DOCSLIB.ORG

Family Saturniidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Sri Lanka: an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Family Saturniidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Sri Lanka: an Overview LEPCEY - The Journal of Tropical Asian Entomology 02 (1): 1 – 11 Published: 31 October 2013 ©HABITATS Conservation Initiative. ISSN 2012 - 8746 Review Article FAMILY SATURNIIDAE (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) OF SRI LANKA: AN OVERVIEW S. Tharanga Aluthwattha Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Abstract Since the work of Moore (1880-1887) and Hampson (1892-1896) nomenclature of Sri Lankan moth fauna has remained largely unchanged. Four valid species of family Saturniidae, Actias selene taprobanis, Attacus taprobanis, Antheraea cingalesa and Cricula ceylonicaare recorded. Former three species were confirmed by recent field records. Actias selene taprobanis and Attacus taprobanis are confined to Sri Lanka and wet biomes of southern India. Antheraea cingalesa and Cricula ceylonica are endemic to the island. Presence of other Saturniidae mentioned in literature requires further confirmation with field records. Key words: Endemic, Pest, Silk moths, Silk industry, Southern India, Wet zone Geotags: Colombo, Kandy, Yala, Anuradhapura [6.904614, 79.897213 | 7.302536, 80.616817 | 6.670064, 81.429806 | 8.314777, 80.441036] INTRODUCTION moth species in Sri Lanka are hampered by the The Saturniidae moths are remarkable unavailability of updated literature (Wijesekara among lepidopterous insects for their economic and Wijesinghe, 2003). This article reviews the importance as silk moths and ornamental value as available literature and brings the latest well as the biological diversity. After Moore’s nomenclature to the Saturniidae of Sri Lanka. (1882 - 1887) studies of Sri Lankan Lepidoptera, publications on moths experienced a sharp METHODS decline. Contemporary reports focus on species of Valid species, descriptions, field distributions and moths regarded as agricultural pests (Rajapakse life history records are based on published and Kumara, 2007; Wijesekara and Wijesinghe, literature, personal communications to, and 2003). records of author. The Lepidoptera card index of The Natural History Museum, London (Beccaloni Sri Lanka does not involve in any et al., (2003) was checked for correct ornamental trade, farming or collection of nomenclature. A list of Saturniidae of Sri Lanka Lepidoptera, except the limited sericulture based on the insect catalogue and specimens industry (Uragoda and Wijekoon, 1991; Datta et including the National Museum of Sri Lanka al., 2005), leaving the importance of moth fauna (Nandasena et al., (2010) were also examined. to food and agriculture (Wijesekara et al., 2003; Main references for nomenclature and valid Anandaraj and Devasahayam, 2004). Though species are Moore (1883), Jordan (1909), Peigler scientific nomenclature of moths has extensively (1989), Paukstadt and Paukstadt (1999), Beccaloni changed over the last century, local moth fauna et al., (2003) and Rougerie et al., (2009). All lists have not been updated. Current studies on unpublished records, including personal * E-mail: [email protected] Received: 22 May 2013 Accepted: 10 June 2013 Saturniidae of Sri Lanka communications, were confirmed by the author varieties of Antheraea pernyi used in the silk with specimens or identifiable photographs; other industry can survive without human caring and records were excluded. have been known to have some naturalized populations in India (Arunkumar et al., 2006; Liu, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Y. et al., 2008; Ahmed, and Rajan, 2011). Tennent (1861) provides the earliest Therefore there is a possibility to have a record of Saturniidae moths in Sri Lanka. He naturalized population of Antheraea pernyi or mentioned three months: Moon moth, Atlas moth related taxa among Sri Lankan Tasar Silkmoth and Tusser Silk moth. Moore (1882) described the Antheraea cingalesa. On the other hand, same three with the names Actias selene Hubner, Antheraea pernyi as its common names imply, is a Attacus taprobanis Moore and Antheraea temperate moth which hosts on Oak (Fagaceae: cingalesa Moore. Hampson (1892-1896) Quercus spp.) (Liu et al., 2008; Ahmed and Rajan, mentioned these three species as Actias selene, 2011). Attacus atlas and Antheraea paphia. He further These Sri Lankan references to Attacus included Attacus ricini. Nandasena et al., (2010) ricini, Samia cynthia, and Samia ricini should be mentioned Antheraea assamensis, Antheraea the Eri silkworm, today known as Samia cynthia paphia (referring to Antheraea cingalesa), ricini, which is a domesticated silkworm originally Antheraea roylei, Samia cynthia, and Samia ricini from the wild progenitor Samia canningi Hutton, in an article about edible insects in Sri Lanka