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APISA 5 – Full Paper Draft Version – Not for Citation APISA 5 – Full Paper Draft Version – Not for Citation Mongolia in Newly Regionalizing Asia: From Central Asian Buffer to East Asian Participator Turtogtoh Janar Professor of Political Science National University of Mongolia [email protected] 1/23 Introduction So far the developmental and democratizing trends of Asia have been noted to break out from stagnant and autocratic Asia. Once developmentally and democratically thriving Asia has come about, the next rising trend is newly regionalizing Asia (Inoguchi 2005). The push of the third wave of democracy (Huntington 1991), the collapse of socialist system and the end of the Cold War caused changes in world politics entirely. In case of Asia, it has brought a new atmosphere not only to the divergence of culture and value of Asian regions but also to the political-economical and socio-cultural relation of the countries in this region. For instance, as a consequence of Soviet Union collapse, the republics under the USSR claimed their sovereignty. Specially, with countries such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan claiming sovereignty, the understanding of new Central Asia has appeared in a political sense. Although Mongolia is geographically situated in Central Asia, it is not a short period which economic-politically, socio-culturally, it seeks the path to new space within East Asian region. As a result of Soviet Union collapse Mongolia started to conduct its independent foreign and domestic affairs. Since then Mongolia has been considering itself as equal to the North East Asia but not new Central Asian region which is closer in its geographical setting. At first, this paper attempts to consider about reflections of Cold War and birth story of buffer country in Asia. Then the paper shows how we have been considering that North East Asian countries as our third neighbour in this newly regionalizing Asia. Mongolia, who has only two neighbours – Russia and China, has also been including the USA, South Korea and Japan into the frames of such an understanding as "the third neighbour". Last but not least, this paper attempts to demonstrate economic-political, socio- cultural attributes, which characterize Mongolian interest towards the East Asian community. Key words: Mongolia, buffer, Central Asia, third neighbor, East Asia Brief Introduction about Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country between two of the world’s most powerful countries Russia and China, and flanked on the west by new Central Asia (Kazakhstan) and on the east by the Korean peninsula. This is a vast country of mountain ranges, the Gobi Desert, and semiarid 2/23 grassy steppes akin to the northern steppes region of China. Mongolia is physically isolated on the Chinese-Russian border and constitutes a discrete region of East Asia. It has a population of approximately 2.8 million people living in an area of 1,566,500 sq. km which is larger than Alaska. A geopolitical location gives strategically special advantage to the country whereas it causes considerable restrictions to economic advancement. Almost half of population still gains a living from herding livestock on the semiarid grasslands. However, the number of people live in rural areas has been decreasing which reflects an increasing urban population. Freedom House rated Mongolia on political rights with a 2 and on civil liberties with a 2, both on a scale of 1 to 7 (in which 1 is the most free). Freedom House considers Mongolia to be a free country (Freedom House 2009). For the moment over 140 countries have diplomatic relations with Mongolia. The Structure of Government The current Constitution (1992) is a democratic one. It went into effect on February 12, 1992 a month after its proclamation. It’s based on separation of power among the President, the legislature called the State Great Hural, the Government as Executive Cabinet and the Judiciary. By its state structure Mongolia is a unitary State. The territory of Mongolia is divided into administrative units-aimags (the country has 21 aimags) and an administratively separate city-capital Ulaanbaatar. The President The president is Head of State and chairs National Security Council. Among other powers and responsibilities, the Constitution makes the President Commander-in-chief of Mongolia, and allows the President to grant pardons and reprieves. Along with the armed forces, foreign policy is also directed by the President. He represents the country abroad. The President is nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term, with a limit of two terms. He can initiate and introduce a legislative bill into Parliament under the Constitution, not only a member of Parliament can do that. He can veto all or parts of legislation. He can pick and choose pieces of it. If the President exercises the veto, then it can only be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the State Great Hural. 3/23 Ambassadors, and some other high public officials including the Chairman of Independent Authority against Corruption of Mongolia, are all appointed by the President with the "advice and consent" of a majority of the State Great Hural. He also proposes a prime minister and can call for the government's dissolution, and issue decrees, which become effective with the prime minister's signature. The Cabinet is appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president. The President also has the power to nominate and appoint judges, including three members as one third of the Constitutional Court of Mongolia. However, these nominations do require State Great Hural confirmation. A President must be an indigenous citizen of Mongolia later explained by Supreme Court, as one whose parents are born in and citizens of Mongolia; be at least forty-five years old; and have been a permanent resident in Mongolia for at least five years. The term of office for President is four years. It’s not that easy to serve a full two terms, only the second president N.Bagabandi have done it between 1997-2001, 2001-2005, respectively (see Table 1). [Table 1 is about here] State Great Hural State Great Hural of Mongolia is the legislative branch of the government, prescribed by the Constitution to represent the will of the people. It is a unicameral parliament and consists of 76 members, elected by popular vote. The Parliament meets semiannually. Parliament members elect a chairman and vice chairman who serve 4-year terms. Parties or coalitions, officially registered before the day of election, are ensured with the right to nominate to the membership of the State Great Hural. It is possible for a candidate to run for office in a general election without the backing of a political party. To run as an independent, a person must present a petition, signed by a specified number of voters (currently 801) who support his or her candidacy. Parliamentary elections have been held five times since the year of 1992’s Constitution. Table 2 shows a chronology of the State Great Hural of Mongolia, from the time of New Constitution. [Table 2 is about here] 4/23 The Constitution of Mongolia provides that the State Great Hural may consider, at its initiative, any issue pertaining to domestic and foreign policies of the country. Executive Government The Government, headed by the prime minister, and is the highest executive body of the state. Following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition, is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural. The prime minister is nominated by the President after discussion with the majority party in Parliament and confirmed by the Parliament. The Prime Minister is selected by majority vote in the parliament. In other words, the strongest party in the parliament provides the necessary political support for its leader to emerge as prime minister, and to select the majority of the members of his government from his party represented in the parliament. In order to form a government and choose a prime minister, a party needs a simple majority of 39 seats in the Parliament, a legislative body of 76 nation-wide representatives. The prime minister chooses a cabinet, subject to Parliament approval. To propose the candidatures for the ministers’ positions is the Prime Minister’s constitutional power. In accordance with the Article 39, the State Great Hural shall consider the candidatures proposed by the prime minister one by one and make decisions on their appointment. Dissolution of the government occurs upon the prime minister's resignation, simultaneous resignation of half the cabinet, or after a Parliamentary vote for dissolution. Judiciary Mongolia’s judicial system comprises a Supreme Court, provincial courts, and a Constitutional Court. Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body. At the apex of the judicial system is the Constitutional Court, which consists of nine members, including a chairman, appointed for 6-year terms. The Constitutional Court has the authority to judge the constitutionality of laws enacted by Parliament. Cold War, Super Powers, and a “Buffer” 5/23 The end of the World War II has resulted in the collapse of colonialism. This gave the opportunities to have newly founded many countries in Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America, proclaimed their independences and began to reinforce their selected regimes. Having been beginning to declare the Constitutions newly around the world is the reflection of it as well. However, as a result of the beginning of the Cold War, the “hidden” war, the world politics was divided into two antagonist extremities. Hence nations and countries became to be separated and diverged according to their ideology-political regime-military and political coalition rather than the religious-traditional-cultural or regional-geographical identities.
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