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Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus Atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia Author(S): Sukirno Sukirno , J

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Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus Atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia Author(S): Sukirno Sukirno , J Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia Author(s): Sukirno Sukirno , J. Situmorang , S. Sumarmi , R. C. Hidayat Soesilohadi , and R. Pratiwi Source: Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(6):2364-2370. 2013. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EC13144 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia SUKIRNO SUKIRNO,1,2,3 J. SITUMORANG,1 S. SUMARMI,1 R. C. HIDAYAT SOESILOHADI,1 4 AND R. PRATIWI J. Econ. Entomol. 106(6): 2364Ð2370 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13144 ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate artiÞcial diets that can be used to successfully culture the atlas silk moth, Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) indoors. Four plant species were evaluated as the basic component of each diet, barringtonia (Barringtonia asiatica), cheesewood (Nauclea orientalis), soursop (Annona muricata), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). Evaluation of the nutritional value of each diet was determined by an analysis of the hemolymph proteins of sixth instars using the FolinÐCiocalteu assay. Survivorship, cocoon quality, and hemolymph protein content of larvae fed the barringtonia diet were higher than those of larvae fed mahogany-, cheesewood-, and soursop-based artiÞcial diets. The average adult emergence of those fed the barringtonia-based diet was 74.5%. The weights of the cocoon in this treatment with the pupa and the empty cocoons were 7.0 and 1.1 g, respectively. Hemolymph of the larvae fed the barringtonia-based artiÞcial diet had the highest concentration of protein with an average of 28.06 mg/ml. The atlas moth reared on the barringtonia-based artiÞcial diet was comparable with those reared only on barringtonia leaves. However, the weight of empty cocoons, adult wingspan, and amount of hemolymph protein were lower than in those reared on barringtonia leaves only. This may suggest that the artiÞcial barringtonia-based diet requires additional protein for maximum efÞciency. KEY WORDS Attacus atlas, artiÞcial diet, hemolymph protein Larvae of the atlas moth, Attacus atlas (L.) and known plants for the atlas moth (Peigler 1989). A survey in in Indonesia as “ulat jedung,” form large conspicuous Yogyakarta Special Region, Java, Indonesia in 2009 silken cocoons (Peigler 1989). The atlas moth is found revealed that there were 29 species of plants that were throughout the AsiaÐPaciÞc Region, including Indo- primary or secondary hosts for this moth (Soesilohadi nesia (Peigler 1989). The larvae of this species can be et al. 2009). The culturing of many insects depends on an important defoliator of cinchona, tea, avocado, and the success of development of an artiÞcial diet mango (Kalshoven 1981). Although this species is (Vanderzant 1974). In Yogyakarta Special Region, sometimes considered a pest of certain cultivated there are four plant species, barringtonia (Barringto- plants, the silk produced when the larvae form co- nia asiatica (L.) Kurz), cheesewood or Leichhardt coons is of higher quality than that produced by the tree (Nauclea orientalis L.), soursop (Annona muricata well-known silk moth, Bombyx mori L. (Akai 2000). L.), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq), Moreover, the atlas moth has the potential to be cul- which may have a high potential when used as basic tured like the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta components for the artiÞcial diets. Previous research (Drury), and the eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini using the above mentioned plants to rear the atlas Boisduval. Since 1992, the atlas silk moth has been moth has shown that the overall survivorship of larvae maintained in culture under screen house conditions in the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, fed barringtonia leaves was the highest (Situmorang Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. 1996, Tjiptoro 1997, Subagyo 2000, Widyarto 2001, There are at least 110 species representing 49 plant Situmorang and Wuliandari 2002). However, the mor- families that have been recorded as possible host tality rate of larvae using barringtonia reared outdoors was high, reaching 57%, because of predators, parasi- 1 Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada Uni- toids, and diseases (Purwanto and Sukirno 2006). In versity. Jalan Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Depok Sleman 55281 silk moths such as Antheraea, Attacus, Callosamia, Plat- Indonesia. 