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Amanda Moura Da Silva Dos Santos.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC - SP Amanda Moura da Silva dos Santos STEVE JOBS E O DISCURSO RELIGIOSO-MIDIÁTICO DA APPLE Mestrado em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem São Paulo 2017 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC - SP Amanda Moura da Silva dos Santos Steve Jobs e o discurso religioso-midiático da Apple Mestrado em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem, sob a orientação da Profª. Dra. Profa. Dra. Maria Cecília Pérez de Souza-e-Silva. São Paulo 2017 Banca Examinadora Autorizo a divulgação do texto completo em bases de dados especializadas e a reprodução total ou parcial, por processos fotocopiadores, exclusivamente para fins acadêmicos ou científicos, desde que citada a fonte. Dedico ao Leandro, o dígito que completa meu bit. AGRADECIMENTOS À orientadora deste trabalho, Profa. Dra. Maria Cecília Pérez de Souza-e-Silva, por ter me acolhido e permitido que meus devaneios se tornassem uma profunda experiência de pesquisa e aprendizado. Ao Leandro, por ter me dito “você vai entrar na faculdade neste ano, sim”, naquele dia, no jardim do Centro Cultural de São Paulo. Ao Bolt, meu fiel e eterno companheiro, por me fazer sorrir todos os dias. Aos meus pais, Helena e Tadeu, por terem me levado (de surpresa) à loja de informática em 1998 para me dar de presente o meu primeiro computador. À minha amada avó Liontina, pelo sangue nordestino e pelas grandes lições que me deixou, apesar do analfabetismo. À Suely, pelas palavras que há anos me ensinam que “a vida é um eterno arrumar e desarrumar”. À Margarete, por ter sentido o que não pude sentir e por ter me acompanhado em um momento muito especial da minha vida. À profa. e amiga Ana Elvira Gebara, por ter plantado uma semente em mim. À profa. e amiga Alzira Allegro, pelo exemplo do que quero ser. Ao amigo Luís Fernando Protásio, por me fazer acreditar ser possível. À amiga Tamires Von Atzingen, por não deixar de ser minha “ami” nem um dia sequer. À mestre iogue Nara, pela prática e pelos assanas que compartilhamos ao longo dessa empreitada. Ao professor Maingueneau, pela gentileza em responder as minhas dúvidas. Ao professor Tony, por me mostrar os algoritmos que permeiam as teorias da linguagem. Às professoras Sandra e Zuleica, por me apresentarem o encantador mundo da fala. À professora Maximina, pelas profundas reflexões sobre a Linguística Aplicada e os Estudos da Linguagem. À professora Silma, pela infindável disposição em contribuir com esta pesquisa. À Ana Raquel, pela energia e vigor sempre contagiantes e que ofereceram brilhantes contribuições na qualificação. À Zuleica, pela leitura atenta deste trabalho e encaminhamentos importantes na qualificação. À Marcella, por me mostrar o que é ser mestre do próprio destino e senhora dos próprios sonhos. Ao meu amigo Antônio, ou simplesmente Tunico, por todos os sorrisos que me proporcionou e por me ajudar a conseguir a derradeira fotografia. À Lúcia, pelo sotaque sulista que soou como música para os meus ouvidos. À Jacke, pelas risadas e por compartilhar comigo tanto de sua genialidade. À Vivian, por me mostrar que o caminho pode ser leve. À Ariane, pelas previsões sempre tão promissoras para esta pesquisa. À Piedade, pelo carinho e o “vai dar tudo certo” dos momentos finais. À Iara, pela acolhida desde o princípio e pelas numerosas caronas. À Alessandra Carvalho, pelo exemplo de determinação e garra. Ao Edgar, pela ideia do canal “Amandicas” que certamente será viabilizada com o apoio do Tunico. A todos os amigos do grupo Atelier (e aos que por lá passaram e conheci), pelos almoços, sorvetes, brigadeiros, risadas e contribuições incessantes. À Maria Lúcia, por estar sempre lá, com todas as soluções e respostas. A todos os colaboradores da PUCSP, pela gentileza com que sempre me receberam. Ao CNPq, pelo apoio financeiro a essa pesquisa. Ao Steve Jobs. Porque tudo valeu a pena. For the loser now will be later to win For the times they are a-changin' O perdedor de agora é quem vai ganhar no futuro Pois os tempos estão mudando... Bob Dylan RESUMO Nas apresentações que marcavam o lançamento oficial dos produtos da Apple, empresa de tecnologia, o pronunciamento de Steve Jobs, cofundador e presidente da companhia, era ansiosamente aguardado por todo o mercado, por fãs e pela mídia. Ao redor do mundo, muitos fazem filas e até montam acampamentos em frente às lojas às vésperas do lançamento de algum produto e depois saem exibindo o pacote como um troféu. Mas o que explica esse fenômeno Apple? Esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que Jobs se consagrou como uma espécie de messias dos tempos modernos, tornando a Apple uma extensão de si, e objetiva compreender, na perspectiva enunciativo-discursiva, tal