distributed in the sub Himalayan forests (Piegler based on museum specimens and catalogues. A and Naumann 2003). The nomenclature of such a recent attempt to list Sri Lankan Lepidoptera domesticated taxon is arguable and confusing, (Koçak and Kemal, 2012) which is not an updated while ‘ricini’ probably has a polyhybrid origin checklist and full of errors, lists Actias selene, (Nässig, 2008). However Piegler and Naumann Antheraea cingalesa, Attacus atlas (2003) clearly stated that genus Samia does not (misidentification of A. taproanis), Cricula extend its range towards southern India and Sri trifenestrata (misidentification of C. ceylonica), Lanka. If the Eri silkworm (‘ricini’) had been and Samia cynthia. An updated list of Saturniidae introduced for sericulture in Sri Lanka, there are in most of South Asian countries has been no records of commercial use nor is there compiled by Kitching et al., (2010) including their evidence of its naturalized population known to common names, however the list does not the author. Samia cynthia is native to China and mention the country vise distributions. Korea, while it has been introduced to Japan, Recent phylogenetic work demonstrates India, Australia, Africa and America (Piegler and the relationship between Indian Oak Tasar moth Naumann, 2003). Antheraea roylei and Chinese Oak Tasar moth or The Lepidoptera catalogue of BMNH also Temperate Tasar moth Antheraea pernyi contains Sri Lankan records for Antheraea (Arunkumar et al., 2006; Liu, Y. et al., 2008; assamensis (Beccaloni et al., 2003). Helfer (1837) Rougerie et al., 2009). Phylogenetic evidences first described A. assamensis as Saturnia (Arunkumar et al., 2006) suggest that Antheraea assamensis from Assam, India and did not roylei evolved after chromosomal rearrangement mention any distribution outside Assam. Today of Antheraea pernyi i.e. Antheraea pernyi is the Antheraea assamensis is known from India, ancestor. Therefore A. roylei is considered a Burma, and Sundaland (Holloway, 1987). subspecies, Antheraea pernyi roylei (Beccaloni et However Nässig (2002) doubt the Sundaland al., 2003). Unlike most other silkmoths, hybrid record of A. assamensis and suggest it should be 2 S.T. Aluthwattha Antheraea (Antheraeopsis) youngi saying that true wet biomes of Sri Lanka and the western coast of A. (Ao.) assamensis is restricted to the Himalayan India, well separated from the range of Attacus area perhaps maybe including the mountains in atlas by the tropical semi-arid to arid biomes northern Indochina or South China. Recent between these regions (Peigler, 1989). According population genetic study of A.assamensis (Singh et to our observations (Figure 01) Attacus taprobanis al., 2012) also considered it is endemic to is common in wet-zones of Sri Lanka, while it is Northeast India and Indo-Burma stating the recorded in dry-zones, showing its historical range failure of rearing populations outside its natural in the island connecting to mainland India. hosts, Persea bombycina and Litsea Attacus taprobanis has been recorded as a pest of monopetala (family Lauraceae). Furthermore Cinnamon in Sri Lanka (Anandaraj and domesticated farm stock of A.assamensis crash Devasahayam, 2004). frequently and wild populations provide new Moore (1883) described Antheraea cultures (Singh et al., 2012). When considered cingalesa from Sri Lanka. Later, many authors against its natural distribution and host specificity, misidentified it as Antheraea mylitta or Antheraea it is hard to think Antheraea assamensis is native paphia (including Hampson 1892-1896; to Sri Lanka or has established introduced Nandasena et al. 2010). However, current populations survived. Antheraea assamensis has phylogentic studies keep Antheraea cingalesa as a been used for high quality silk production for valid species endemic to Sri Lanka (Beccaloni et centuries in India (Ciesla, 2002; Datta et al., 2005; al., 2003; Rougerie et al., 2009). Jordan (1909) in Singh et al., 2012) but there is no record of its his notes on genus Cricula, described Sri Lankan introduction or use in Sri Lanka. specimens as subspecies Cricula trifenestrata The Moon moth in Sri Lanka and ceylonica. This species is still referred to as Cricula southern India was described as a new sub species trifenestrata, especially in agricultural pest related Actias selene taprobanis by Paukstadt and publications where the species is identified as pest Paukstadt (1999) because of the differences in the of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume male genitalia. This sub species is clearly restricted Syn. Cinnamomum verum Presl.) in Sri Lanka to the tropical wet biomes of the island of Sri (e.g. Yadav and Kumar, 2003; Anandaraj and Lanka and southern Indian subcontinent and Devasahayam, 2004). Currently, however, geographically isolated from other nominotypical Rougerie et al.,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Endemic Wild Silk Moth from the Andaman Islands, India