2 Economic Entomology Research Unit, Plant Protection Depart- ysamia cecropia L., Saturnia pyri L., B. mori, and Erio- ment, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud Univer- gaster lanestris L., the photoperiod, light intensity, sity, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. temperature, and humidity have been found to affect 3 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. cocoon quality and duration of diapause (Kato and 4 Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada Uni- versity. Jalan Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara Depok Sleman 55281 In- Sakate 1980, Peigler 1989, Kato and Miyata 1994, Hari- donesia. zanis 2004). 0022-0493/13/2364Ð2370$04.00/0 ᭧ 2013 Entomological Society of America December 2013 SUKIRNO ET AL.: EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR Attacus atlas 2365 Research using host plant foliage and artiÞcial diets Table 1. The ingredients of the artificial diets for the rearing for rearing the atlas moth has been conducted. Rela- of atlas moth, A. atlas tive cocoon quality of laboratory-reared moths was Ingredients Barringtonia Cheesewood Mahogany Soursop lower than that of those reared in natural settings (Situmorang 1996, 1997). The atlas moth has been Leaf powder (g) 35 35 35 35 Cellulose powder (g) 5 5 5 5 reared on an artiÞcial diet with modiÞcation of diet Corn bee pollen (g) 30 30 30 30 ingredients originally developed for An. mylitta by Low fat soya bean 5555 powder (g) Situmorang (1997). The diet was modiÞed by replac- Vitamin C (g) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2Ϫ ing arjun leaf powder (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) K2HPO4 (g) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Wight & Arn.) with barringtonia and Chlorella with CaCO3 (g) 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 Fe2PO3 (g) 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 bee pollen. Chloramphenicol (g) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 The atlas silk processing industry in Yogyakarta has Acrylic acid (ml) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 relied on harvesting wild cocoons. Recently, it has Vitamin B complex (g) 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Sorbic acid (g) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 become difÞcult to Þnd wild atlas cocoons in numbers Agar (g) 8.43 8.43 8.43 8.43 sufÞcient to support this silk industry. To fulÞll the Distilled water (ml) 400 400 400 400 demand for cocoons, an attempt to successfully cul- ture the atlas moth indoors has become a priority. Moth propagation in the laboratory may also provide Ten petri dishes (90 by 15 mm) with 15 neonate a source of disease-free eggs and neonate larvae to be larvae were reared on each diet with 10 replicates for cultured outdoors. Possible domestication of this each treatment. Portions of the diet (10 by 10 mm) moth, especially with the availability of an artiÞcial were arranged with 5-mm gaps between them and diet, could support both industry demands and reduce were supported from below using small bamboo sticks excessive exploitation of the moth in the wild. (4 by 80 mm) to facilitate larval access. Larvae on the Nutritional value of the artiÞcial diet is the major artiÞcial diet were incubated at room conditions of factor for the survivorship of silk moth larvae, includ- 24Ð30ЊC and 85Ð100% relative humidity (RH). Two ing the atlas moth. The quality of the diet must be days after the larvae underwent second instar molting, evaluated continuously to improve and maintain op- they were transferred into a bamboo box and fed with timal rearing (Vanderzant 1974). A successful artiÞcial the artiÞcial diet until the fourth instar. Fourth instar diet must have complete nutrition; be easily digested, larvae were maintained individually until pupation. absorbed, and processed through metabolic processes; Each transferred larva was labeled to keep track of and support respiration and excretion (Trager 1953, which dish the larva came from. Frass was removed Coudron et al. 2004). The objective of this research daily, and the diets were changed at least weekly. was to develop and to evaluate the nutritional value of Seven days after pupation, the cocoons were col- artiÞcial diets used to culture the atlas silk moth in- lected and weighed. The cocoons were then incu- doors. bated in cages (500 by 500 by 750 mm) with mesh walls until emergence. The cages were covered with a wet cloth to maintain humidity and stimulate emergence. Materials and Methods The parameters recorded were larval development This research was undertaken from November 2008 time, cocooning percentage, cocoon weight, adult to April 2009 at the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty emergence, adult wingspan, and percentage of egg of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. Larvae hatchability. The number of male and female moths used were the progeny fed fresh barringtonia leaves emerged from cocoons for each diet was recorded.
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