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Continuity and Change in Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurial Activity of Women in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria

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Continuity and Change in Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurial Activity of Women in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN INDIGENOUS BEER ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF WOMEN IN JOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA: 1909-1995 NIMLAN RABI MENMAK A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OCTOBER, 2019 ii DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature………………………………. Date…………………………… Nimlan Rabi Menmak C82F/27279/2014 We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the student under our supervision. Signature……………………………….Date………………………………… Prof. Henry Mwanzi Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies Kenyatta University Signature……………………………….Date………………………………… Dr. Felix Kiruthu Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies Kenyatta University iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God and my angel mother, Rebecca Danjuma Nimlan, my children, Shelter Ponfa Zingbon and Avery Hanan Zingbon. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My gratitude goes to Kenyatta University for giving me the opportunity to pursue my Doctorate Degree. I am greatly indebted to my supervisors, Professor Mwanzi Henry and Dr Felix Kiruthu for their guidance and advice during this study. To you my supervisors, may God bless. I also appreciate the staff of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political studies, Kenyatta University, for their support during my study especially Dr Gimode and Dr Akattu. I am grateful to the University of Jos, Nigeria through its Needs Assessment Intervention: the Disbursement of Staff Training & Development Component for funding this research work. My sincere appreciation also goes to my mentor Prof. Sati Fwatshak for his advice that led me to pursue my Ph.D. outside Nigeria. I am thankful to all my lecturers and colleagues in the Department of History and International Studies, University of Jos, Nigeria among them are Professor Jemkur, Professor Nengel and Dr. Jimam. My appreciations also go to my informants for sacrificing their valuable time to accord me the interviews. Special thanks go especially to informants Danboyi Mary and Nyam Dung for linking the researcher to other informants. My gratitude also goes to my family. I am grateful to my husband, Julfa Zinbong for his patience and understanding during my study. To my children: Shelter and Avery, thanks for being patient with me. I am indebted to my mother, Rebecca Nimlan for your financial, moral support and prayers. My gratitude goes to my dearest siblings: Tancit, Aminu, and his wife Sarah for their assistance during the period of the study. I acknowledge my friends Julya A.A, Judith T, late Dinchi, L, late Gabon, Dr. Nannim, Bulu. Z and Timbyen. Z for their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... ix LIST OF MAPS ......................................................................................................... x LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................... xii GLOSSARY (Glossary of Hausa words) ............................................................. xiii OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ...................................................... xv ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Premises ............................................................................................. 5 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ....................................................... 5 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................................................... 6 1.8 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ................................................. 8 1.8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 8 1.8.2 Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurship of Women during the Colonial Period 8 1.8.3 Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurship of Women from 1960 to 1981 .......... 13 1.8.4 Indigenous Beer Entrepreneurship of Women from 1982 to 1995 .......... 15 vi 1.8.5 Gaps in Reviewed Literature .................................................................... 19 1.9 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 20 1.9.1 Women’s Agency Theory ......................................................................... 20 1.9.2 Social Capital theory ................................................................................ 22 1.10 Research Methodology .................................................................................. 23 1.10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 23 1.10.2 Research Design ..................................................................................... 23 1.10.3 Location of Study ................................................................................... 23 1.10.4 Target Population ................................................................................... 24 1.10.5 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size .................................................. 25 1.10.6 Data Collection ....................................................................................... 26 1.10.7 Data Analysis and Presentation .............................................................. 29 1.10.8 Data Management and Ethical Considerations ....................................... 29 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 31 THE ENTRY OF WOMEN IN BURKUTU ENTERPRISE AND ITS TRANSFORMATION IN JOS METROPOLIS FROM 1909-1959 ................... 31 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Background of the People of Jos and Economy .............................................. 31 2.3 The Burkutu Industry during the Pre-colonial Era (Late 1800) ...................... 34 2.4 The Process of Brewing Indigenous Beer during the Late 1800s ................... 35 2.5 Women before the Commercialization of Burkutu (Pre-Colonial Period) ...... 40 2.6 The Colonial Political Economy: its Impact on Women and Burkutu Enterprise during the Colonial Period ................................................................... 41 2.7 Colonial Native Authority System .................................................................. 47 2.8 Colonial Land Alienation ................................................................................ 49 2.9 Colonial Forced Labour ................................................................................... 52 vii 2.10 Taxation and Monetization during the Colonial Period ................................ 61 2.11 The Entry of Women in Burkutu Enterprise and Its Transformation from 1909-1959 ............................................................................................................. 64 2.12 Agency of Women in Burkutu Enterprise during the colonial period .......... 69 2.13 Summary ........................................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................. 73 WOMEN AND BURKUTU ENTERPRISE IN JOS METROPOLIS, 1960 – 1981 ............................................................................................................... 73 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 73 3.2 Political Independence and Burkutu Enterprise, 1960-1966 ........................... 73 3.2.1 Biafra War (1967-1970) and Burkutu Enterprise ......................................... 76 3.3 The Oil Boom and Burkutu Enterprise, 1974 to 1981 ..................................... 81 3.4 United Nations Women’s Conference and Burkutu Enterprise ..................... 84 3.5 Burkutu markets in Jos up to 1981 .................................................................. 86 3.6 Livelihood Strategy and Household Maintenance
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