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Vol. 123 Style Sheet
THE YALE LAW JOURNAL VOLUME 123 STYLE SHEET The Yale Law Journal follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (19th ed. 2010) for citation form and the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed. 2010) for stylistic matters not addressed by The Bluebook. For the rare situations in which neither of these works covers a particular stylistic matter, we refer to the Government Printing Office (GPO) Style Manual (30th ed. 2008). The Journal’s official reference dictionary is Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. The text of the dictionary is available at www.m-w.com. This Style Sheet codifies Journal-specific guidelines that take precedence over these sources. Rules 1-21 clarify and supplement the citation rules set out in The Bluebook. Rule 22 focuses on recurring matters of style. Rule 1 SR 1.1 String Citations in Textual Sentences 1.1.1 (a)—When parts of a string citation are grammatically integrated into a textual sentence in a footnote (as opposed to being citation clauses or citation sentences grammatically separate from the textual sentence): ● Use semicolons to separate the citations from one another; ● Use an “and” to separate the penultimate and last citations, even where there are only two citations; ● Use textual explanations instead of parenthetical explanations; and ● Do not italicize the signals or the “and.” For example: For further discussion of this issue, see, for example, State v. Gounagias, 153 P. 9, 15 (Wash. 1915), which describes provocation; State v. Stonehouse, 555 P. 772, 779 (Wash. 1907), which lists excuses; and WENDY BROWN & JOHN BLACK, STATES OF INJURY: POWER AND FREEDOM 34 (1995), which examines harm. -
Basic Facts About Trademarks United States Patent and Trademark O Ce
Protecting Your Trademark ENHANCING YOUR RIGHTS THROUGH FEDERAL REGISTRATION Basic Facts About Trademarks United States Patent and Trademark O ce Published on February 2020 Our website resources For general information and links to Frequently trademark Asked Questions, processing timelines, the Trademark NEW [2] basics Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP) , and FILERS the Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual (ID Manual)[3]. Protecting Your Trademark Trademark Information Network (TMIN) Videos[4] Enhancing Your Rights Through Federal Registration Tools TESS Search pending and registered marks using the Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)[5]. File applications and other documents online using the TEAS Trademark Electronic Application System (TEAS)[6]. Check the status of an application and view and TSDR download application and registration records using Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (TSDR)[7]. Transfer (assign) ownership of a mark to another ASSIGNMENTS entity or change the owner name and search the Assignments database[8]. Visit the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)[9] TTAB online. United States Patent and Trademark Office An Agency of the United States Department of Commerce UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BASIC FACTS ABOUT TRADEMARKS CONTENTS MEET THE USPTO ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 TRADEMARK, COPYRIGHT, OR PATENT �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� -
International Language Environments Guide
International Language Environments Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–6642–10 May, 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, Java, XView, ToolTalk, Solstice AdminTools, SunVideo and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. SunOS, Solaris, X11, SPARC, UNIX, PostScript, OpenWindows, AnswerBook, SunExpress, SPARCprinter, JumpStart, Xlib The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. -
List of Approved Special Characters
List of Approved Special Characters The following list represents the Graduate Division's approved character list for display of dissertation titles in the Hooding Booklet. Please note these characters will not display when your dissertation is published on ProQuest's site. To insert a special character, simply hold the ALT key on your keyboard and enter in the corresponding code. This is only for entering in a special character for your title or your name. The abstract section has different requirements. See abstract for more details. Special Character Alt+ Description 0032 Space ! 0033 Exclamation mark '" 0034 Double quotes (or speech marks) # 0035 Number $ 0036 Dollar % 0037 Procenttecken & 0038 Ampersand '' 0039 Single quote ( 0040 Open parenthesis (or open bracket) ) 0041 Close parenthesis (or close bracket) * 0042 Asterisk + 0043 Plus , 0044 Comma ‐ 0045 Hyphen . 