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34 l Nursing2021 l Volume 51, Number 5 www.Nursing2021.com Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 2.0 ANCC CONTACT HOURS Preparing for the new nursing licensure exam: The next-generation NCLEX BY DONNA D. IGNATAVICIUS, MS, RN, CNE, CNEcl, ANEF Abstract: The National Council of State Boards of Nursing is changing its licensure exam to focus on a clinical judgment model. This article describes the current National Council Licen- sure Exam (NCLEX), the shift in focus from the nursing process to clinical judgment, and the intended emphasis of the next-generation NCLEX. Keywords: National Council Licensure Exam, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, NCLEX, NCSBN, next-generation NCLEX, NGN, nursing process, Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model TO BECOME A LICENSED RN, ter prepare new nursing graduates to LPN, or LVN, the board of nursing enter healthcare. in each state, commonwealth, or territory requires qualified nursing NCLEX basics program graduates, or candidates, to The National Council of State Boards pass standardized National Council of Nursing (NCSBN) develops licen- Licensure Exams for RNs and LPNs sure exams consistent with current and LVNs (NCLEX-RN or NCLEX- nursing practice. The organization PN) to measure competencies for surveys a large sample of new gradu- safe practice in entry-level nursing ates every 3 years to determine roles.1,2 In terms of format and con- which skills and competencies are tent, these electronic exams have vital for nursing practice. These data not changed in more than 15 years. become the basis of the test plans for This article discusses the planned the NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN and STOCK transition from the current NCLEX, guide the development of the exams. /i AB L formerly “the boards,” to a next- The test plans include five inte- AUDI G generation NCLEX (NGN) to bet- grated processes (IPs) for nursing www.Nursing2021.com May l Nursing2021 l 35 Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. practice.1,2 One IP for the NCLEX- provided, and keywords are bolded RN is the nursing process, which to reduce potential reading errors. is defined as “a scientific, clinical The exam measures content knowl- reasoning approach to client care edge as right or wrong, and candi- that includes assessment, analysis, dates select one or more correct planning, implementation, and eval- answers for these items. (See Current uation.”2 Nursing diagnosis, which NCLEX multiple-choice test items.)4 includes the NANDA International The remainder of the NCLEX in- (NANDA-I) classification system, cludes fill-in-the-blank items that is not included in this IP because typically require drug dosage or I.V. NANDA-I is not used by all nurses calculations, drag-and-drop items or clinical agencies. NANDA-I de- that require prioritization, items that velops and promotes standardized require data collection from the med- terminology to improve healthcare ical record, and hot spot items in and ensure patient safety through which participants select a focused evidence-based care.3 Although the area of an image to demonstrate NCSBN does not address NANDA-I Today, many nursing technical or assessment skills. Most nursing diagnoses on the NCLEX, candidates are provided with only a many prelicensure programs include educators teach the few of these item types during the these in their curricula. The other steps of the nursing NCLEX.5 four IPs, which are integrated into process as a tool for both NCLEX exams, are caring, critical thinking and Evolution of the nursing teaching and learning, communica- process tion and documentation, and culture clinical decision-making. Introduced in 1967, the nursing and spirituality. process was originally a four-step The current NCLEX is adminis- problem-solving method that in- tered as a secure, adaptive electronic cluded assessment, planning, imple- test. The total number of items (or that-apply) questions. These items mentation, and evaluation.6 Analysis, questions) a candidate receives de- present a brief patient (or client) sit- sometimes called nursing diagnosis, pends on how well he or she answers uation and a question, followed by was added as an additional step other items of varying levels of dif- answer choices. Each client situation in the early 1970s. The American ficulty. The licensure exams consist is specific, focusing on one aspect of Nurses Association outlines the five of two types of multiple-choice test nursing care rather than a complex steps as:7 items: single-response and multiple- clinical situation. Only information • assessment response (also known as select-all- needed to answer the question is • diagnosis • outcomes or planning • implementation Current NCLEX