Swimbladders in Mesopelagic Fishes Bibliography Hope Shinn, Librarian, LAC Group on assignment at NOAA Central Library NCRL subject guide 2021-06 DOI: 10.25923/a1p9-zh44 June 2021 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA Central Library – Silver Spring, Maryland Table of Contents Background & Scope ................................................................................................................................. 2 Sources Reviewed ..................................................................................................................................... 2 References ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Background & Scope This bibliography is a representative sample of relevant literature on swimbladders in mesopelagic fish and their acoustic properties. References included in this bibliography are mainly from peer-reviewed, academic literature and span the years 1954-2021. The references are listed alphabetically by first author. Sources Reviewed The following databases were used to identify sources: Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Science Index; EconLit; ProQuest’s Science and Technology including Aquatic Science Fisheries Abstracts; Elsevier’s Science Direct; JSTOR; EBSCO’s Academic Search Complete and Environment Complete; NOAA’s Institutional Repository; the Biodiversity Heritage Library; BioOne Complete; and Google Scholar. 2 References Ali, H. A., Mok, H.-K., & Fine, M. L. (2016). Development and sexual dimorphism of the sonic system in deep sea neobythitine fishes: The upper continental slope. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 115, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.07.010 The anatomy of sound production in continental-slope fishes has been ignored since the work of NB Marshall in the 1960s. Due to food scarcity at great depths, we hypothesize that sonic muscles will be reduced in deep-water neobythitine cusk-eels (family Ophidiidae). Here we describe and quantify dimensions of the swimbladder and sonic muscles of three species from the upper slope. They have four pairs of well-developed sonic muscles (two medial and two lateral) with origins on the skull and insertions on the medial swimbladder (medial pair) or on modified epineural ribs that attach to the lateral swimbladder (lateral pair). Despite minor differences, relatively similar swimbladder dimensions, muscle length and external morphology suggest a conservative body plan. However, there are major differences in sonic muscle mass: medial muscles are heavier in males and made of relatively small fibers (ca 10µm in diameter). Lateral muscles are generally larger in females and consist of larger fibers, as in epaxial trunk muscle. Muscle weight varies between species, and we suggest males produce advertisement calls that vary in amplitude and duration in different species. Due to differences in fiber size, we hypothesize that lateral muscles with larger fibers remain contracted during sound production, and medial muscles with smaller fibers will oscillate to drive swimbladder sound production. Ariza, A., Landeira, J. M., Escanez, A., Wienerroither, R., de Soto, N. A., Rostad, A., . Hernandez-Leon, S. (2016). Vertical distribution, composition and migratory patterns of acoustic scattering layers in the Canary Islands. Journal of Marine Systems, 157, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.01.004 Diel vertical migration (DVM) facilitates biogeochemical exchanges between shallow waters and the deep ocean. An effective way of monitoring the migrant biota is by acoustic observations although the interpretation of the scattering layers poses challenges. Here we combine results from acoustic observations at 18 and 38 kHz with limited net sampling in order to unveil the origin of acoustic phenomena around the Canary Islands, subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean. Trawling data revealed a high diversity of fishes, decapods and cephalopods (152 species), although few dominant species likely were responsible for most of the sound scattering in the region. We identified four different acoustic scattering layers in the mesopelagic realm: (1) at 400-500 m depth, a swimbladder resonance phenomenon at 18 kHz produced by gas-bearing migrant fish such as Vinciguerria spp. and Lobianchia dofleini, (2) at 500-600 m depth, a dense 38 kHz layer resulting primarily from the gas-bearing and non- migrant fish Cyclothone braueri, and to a lesser extent, from fluid-like migrant fauna also inhabiting these depths, (3) between 600 and 800 m depth, a weak signal at both 18 and 38 kHz ascribed either to migrant fish or decapods, and (4) below 800 m depth, a weak non-migrant layer at 18 kHz which was not sampled. All the dielly migrating layers reached the epipelagic zone at night, with the shorter-range migrations moving at 4.6 +/- 2.6 cm s(-1) and the long-range ones at 115 +/- 3.8 cm s(-1). This work reduces uncertainties interpreting standard frequencies in mesopelagic studies, while enhances the potential of acoustics for future research and monitoring of the deep pelagic fauna in the Canary Islands. 