0046 Period, dot or full stop / 0047 Slash or divide 0 0048 Zero 1 0049 One 2 0050 Two 3 0051 Three 4 0052 Four 5 0053 Five 6 0054 Six 7 0055 Seven 8 0056 Eight 9 0057 Nine : 0058 Colon ; 0059 Semicolon < 0060 Less than (or open angled bracket) = 0061 Equals > 0062 Greater than (or close angled bracket) ? 0063 Question mark @ 0064 At symbol A 0065 Uppercase A B 0066 Uppercase B C 0067 Uppercase C D 0068 Uppercase D E 0069 Uppercase E List of Approved Special Characters F 0070 Uppercase F G 0071 Uppercase G H 0072 Uppercase H I 0073 Uppercase I J 0074 Uppercase J K 0075 Uppercase K L 0076 Uppercase L M 0077 Uppercase M N 0078 Uppercase N O 0079 Uppercase O P 0080 Uppercase -
Quotation Marks Are Used to Enclose and Set Off Text That Is Directly Quoted, Titles, Technical Terms, and Words Or Phrases That Carry a Subtext
PUNCTUATION QUOTATION MARKS ( “…” or ‘…’ ) Quotation marks are used to enclose and set off text that is directly quoted, titles, technical terms, and words or phrases that carry a subtext. USES Use quotation marks to enclose a short direct quote (a quote of no more than 40 words). a title of short works, such as titles of articles, essays, book chapters, songs, films, and poems. a word or short phrase that is meant to express irony or sarcasm. slang that is out of character with the rest of the writing or to enclose a deliberate misspelling. Do not use quotation marks to enclose a colloquial expression. a long direct quote (a quote more than 40 words). o Set apart a long quote by indenting five spaces from both margins and introducing the quote with a colon. an indirect quotation, which is usually introduced by that. e.g., The meteorologist said that it will rain tomorrow. < Correct (indirect quote) The meteorologist said that, “it will rain tomorrow.” < Incorrect (indirect quote) The meteorologist said, “It will rain tomorrow.” < Correct (direct quote) PLACEMENT OF PUNCTUATION WHEN USING QUOTATION MARKS Punctuation placed inside quotation marks Periods, commas, question marks, and exclamation marks are enclosed within quotation marks. o Exception: If the question or exclamation mark punctuates the sentence as a whole, the question mark or exclamation mark falls outside the quotation marks. e.g., Have you heard the proverb, “Do not count your chickens until they hatch”? Punctuation placed outside quotation marks Colons and semi-colons appear outside quotation marks. Parentheses with in-text citation fall outside quotation marks. -
Top Ten Tips for Effective Punctuation in Legal Writing
TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PUNCTUATION IN LEGAL WRITING* © 2005 The Writing Center at GULC. All Rights Reserved. Punctuation can be either your friend or your enemy. A typical reader will seldom notice good punctuation (though some readers do appreciate truly excellent punctuation). However, problematic punctuation will stand out to your reader and ultimately damage your credibility as a writer. The tips below are intended to help you reap the benefits of sophisticated punctuation while avoiding common pitfalls. But remember, if a sentence presents a particularly thorny punctuation problem, you may want to consider rephrasing for greater clarity. This handout addresses the following topics: THE COMMA (,)........................................................................................................................... 2 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS ................................................................................................. 4 THE ELLIPSIS (. .) ..................................................................................................................... 4 THE APOSTROPHE (’) ................................................................................................................ 7 THE HYPHEN (-).......................................................................................................................... 8 THE DASH (—) .......................................................................................................................... 10 THE SEMICOLON (;) ................................................................................................................ -
Punctuation Rule Sheet
