Outline of the Key Developments of

• Breton, one of the founders, issued his first manifesto in 1924, calling for the use of automatism and in order to express the functioning of the real and inner mind. • De Chirico was an important influence on surrealistic style, most particularly in his use of an irrational type of renaissance space. • The more biomorphic and poetic surrealism of like Miro and Masson emerged initially within a cubist infrastructure which eventually disappears, leaving only a shallow cubist space. Ernst remains a major surrealist figure throughout his career, and is most characteristic, perhaps, in his continual search for new technique which bring new imagery and unexpected juxtapositions, levels of meaning, to his work. • In 1929 the second manifesto is issued by Breton, deploring the fact that the surrealist movement had not been concerned more with the liberation of man. • Dali's illusionistic surrealistic idiom becomes characteristic of the movement in the . Also in the 30s surrealistic objects begin to appear, objects which are banal but juxtaposed with unusual materials or in unusual combinations. • With the advent of World War II, most of the surrealists relocate to New York. Most important to the growing American avant-garde: • surrealism offers a continuum from the unconscious to reality • it represents a unified avant-garde which makes into a 24-hour-a-day life • associated with surrealism there are journals and gathering places • the interest of surrealism in Freud, and later in Jung, leads to an emphasis on myth, fetishism, metaphor, collective experience • the idea of non-linear thought and non-linear creation

Some artists: Europeans: American Surrealists: Female Surrealists: O.L. Guglielmi Andre Masson (could also be in Joan Miro the third column) (could Peter Blume also be in the second Salvador Dali Walter Quirt column) Giacometti Meret Oppenheim Rene Magritte

There are many other artists who are associated with surrealism; these are some of the best known. Begin to collect images by all of these artists and get familiar with the various techniques and range of imagery. Focus on identifying differences between and automatism, and between surrealist dreamscapes and .