como desenvolvida por Dominique Maingueneau, como a figura de messias se personifica em Jobs e desvela uma mítica de “salvador” instaurada sobre ele. Esta investigação também parte da hipótese da sacralização da tecnologia (NOBLE, 1997), a qual considera que, promovendo o encontro entre o físico e o metafísico, a tecnologia visa à transcendência e se apropria de ideias religiosas. Assim, neste trabalho realiza-se um atravessamento por diferentes campos discursivos como o publicitário, o religioso e o midiático, com vistas a depreender não somente a intertextualidade como o ethos discursivo e a cenografia na conjuntura das aparições públicas do cofundador da Apple. Ademais, para compreender o modo como o discurso de Steve Jobs encenou sua consagração ao mundo, recorrendo ao discurso religioso para legitimar a própria fala, mobiliza-se a noção de discurso constituinte. Considerando a evolução nas redes dos gêneros do discurso, especialmente após o surgimento da internet e da ampla disseminação da tecnologia, a pesquisa também contempla a noção de valência genérica (MAINGUENEAU, 2015), que permite refletir sobre o modo como os gêneros do discurso e, consequentemente, o exercício do discurso vêm se transformando. Essa reflexão é essencial, uma vez que a análise desta pesquisa se concentra em eventos que aconteceram de modo empírico e que foram reproduzidos em um site de compartilhamento de vídeos, o YouTube. Os resultados mostram o modo como o ethos pré-discursivo se construiu por meio da interação entre diferentes gêneros, os artifícios discursivos utilizados pelo enunciador na cenografia de suas apresentações para interpelar seus coenunciadores, bem como o encadeamento que havia entre aquilo que Jobs demonstrava e os conteúdos que circulavam a seu respeito, suscitando expectativas em relação a suas aparições públicas. Palavras-chave: Análise do Discurso francesa, gênero do discurso, cenografia, Steve Jobs, Apple, sacralização da tecnologia ABSTRACT Steve Jobs’ speech, that marked the launch of products made by Apple, a technology company, was eagerly anticipated by the market, fans and media. All over the world, many people line up and even set up tents in front of Apple stores on the eve of product launches, and then come out holding their package as a trophy. But what explains Apple’s phenomenon? This study is based on the assumption that Jobs is considered a sort of modern times messiah, making Apple an extension of himself, and aims to understand, within an enunciative- discursive perspective, as developed by Dominique Maingueneau, how the messiah figure is personified in Jobs and unveils a “savior” myth established around him. This investigation is also founded on the hypothesis of sacralization of technology (Noble, 1997), which considers that, by promoting the encounter between the physical and the metaphysical, technology aims at transcendence and appropriates religious ideas. As such, this study is spread across different discursive fields, such as advertising, religion and the media, aiming to understand not only the intertextuality but also the discursive ethos and set design in the conjuncture of the public appearances of Apple’s co-founder. In addition, in order to understand how Steve Jobs’ discourse got acclaimed by the world, using the religious discourse to legitimize his own speech, the notion of constituent discourses is thus mobilized. Considering the evolution in the networks of discourse genres, especially after the emergence of the internet and the widespread dissemination of technology, the study also contemplates the notion of generic valence (Maingueneau, 2015), which allows us to reflect on how discourse genres and consequently the exercise of the discourse have been transforming over time. This reflection is essential, since the analysis of this research focuses on events that happened empirically and were reproduced on YouTube, an online video sharing platform. The results show how the pre-discursive ethos was constructed with an interaction between different genres, the discursive artifices used by the enunciator in the scenography of his presentations to challenge his co-exponents, as well as the links between what Jobs demonstrated and the contents circulating about him, raising expectations of his public appearances. Key words: French discourse analysis, discourse genres, scenography, Steve Jobs, Apple, sacralization of technology LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1– Em Cupertino, Califórnia, fãs homenageiam Steve Jobs após a morte dele.....23 Figura 2 - O primeiro protótipo de mouse criado por Douglas Engelbart e Bill English................................................................................................................................32
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