Punctuation Rule Sheet End Punctuation Rule 1: Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence. (statement) Rule 2: Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence. (command) Rule 3: Use a question mark at the end of the interrogative sentence. (question) Rule 4: Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence. (strong feeling) Rule 5: Use an exclamation point at the end of an interjection. (strong emotion/one or two words) Commas Rule 1: Use commas to separate three or more items in a series. Rule 2: Use a comma to show a pause after an introductory word. Rule 3: Use a comma after two or more prepositional phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Rule 4: Use commas to set off words that interrupt the flow of thought in a sentence. Rule 5: Use commas to set off names use in direct address. Rule 6: Use a comma before and or , or but when it joins simple sentences into a compound sentence. Rule 7: Use a comma after the salutation of a friendly letter and after the closing of both a friendly letter and a business letter. Rule 8: Use a comma to prevent a misreading. Rule 9: Use commas before and after the year when it is used with both the month and the day. Do not use a comma if only the month and the year or the month and the day are given. Rule 10: Use commas before or after the name of a state or a country when it is used with the name of a city. -
Examples of Sentences Using Quotation Marks
Examples Of Sentences Using Quotation Marks Biogenous Parrnell misquotes presumingly while Sloane always overprizes his Goidelic interlaid semplice, he unhumanizes so insanely. Brilliant-cut Goose sometimes disafforest his maximum eastward and buss so strategically! Coronary Moises canvasses epigrammatically. This section for direct speech is to forget the quote remain in the proposition that the street in using quotation of examples sentences Either way, they are a very important type of punctuation! Everything else is secondary. Glad the post was helpful. This is a string in Markdown. Maybe a pirate ship. Put question marks and exclamation marks inside the quotation marks if the marks relate directly and only to the text within quotation marks. Jill told her mother. Come get a treat! Inside the US, inside the quotation marks. However, the closing quotation mark is only applied to the paragraph that contains the end of the quote. Why is it such a big deal? On the mysteries of combining quotation marks with other punctuation marks. Quotation marks used around words to give special effect or to indicate irony are usually unnecessary. DOL grammar, spelling and vocabulary lists, and assorted worksheets. The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes. What time is the meeting? Perhaps the price was too high or you decided to go with another company. Nikki: The comma is perfect where it is. Punctuation marks are tools that have set functions. For those of you familiar with British English conventions, this is a change in style. Note first that what is enclosed in quotes must be the exact words of the person being quoted. -
COMMON PROBLEMS with CITATION Q: Does the Punctuation Mark Appear Before Or After the Quotation Mark?
Common Problems 1 COMMON PROBLEMS WITH CITATION Always introduce quotations before they appear in your paper. No quotation should stand by itself as a separate sentence. Instead, your introductory phrasing should tie the quotation into the flow of your argument, and you should follow each quotation by explaining why it is important or what point it illustrates. • Bad Example #1: There are many examples of self-analysis in Plato's philosophy. "The unexamined life is not worth living" (Plato 45). • Bad Example #2: Plato thinks people should analyze their own lives. "The unexamined life is not worth living" (Plato 45). • Acceptable Example: Plato thinks people should analyze their own lives: "The unexamined life is not worth living" (Plato 45). [In this example, the author uses a colon to show that a quote follows the first sentence] • Better Example: Plato thinks people should analyze their own lives. As he writes in one dialogue, "The unexamined life is not worth living" (Plato 45). His attitude is a common one among Greek philosophers. Note that in the good examples, the writer doesn't suddenly start off a quotation at the beginning of the sentence, and the writer doesn't leave it hanging, unattached from the surrounding sentences. Instead, the writer attaches it to the previous introductory material with appropriate punctuation, or she adds a short introductory phrase to set the reader up for the quote. She also follows the quote with an explanation of why that quote is important. Q: Does the Punctuation Mark Appear Before or After the Quotation Mark? A: It varies. -
The 'Whisper Mark' Is an Artistic Project That Focuses on Creating a Balance to the Much Overused Exclamation Mark
