Outline of the Key Developments of Surrealism • Breton, one of the founders, issued his first manifesto in 1924, calling for the use of automatism and dreams in order to express the functioning of the real and inner mind. • De Chirico was an important influence on surrealistic style, most particularly in his use of an irrational type of renaissance space. • The more biomorphic and poetic surrealism of artists like Miro and Masson emerged initially within a cubist infrastructure which eventually disappears, leaving only a shallow cubist space. Ernst remains a major surrealist figure throughout his career, and is most characteristic, perhaps, in his continual search for new technique which bring new imagery and unexpected juxtapositions, levels of meaning, to his work. • In 1929 the second manifesto is issued by Breton, deploring the fact that the surrealist movement had not been concerned more with the liberation of man. • Dali's illusionistic surrealistic idiom becomes characteristic of the movement in the 1930s. Also in the 30s surrealistic objects begin to appear, objects which are banal but juxtaposed with unusual materials or in unusual combinations. • With the advent of World War II, most of the surrealists relocate to New York. Most important to the growing American avant-garde: • surrealism offers a continuum from the unconscious to reality • it represents a unified avant-garde which makes art into a 24-hour-a-day life • associated with surrealism there are journals and gathering places • the interest of surrealism in Freud, and later in Jung, leads to an emphasis on myth, fetishism, metaphor, collective experience • the idea of non-linear thought and non-linear creation Some artists: Europeans: American Surrealists: Female Surrealists: Max Ernst O.L. Guglielmi Remedios Varo Andre Masson Kay Sage (could also be in Leonora Carrington Joan Miro the third column) Dorothea Tanning (could Yves Tanguy Peter Blume also be in the second Salvador Dali Walter Quirt column) Giacometti Meret Oppenheim Rene Magritte There are many other artists who are associated with surrealism; these are some of the best known. Begin to collect images by all of these artists and get familiar with the various techniques and range of imagery. Focus on identifying differences between biomorphism and automatism, and between surrealist dreamscapes and surrealist techniques..