3 Backus, R. H., Craddock, J. E., Haedrich, R. L., Shores, D. L., Teal, J. M., Wing, A. S., . Clarke, W. D. (1968). Ceratoscopelus maderensis: Peculiar Sound-Scattering Layer Identified with This Myctophid Fish. Science, 160(3831), 991. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.160.3831.991 A sound-scattering layer, composed of discrete hyperbolic echosequences and apparently restricted to the Slope Water region of the western North Atlantic, has been identified from the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Alvin with schools of the meyctophid fish Ceratoscopelus maderensis. By diving into the layer and using Alvin's echo-ranging sonar, we approached and visually identified the sound scatterers. The number of echo sequences observed with the surface echo-soutnder (1/23.76 x 105 cubic meters of water) checked roughly with the number of sonar targets observed from the submarine (1/7.45 x 105 cubic meters). The fish schools appeared to be 5 to 10 meters thick, 10 to 100 meters in diameter, and on centers 100 to 200 meters apart. Density within schools was estimated at 10 to 15 fish per cubic meter. Barange, M. (1990). Vertical migration and habitat partitioning of 6 euphausiid species in the Northern Benguela Upwelling System. Journal of Plankton Research, 12(6), 1223-1237. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.6.1223 The vertical distribution of the adults of six species of euphausiids, Thysanöessa gregaria, Nematoscelis megalops, Euphausia americana, E.gibboides, E.hanseni, Stylocheiron longicorne, as well as the larval stages of E.hanseni , were studied during a 48 h cycle at a fixed station in the northern Benguela upwelling system. All the species, except T.gregaria and S.longicorne , proved to perform diel vertical migration, but both migratory and non-migratory species appeared to be segregated in space during night-time hours, regardless of potential prey (phytoplankton and copepods). It is suggested that water column structure and hydrographic discontinuities caused by a warm, depth-localized intrusion, as well as the reproductive strategies of particular species, are responsible for this pattern. Eggs and larval stages of E.hanseni were concentrated near the surface, and the effect of the short-term pulses of the intrusion on their abundance is discussed. Barange, M., Hampton, I., & Soule, M. (1996). Empirical determination of in situ target strengths of three loosely aggregated pelagic fish species. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0026 In situ measurements of target strength (TS) at 38 kHz have been taken from night-time scattering layers of anchovy, pilchard, and Cape horse mackerel in the course of routine surveys. These species have different numerical packing densities, which necessitates treating the TS data differently in each case, as the performance of single-target detectors is strongly dependent on target densities. Evidence for the presence of multiple targets in their TS distributions is presented, and empirical methods of extracting mean target strengths from them described. After careful assessment of the quality of each data point, and the removal of unwanted influences where possible, the data were used to fit TS/length expressions for the three species. Bardarson, B. (2013). Modelled target strengths of three lanternfish (family: Myctophidae) in the north east Atlantic based on swimbladder and body morphology. (MPhil Master of Philosophy), The University of St Andrews, Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6607 4 At mesopelagic depths (200-1000 m), in the oceanic parts of the earth, there are probably the most abundant fish assemblages in the world, often observed on echosounder displays as sound scattering layers extending over vast areas. Lanternfish are believed to be an important part of those layers. In recent years, acoustic backscatter has been used successfully to quantify pelagic fish stocks, where knowledge of individual fish backscatter proportion, the target strength, is essential for reliable estimate. More knowledge on target strength of the lanternfish found in the Northeast Atlantic is needed before they can be properly identified and quantified by acoustics. Air in the swimbladder will cause much stronger backscatter