Elusive Himalayan Trails - Ladakh 2019
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General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 14 Points of Jinnah (March 9, 1929) Phase “II” of CDM
General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 1 www.teachersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | Adda247 App General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 Contents General Awareness Capsule for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................ 3 Indian Polity for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .................................................................................................. 3 Indian Economy for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ........................................................................................... 22 Geography for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .................................................................................................. 23 Ancient History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................................ 41 Medieval History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .......................................................................................... 48 Modern History for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ............................................................................................ 58 Physics for AFCAT II 2021 Exam .........................................................................................................73 Chemistry for AFCAT II 2021 Exam.................................................................................................... 91 Biology for AFCAT II 2021 Exam ....................................................................................................... 98 Static GK for IAF AFCAT II 2021 ...................................................................................................... -
Figure 3. Terrace Sections
Quaternary Research (2018), 89, 281–306. Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017. doi:10.1017/qua.2017.92 Quantifying episodic erosion and transient storage on the western margin of the Tibetan Plateau, upper Indus River Tara N. Jonella,b*, Lewis A. Owenc, Andrew Carterd, Jean-Luc Schwennigere, Peter D. Cliftb aSchool of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, USA bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA cDepartment of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA dDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom eResearch Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom (RECEIVED April 13, 2017; ACCEPTED September 27, 2017) Abstract Transient storage and erosion of valley fills, or sediment buffering, is a fundamental but poorly quantified process that may significantly bias fluvial sediment budgets and marine archives used for paleoclimatic and tectonic reconstructions. Prolific sediment buffering is now recognized to occur within the mountainous upper Indus River headwaters and is quantified here for the first time using optically stimulated luminescence dating, petrography, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, and morphometric analysis to define the timing, provenance, and volumes of prominent valley fills. This study finds that climatically modulated sediment buffering occurs over 103–104 yr time scales and results in biases in sediment compositions and volumes. Increased sediment storage coincides with strong phases of summer monsoon and winter westerlies precipitation over the late Pleistocene (32–25 ka) and mid-Holocene (~8–6 ka), followed by incision and erosion with monsoon weakening. -
Quaternary River Erosion, Provenance, and Climate Variability
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2017 Quaternary River Erosion, Provenance, and Climate Variability in the NW Himalaya and Vietnam Tara Nicole Jonell Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Jonell, Tara Nicole, "Quaternary River Erosion, Provenance, and Climate Variability in the NW Himalaya and Vietnam" (2017). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4423. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4423 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. QUATERNARY RIVER EROSION, PROVENANCE, AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE NW HIMALAYA AND VIETNAM A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Tara Nicole Jonell B.S., Kent State University 2010 M.S., New Mexico State University, 2012 May 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are so many people for which I am thankful. Words can barely express the gratitude I have for my advisor, Dr. Peter D. Clift, who has countlessly provided humor and outstanding support throughout this project. I cannot imagine completing this research without his untiring guidance both in the lab and outside in the field. I also wish to thank my advisory committee for their invaluable insight and patience: Dr. -