    ©Entomologischer Verein Apollo e.V. Frankfurt am Main; download unter www.zobodat.at Nadir entomol. Ver. Apollo, N.F. 17 (3): 263—274 (1996) 263 Cricula andamanica Jordan, 1909 (Lepidoptera, Saturnüdae) — an endemic wild silk moth from the Andaman islands, India KamalanathanV e e n a k u m a r i, P r a s h a n t h M o h a n r a j and Wolfgang A. N ä s s ig 1 Dr. KamalanathanV eenakumari and Dr. Prashanth Mohanraj, Central Agricultural Research Institute, P.B. No. 181, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman Islands, India Dr. Wolfgang A. Nässig, Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Abstract: Cricula andamanica Jordan, 1909, a wild silk moth endemic to the Andaman islands, has so far been known from a few adult specimens. For the first time we detail the life history and describe and illustrate in colour the preimaginal stages of this moth. The following species of plants were used as host plants by the larvae: Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae), Anacardium occi­ dental (Anacardiaceae), and Myristica sp. (Myristicaceae). The mature lar­ vae are similar to those of the related C. trifenestrata (Helfer, 1837), aposem- atic in black and reddish, but exhibiting a larger extent of red colour pattern and less densely covered with secondary white hairs. A species of the genus Xanthopimpla (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and an unidentified tachinid (Diptera) were found to parasitize the pupae. Cricula andamanica Jordan 1909 (Lepidoptera, Saturnüdae) — eine endemische Saturniidenart von den Andamanen (Indien) Zusammenfassung: Cricula andamanica J ordan 1909, eine endemische Sa- turniide von den Andamanen, war bisher nur von wenigen Museumsbeleg­ tieren bekannt.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista De Plagas Reglamentadas De Costa Rica Página 1 De 53 1 Autorización
    Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado Código: Versión: Rige a partir de su NR-ARP-PO-01_F- Lista de Plagas Reglamentadas de Costa Rica Página 1 de 53 1 autorización. 01 Introducción La elaboración de las listas de plagas reglamentadas fue elaborada con base en la NIMF Nº 19: “Directrices sobre las listas de plagas reglamentadas” 2003. NIMF Nº 19, FAO, Roma. La reglamentación está basada principalmente en el “Reglamento Técnico RTCR: 379/2000: Procedimientos para la aplicación de los requisitos fitosanitarios para la importación de plantas, productos vegetales y otros productos capaces de transportar plagas, Decreto N° 29.473-MEIC-MAG y las Guías Técnicas respectivas, además en intercepciones de plagas en puntos de entrada, fichas técnicas, Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) realizados de plagas específicas y plagas de interés nacional. Estas listas entraran en vigencia a partir del: 15 de diciembre del 2020 (día) (mes) (año) Lista 1. Plagas cuarentenarias (ausentes). Nombre preferido Grupo común Situación Artículos reglamentados Ausente: no hay Aceria ficus (Cotte, 1920) Acari Maní Arachis hypogaea, Alubia Alubia cupidon registros de la plaga Ausente: no hay Cebolla Allium cepa, ajo Allium sativum, tulipán Tulipa spp., echalote Allium Aceria tulipae (Keifer, 1938) Acari registros de la plaga ascalonicum Manzana Malus domestica, cereza Prunus cerasus, melocotón Prunus persica, Amphitetranychus viennensis Ausente: no hay Acari Fresa Fragaria × ananassa, Pera Pyrus communis, Almendra Prunus amygdalus, (Zacher, 1920) registros de la plaga Almendra Prunus dulcis, Ciruela Prunus domestica Ausente: no hay Kiwi Actinidia deliciosa, chirimoya Annona cherimola, baniano Ficus Brevipalpus chilensis Baker, 1949 Acari registros de la plaga benghalensis, aligustrina Ligustrum sinense, uva Vitis vinifera Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado Código: Versión: Rige a partir de NR-ARP-PO-01_F- Lista de Plagas Reglamentadas de Costa Rica 06/04/2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Sericigenous Insects in Assam and Their Role in Employment Generation
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (5): 119-125 ISSN 2320-7078 Biodiversity of Sericigenous insects in Assam and JEZS 2014; 2 (5): 119-125 © 2014 JEZS their role in employment generation Received: 15-08-2014 Accepted: 16-09-2014 Tarali Kalita and Karabi Dutta Tarali Kalita Cell and molecular biology lab., Abstract Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Assam, India. Seribiodiversity refers to the variability in silk producing insects and their host plants. The North – Eastern region of India is considered as the ideal home for a number of sericigenous insects. However, no Karabi Dutta detailed information is available on seribiodiversity of Assam. In the recent times, many important Cell and molecular biology lab., genetic resources are facing threats due to forest