The ‘Whisper mark’ is an artistic project that focuses on creating a balance to the much overused exclamation mark. Why? The creation of the whisper mark shall give people the opportunity for an intimate and quiet, and therefore more peaceful, way of communication in contradiction to con- stant shouting. The origin of the project was my idea that arose while I was reading a book. Every other sentence seemed to be writ- ten with ‘he whispered’, ‘she said quietly’ etc., but when the characters were shouting it was simply enough to put an exclamation mark. I put the book aside and thought: ‘Why there is no whisper mark?!’ Then I thought of an art pro- ject that would focus on designing and introducing a new punctuation mark, the WHISPER MARK. Words that are whispered can be the most powerful ones. When we share an observation, a deeply hidden emotion or when we admit that we made a mistake, thereby showing our weak side to a person we trust, we whisper. The WHISPER MARK is a tool that enables better and fuller communication because it widens our emotional spectrum and ways of express- ing thoughts in writing. It helps in developing intimate, more sensitive spheres of understanding in writing about difficult matters. It is also a balance to the overused excla- mation mark. The WHISPER MARK fills the gap in punc- tuation by allowing writers to easily mark a part of text that is to be interpreted as spoken softly. This way the au- thor of the text and the reader obtain full communication of expressions that have intimate spirit, but still can use phrases that describe the expression very precisely such as: whispered, muttered, hissed, said quietly, etc. -
Fifteen Common Bluebooking Errors & Hints
FIFTEEN COMMON BLUEBOOKING ERRORS & HINTS (1.) Signals (Rules 1.2, 1.3): Always use a signal unless (1) the cited authority directly states the proposition in the text; (2) you directly quote the source in the text; or (3) or you state the case name in the text. Underline your signals. See, e.g., (followed by commas after both see and e.g.). The comma after the “see” IS underlined. The comma after the “e.g.” IS NOT underlined. Signals from common groups are separated by semicolons, not as separate sentences. Group I: no signal; e.g.; accord; see; see also; cf. Group III: contra; but see; but cf. Try to use different kinds of signals (but don’t kill yourself – it is more important to be accurate). When one or more signal is used in an endnote, be sure they are listed in the order prescribed by Rules 1.2 & 1.3. Example: Id. at 53; see also Woozley, supra note 24, at 1276 (concluding that existing reporting laws are inadequate to protect a growing number of abused children). But see Mitchell, supra note 95, at 141 (arguing that the mandated reporting requirement on psychotherapists has both negative and positive consequences). (2.) Id. (Rule. 4.1): You can use as many id.s in a row as you want. Notice that the period is also underlined when you use id. Id. is not capitalized when it follows a signal. 1 See id. You can only use id. when the previous footnote contains only one authority. However, this rule may be ignored when an additional source is cited in an explanatory parenthetical, explanatory phrase, or prior/subsequent history. -
Punctuation.Zp12841.Pdf
PUNCTUATION A brief overview WHAT’S PUNCTUATION AGAIN? Punctuation, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is: “The act or practice of inserting standardized marks or signs in written matter to clarify the meaning and separate structural units.” So, in case you forgot, those are: ! () ; : ‘ “”, . / ? - We all know the basic rules of punctuation, right? However, this can become a tricky business in academic writing, when you have to insert quotations, reference correctly, use direct speech etc. We will go through each of the punctuation marks and address common mistakes. For punctuation concerns related to referencing, please ask a writing consultant for material specifically on how to reference. If you have trouble using punctuation in combining clauses, ask for material related to run-on sentences. SOME COMMON MISTAKES AND DON’TS 1. Avoid using exclamation marks (!) in academic writing. 2. Never combine a question mark and an exclamation mark (?!) or use multiple signs (!!!/ ???) 3. Avoid using ellipses (…) at the end of your sentences. Only use this to indicate omission in quoting. 4. Don’t use apostrophes to make plurals, for example the 1920’s. 5. Watch out for misplaced commas. If you’re uncertain, read your sentence out loud and see if there’s a natural pause. Some things are okay to do on Whatsapp and Facebook, but keep them out of your academic writing… :) THE SEMICOLON (;) AND COLON (:) The semicolon has two main uses: - It separates two related, but independent clauses. If your clauses are very complex, rather use a full stop. Once clean water was plentiful; now it is a scare resource.