The Structure and Stratigraphy of SE Zanskar, Ladakh Himalaya
Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 147, 1990, pp. 989-997, 7 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland The structure and stratigraphy of SE Zanskar, Ladakh Himalaya R.McELROY', J. CATER', I. ROBERTS3,A. PECKHAM4 & M.BOND' 'Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DS, UK 'Earth Sciences and Resources Institute, Department of Geology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG62AB, UK 320 Lon-y-bryn, Bangor, Gwynedd LL572LH, Wales, UK 435Brook Green, London W6 7BL,UK '17Summersdale Court, The Drive, Chichester P0194RF, UK Abstrpd. A fieldstudy of over 4 km thicknessof Cambro-Ordovician to Cretaceoussediments deposited on the passive margin of northern India has provided significant new data on the thickness, age and depositional environments of these deposits. The first detailed structural map of the Phuctal areaand a regional map of EasternZanskar are presented, together with sequentially restored structural cross sections. An imbricate thrust duplex and a lateral ramp stack, which formed in the Phuctal area during SW-directed thrust propagation, were later deformed by NE-directed structures probablyproduced during gravitational collapse of the thrust stack. Collapse occurred along the previously documented Zanskar shear zone, and also by reactivation of the basal detachment of the Zangla nappe. This dorsal collapse of the orogen was probably related to an increase in uplift rate during the Neogene, and may have coincided with the initiation of the Main Boundary Thrust farther south. The interest recently expressed in the complex problems of blueschist-grademetamorphic rocks and ophiolitic mel- NW Himalayangeology, for example by Fuchs (1979), anges. Tothe south of Zanskar,the High Himalayan Srikantia & Riizdan (1980), Thakur (1980), Baud et al. -
Ladakh - Himalayan India *** Ultra Remote Ladakh – ‘Circling the Roof of the World’
FMC Travel Club A subsidiary of Federated Mountain Clubs of New Zealand (Inc.) www.fmc.org.nz Club Convenor : John Dobbs Travel Smart Napier Civic Court, Dickens Street, Napier 4110 P : 06 8352222 E : [email protected] *** Ladakh - Himalayan India *** Ultra remote Ladakh – ‘Circling the Roof of the World’ 6th July to 2nd August 2019 – 28 days $6995 ex Auckland, Wellington or Christchurch Trip leader : Joe Nawalaniec (based on a minimum of 8 participants and subject to currency fluctuations) Any payments by visa or mastercard adds $225 to the final invoice PRICE INCLUDES : • Flights from Auckland, Wellington or Christchurch – Delhi – Leh return plus airport transfers • All accommodation : hotels in Delhi and Leh, otherwise village homestays and tent camps • All transport : vehicles as appropriate, otherwise on foot tramping • All meals (except 6 lunches) • An experienced and knowledgeable Kiwi leader, payment to FMC • Full support of local operator and staff, all camping equipment, inclusions as shown in the daily itinerary and a group tipping allowance PRICE DOES NOT INCLUDE : • Travel insurance (mandatory) • Personal incidental expenses and 6 lunches • Indian tourist visa (online) Trip Leader Joe has been a school teacher for thirty years (presently teaching a bit of outdoor ed) and has been poking around in odd corners of NZs bush and mountains since his early teens. He and his wife Vicky have enjoyed a lifetime of fun adventures, which have included memorable tramping and mountain bagging trips through Europe, America and Asia, and, of course, NZ. “I’ve been fortunate to manage four trips to stunning India for over 8 months of independent (and usually arduous) travel throughout the country, and have a deep affection for the place and its people. -
0091 9818181230 E-Mail: [email protected] ZANSKARONWHEELS a 25-Day Journey
JOURNEY TO INDIA Mobile and WhatsApp: 0091 9818181230 E-mail: [email protected] ZANSKAR ON WHEELS A 25-day journey through the ZANSKAR valley (Indian Himalayas) Departure date: 15th July ‘2018 to 8th August ‘2018 The Mountains and Monasteries of Zanskar: - The mountain range of Zanskar is part of the Tethys Himalayas, located in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir. This semi-desert land covers around 7000 kilometres, with altitudes ranging from 3500 – 7000 metres. Zanskar lies along two branches of the Zanskar River. The first river has its source near Pansi’la Pass and leads to a small village called Padum which lies In the central part of Zanskar. The second branch is formed by two main tributaries: the Kargyag River, with its source close to the Shingo La Pass, and the Tsarap River, which originates from the Baralacha pass. These two rivers unite below the village of Purney. Before they flow into the River Indus. The awe-inspiring valleys of Zanskar are the backdrop of ancient Buddhism. It is said that Buddhism entered Zanskar from Kashmir as early as 200 BC. In the 8th century, Buddhist monks travelled from Tibet in search of salvation and settled in the high ends of the Zanskar mountains. Eventually they built monasteries there, which are nothing short of a man-made sensation. For an example image below is of Phugtal Monastery in Zanskar and several Others like... Ichar Monastery Mune Monastery Alchi Monastery Burdan Monaster This journey will start out of Delhi to tourist hotspot Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. -
