabanı’na kayıtlıdır.
    [Show full text]
  • The Netmagazine
    Anna Loutfi Feminism, biography and cheshire cat stories A geopolitical journey through a biographical dictionary Anna Loutfi reflects on the use of the nation−state as an organizing principle for central and eastern European feminist history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She detects what she calls feminism's "imperial ironies": feminists in central and eastern Europe acted within international feminist networks, while at the same time were confronted with emerging nationalism in territories that had been parts of former empires. This paper was first presented in June 2007 at the international L'Homme−conference "Imaginary borders in Europe from the perspective of women's and gender history"1. I was invited to participate as one of the co−editors of A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms, Central, East and South Eastern Europe, nineteenth and twentieth Centuries −− hereafter referred to as the Biographical Dictionary2. The initial aim of my paper was to clarify the dictionary's concept of Central, South and South Eastern Europe, but, in the end, I decided that the difficulty of developing any coherent criteria for such a definition would make for more interesting discussion −− especially with respect to the fascinating, dynamic interplay of geography and what I call "geopolitics', biography/biographical narrative, and gender identity that one can trace through the Biographical Dictionary as a whole. This paper, then, has been developed −− from an original intention to clarify geographical borders, and justify points of geographical exclusions/inclusions regarding the selection criteria of the Biographical Dictionary −− into an exploration of the ways in which the biographical genre (particularly vis−à−vis feminist experience) exposes the political instability of the nation state and its borders as an interpretive framework for personal identity.
    [Show full text]