multiple-choice test items • evaluation. Single-response multiple-choice test item: Today, many nursing educators A nurse is caring for a client receiving amlodipine for hypertension. What should the teach the steps of the nursing process nurse’s priority assessment be before administering this medication? as a tool for critical thinking and Check liver enzyme values. clinical decision-making. However, Check serum electrolyte values. the nursing process is a basic, linear ; Obtain apical pulse and BP measurements. sequential approach with narrow Weigh the client before breakfast. definitions for each step. For exam- Select-all-that-apply test item: ple, some authors state that ongoing A nurse assesses a client with early-stage rheumatoid arthritis. Which assessment patient monitoring cannot be a nurs- finding(s) should the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply. ing intervention because monitoring subcutaneous nodules near the elbow is an assessment. ; swollen, red, and painful small joints Although not widely accepted in ; weakness and fatigue the US, Tanner’s Clinical Judgment joint deformities Model has been adopted in some vasculitic lesions nursing programs as an approach to 36 l Nursing2021 l Volume 51, Number 5 www.Nursing2021.com Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. clinical decision-making instead of solutions in order to deliver safe the nursing process. It was devel- client care.”10 oped based on an analysis of the lit- Additionally, the NCSBN created erature regarding how nurses think the National Clinical Judgment and function in practice. This model Measurement Model (NCJMM). identifies four phases of clinical Although it was originally created judgment:8 to provide guidance and direction • noticing the client’s condition and on how to measure clinical judg- clinical situation ment using test items, the NCJMM is • interpreting the data to determine also considered an action model. the clinical problem or issue Action models reflect actual practice • responding to the clinical situation to achieve positive patient outcomes as needed in nursing clinical judgments. As • reflecting on both the client’s such, the NCJMM may be relevant response and the nurse’s clinical in both academic nursing education actions to determine the effectiveness and clinical practice. of care. Although not widely The NCJMM identifies six cogni- tive (thinking) skills or processes, A basis in clinical judgment accepted in the US, also known as clinical reasoning In 2020, the first-time pass rate for Tanner’s Clinical skills, needed for safe and appropri- candidates taking the NCLEX-RN Judgment Model has ate clinical judgments, including:12,13 was approximately 87%.9 For those been adopted in some • recognizing cues (what matters taking the NCLEX-PN, this figure most?): Cues are elements of the as- was approximately 83%.9 Despite the nursing programs as sessment data that provide important high NCLEX pass rates when the another approach to information for nurses as they make nursing process is the primary focus clinical decision-making. clinical decisions. Assessment data of education initiatives, instances of are collected from clients, families, practice errors and missed care have among entry-level nurses. Following other healthcare professionals, clini- been increasing.9,10 These errors sug- a thorough review of clinical judg- cal environments, or the electronic gest that the current NCLEX may not ment approaches, a comprehensive health record. Nurses should deter- be an accurate assessment of clinical definition and model for clinical mine which data are relevant or competence. judgment was developed with input directly related to client outcomes A recent NCSBN systematic review from community stakeholders and or the priority of care, and which found that 50% of practicing nurses nursing experts. The NCSBN de- data are irrelevant, or unrelated to are involved in patient errors and fined clinical judgment as “an itera- client outcomes or priority of care. 65% of those errors are due to poor tive process that uses nursing From there, they should determine clinical judgment. In addition, only knowledge to observe and assess which assessment data are most im- 20% of nursing employers are satis- presenting situations, identify a pri- portant and of immediate concern. fied with newly graduated nurses’ oritized client concern, and generate • analyzing cues (what could it clinical decision-making skills.10 Sim- the best possible evidence-based mean?): Nurses should consider ilarly, a large 2017 study demonstrat- ed that only 23% of 5,000 newly graduated nurses hired over a 5-year Comparing the nursing process with common period demonstrated clinical judg- clinical judgment models ment skills. Although many nursing Nursing process Tanner’s Clinical Judgment