Seeing Into Stone Pre-Buddhist Petroglyphs and Zangskar’S Early Inhabitants Rob Linrothe
Seeing into Stone Pre-Buddhist Petroglyphs and Zangskar’s Early Inhabitants Rob Linrothe DVD enclosed with 143 Images All photos by Rob Linrothe unless otherwise indicated © Rob Linrothe Introduction DVD 0.1 “Kink bands” along Jumlam route, Zangskar to Markha Valley; photo 2002 DVD 0.2 Fossilized bivalve mollusk (clam?) shells near Marang La (5300 m), Zangskar; photo 2008 DVD 0.3 Examples of finger-shaped fossilized sea creatures, possibly Mesozoic belemnites, on the stony ground near Nialo Kontse La, Shun-Shadé, Zangskar; photo 2013 DVD 0.4 Mountains near Nialo Kontse La (4850 m), Shun-Shadé, Zangskar; photo 2013 DVD 0.5 Tributary to the Tsarap River near Lar La (4850 m), Shun-Shadé, Zangskar; photo 2013 Chapter 2 Typology of Rock-art Locales in Zangskar DVD 2.1 Solitary ibex petroglyph on a boulder in the Hanupatta Gorge, Ladakh; photo 1996 DVD 2.2 Petroglyph near Sirsir La beyond Photoksar, Ladakh-Zangskar frontier; photo 1996 DVD 2.3 Bank of the Lungnak River at Pipula camp, Zangskar; photograph 2011 DVD 2.4 Gravel-bed bank of the Lungnak River at Pipula camp, Zangskar; photo 2008 DVD 2.5 Petroglyphs at Pipula camp, Zangskar; photo 2008 DVD 2.6 View from above of Char doksa with corral, Zangskar; photo 1998 DVD 2.7 Large petroglyph at Char doksa, Zangskar; photo 1996 DVD 2.8 Petroglyph with ibex and humans figures at Char doksa, Zangskar; photo 2013 DVD 2.9 Rock outcrop terrace with petroglyphs at Char doksa, Zangskar; photo 2011 DVD 2.10 Traces of grain (?) grinding mortars in rock at western petroglyph area above Manda village, -
Indian River System
INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM Major River System – The Indus River System The Indus arises from the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar. ❖ It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea out of which approx 700km lies in India. ❖ It enters the Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir by forming a picturesque gorge. ❖ In the Kashmir region, it joins with many tributaries – the Zaskar, the Shyok, the Nubra and the Hunza. ❖ It flows between the Ladakh Range and the Zaskar Range at Leh. ❖ It crosses the Himalayas through a 5181 m deep gorge near Attock, which is lying north of Nanga Parbat. The major tributaries of the Indus River in India are Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas, and Sutlej. Major River System – The Brahmaputra River System The Brahmaputra originates from Mansarovar Lake, which is also a source of the Indus and Sutlej. ❖ It is 3848kms long, a little longer than the Indus River. ❖ Most of its course lies outside India. ❖ It flows parallel to the Himalayas in the eastward direction. When it reaches Namcha Barwa, it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. ❖ Here it is known as the Dihang River. In India, it flows through the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and is connected by several tributaries. ❖ The Brahmaputra has a braided channel throughout most of its length in Assam. -
Surle Puh Valley, Sgurr a Mhadaidh Fuar
AAC Publications Surle Puh Valley, Sgurr A Mhadaidh Fuar (L5), East Face India, Zanskar In August, Struan Chisholm, Sam Newmark, Calum McLellan, and I arrived in Leh and headed to a maze of unclimbed peaks brought to light by the 2009 Kyoto Zanskar expedition (AAJ 2012). We arrived with 10kg of homemade flapjacks, some iced-tea powder, five ice axes, and one pan between us. We first reached Raru (3,400m) on the Tsarap River to find that onward travel to our proposed valley was blocked: All bridges and the continuation road to Char, connecting the Tsarap villages, had been annihilated by floods two months earlier and may take several years to repair. We were forced to walk southeast for 15km on a rocky track high above the river. This was uneventful until the route exploded in front of us. No warning signs, just an Indian Army dynamite team working its loud magic to clear landslide debris from the path. We had to rope up and belay some sections of this loose, exposed path perched above the river, although the locals were quite happy to charge across without such precautions. We reached the village of Surle after two days and then proceeded south up the Surle Puh Valley to base camp. This section was only 8km but rose continuously to 5,200m, so took us nearly three days. At one point a yak attacked our camp and was fended off only by the efforts of a brave dog that then proceeded to accompany us. Our base camp was dug out of the moraine, not far from a stream flowing off the ice of L5, high above. -
1 Complete List of Rivers |Their Lengths, Origins and Tributaries
Complete List of Rivers |Their Lengths, Origins and Tributaries Following list shows the names of rivers in India with their lengths, origins and tributaries. S.No. Rivers Origin Length (km) End Gangotri Glacier 1. Ganga 2,525 Bay of Bengal (Bhagirathi), Uttarakhand Merges with Ganga at Yamunotri Glacier, 2. Yamuna 1,376 Allahabad (Triveni Sangam - Uttarakhand Kumbh Mela spot Himalayan Glacier in Merges with Ganga and ends 3. Brahmaputra Tibet, but enters India in 1,800 in Bay of Bengal Arunachal Pradesh Tributary of Yamuna 4. Chambal river, starting at Madhya 960 Joins Yamuna river in UP Pradesh Tributary of Ganga, Joins Ganga just above Patna 5. Son starting at Amarkantak, 784 - also considered part of Madhya Pradesh Vindhya river system Nepal; Ganges tributary at 6. Gandak Indo-Nepal border 630 Joins Ganga near Patna (Triveni Sangam) Starts from Bihar near Joins Ganga near Katihar 7. Kosi 720 Indo-Nepal border district of Bihar Tributary of Yamuna, Joins Yamuna at Hamirpur 8. Betwa rises at Vindhya region, 590 in UP MP Tributary of Ganga, Joins Ganga in Varanasi 9. Gomti 900 starting at Gomat Taal, UP district Himalayan Glacier in 10. Ghaghara 1080 Joins Ganga in Bihar Tibet, tributary of Ganga Hugli Tributary of Ganga near Merges with Ganga at Bay of 11. 260 (Hooghly) West Bengal Bengal Tributary of Hugli near Merges with Hugli in West 12. Damodar 592 Chandwara, Jharkhand Bengal Paglajhora falls, 13. Mahananda 360 Merge in Ganga Darjeeling, West Bengal 14. Alaknanda Satopanth & Bhagirathi- 190 Merge in Ganga, Devprayag, 1 defence.adda247.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | www.adda247.com S.No. -
ROUTE DESCRIPTION for CYCLING the ZANSKAR BIKE TRAVERSE, INDIAN HIMALA Sep
ROUTE DESCRIPTION FOR CYCLING THE ZANSKAR BIKE TRAVERSE, INDIAN HIMALA Sep. 2012 For a map showing all locations, see http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=212498448603127184643.0004ddc38e71dc16881ad The accompanying general route description can be found at https://www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?o=1&page_id=323275&v=r or on http://www.himalayabybike.com/Himalaya_by_Bike/Routes.html WHERE ALTITUDE WHAT DETAILS KARGIL (2680m) TO PARKACHIK (3600m). 83km 0.0 km from Kargil 2680m Kargil See “Himalaya by Bike’’ or other guide for facilities. 83.1 km from Parkachik Excellent tarmac from Kargil to Lankerchey. Many villages with general stores but no tea stalls. 35.8 km from Kargil 2960m Lankerchey Malla Guesthouse (Rs450 for the cheaper room) on the right, signposted. 47.3 km from Parkachik 40.1 km from Kargil 2990m Sanku (Sankoo) Fruit and vegetable market, general stores, bakeries, tea stalls, restaurants and views. 43.0 km from Parkachik Turn-off to Rusi Pass en Sapi Pass (for reverse direction: shortcut towards Lamayuru and Leh, bypassing Kargil), see http://pikesonbikes.blogspot.nl/p/himalaya-route-info.html for a brief route description. 41.3 km from Kargil 3000m J&K Tourist Bungalow Accommodation just past Sanku on the left, with superb views into a side valley. 41.8 km from Parkachik 48.3 km from Kargil end of continuous From now on poor tarmac and dirt alternate every few kilometres until the tarmac completely disappears before 34.8 km from Parkachik tarmac Parkachik. 49.0 km from Kargil bridge Cross to the true left of the Suru River. -
Zamthang, Epicentre of Zanskar's Rock Art Heritage
Zamthang, epicentre of Zanskar’s rock art heritage By Martin Vernier1 his paper intends to present the petroglyph site of Zamthang (Zam thang) located in the Lungnak (Lung nag) valley of Zan- T skar (bZangs dkar), Kargil district of Ladakh (La dwags), Jammu and Kashmir, India. It will show that this site can be consid- ered as the most important one from about 20 known rock art sites in Zanskar. The paper starts with a brief history of the awareness and knowledge of the country’s rock art heritage and its main actors be- fore concentrating on the history of that particular site documenta- tion itself. The problems and prospects of rock art conservation and development in this area will also be briefly discussed. Subsequently, the paper attempts a full description of the site’s setting, its content and the chronology of its survey and documentation. The current condition of the site as well as the prospects for its enhancement and protection will also be presented. A brief comparative overview of some of the major and most relevant elements of its content will be discussed and aim at defining a timeframe. To conclude, the neigh- bouring rock art sites as well as other linked historical remains will briefly be presented together with some geographical specifications with a view to highlight the anthropological potential of the area and the much-required interdisciplinary and systematic study. History of the researches on Ladakh’s rock art heritage and their main actors2 Since the so called opening, or rather one should speak of a re- opening, of Ladakh to the rest of the world in the 1970s, local Rock 1 Martin Vernier is a Swiss citizen and is based in Lausanne.