destruction and little importance on their management. Department of Zoology, Gauhati Therefore, the present study was carried out in different regions of the state during the year 2012-2013 University, Assam, India. covering all the seasons. A total of 12 species belonging to 8 genera and 2 families were recorded during the survey. The paper also provides knowledge on taxonomy, biology and economic parameters of the sericigenous insects in Assam. Such knowledge is important for the in situ and ex- situ conservation program as well as for sustainable socio economic development and employment generation. Keywords: Conservation, Employment, Seribiodiversity 1. Introduction The insects that produce silk of economic value are termed as sericigenous insects. The natural silk producing insects are broadly classified as mulberry and wild or non-mulberry. The mulberry silk moths are represented by domesticated Bombyx mori.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombyx Mori Silk Fibers Released from Cocoons by Alkali Treatment
    Journal of Life Sciences and Technologies Vol. 3, No. 1, June 2015 Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Attacus atlas and Bombyx mori Silk Fibers Released from Cocoons by Alkali Treatment Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia and I. Wayan Surata Department of Mechanical Engineering, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia, 80361 Email: [email protected] Zdeněk Knejzlík and Tomáš Ruml Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic Tjokorda Sari Nindhia Faculty of veterinary Madicine, Udayana University, Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, 80114 Abstract—Natural silks, produced by spiders and insects, historically used in textile industry [6]. Fibers present in represent perspective source of biomaterials for the cocoons are mainly composed from fibroin complex regenerative medicine and biotechnology because of their [7] produced from paired labial glands [8]. About 10 – 12 excellent biocompatibility and physico-chemical properties. μm fibroin fibers in B. mori cocoon are tethered by It was previously shown that silks produced by several amorphous protein; sericin, which can be released from members of Saturniidae family have excellent properties in comparison to silk from B. mori, the most studied silkworm. cocoon by washing in mild alkali conditions or hot water, Efficient degumming of silk fibers is a critical step for a process, designated as degumming [9]. Fine fibers, subsequent processing of fibers and/or fibroin. In this study, obtained by degumming, can be used as source of fibroin we describe cheap, environmentally friendly and efficient which may be next solubilized in denaturing agents such NaOH-based degumming of A. atlas fibers originated from as highly concentrated solution of lithium salts, calcium natural cocoon.
    [Show full text]
  • Moths of Ohio Guide
    MOTHS OF OHIO field guide DIVISION OF WILDLIFE This booklet is produced by the ODNR Division of Wildlife as a free publication. This booklet is not for resale. Any unauthorized INTRODUCTION reproduction is prohibited. All images within this booklet are copyrighted by the Division of Wildlife and it’s contributing artists and photographers. For additional information, please call 1-800-WILDLIFE. Text by: David J. Horn Ph.D Moths are one of the most diverse and plentiful HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE groups of insects in Ohio, and the world. An es- Scientific Name timated 160,000 species have thus far been cata- Common Name Group and Family Description: Featured Species logued worldwide, and about 13,000 species have Secondary images 1 Primary Image been found in North America north of Mexico. Secondary images 2 Occurrence We do not yet have a clear picture of the total Size: when at rest number of moth species in Ohio, as new species Visual Index Ohio Distribution are still added annually, but the number of species Current Page Description: Habitat & Host Plant is certainly over 3,000. Although not as popular Credit & Copyright as butterflies, moths are far more numerous than their better known kin. There is at least twenty Compared to many groups of animals, our knowledge of moth distribution is very times the number of species of moths in Ohio as incomplete. Many areas of the state have not been thoroughly surveyed and in some there are butterflies. counties hardly any species have been documented. Accordingly, the distribution maps in this booklet have three levels of shading: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics of Cytochrome C Oxidase Gene Subunit I in Wild Silkmoth Cricula Trifenestrata Helfer and Its Evaluation for Species Marker
    Media Peternakan, August 2012, pp. 102-110 Online version: EISSN 2087-4634 4ñ&&¥¨´∑¨ªï±∂ºπµ®≥ï∞∑©ï®™ï& 1 & Accredited by DGHE No: 66b/DIKTI/Kep/2011 #.(ñ WVï[Y_^ ¥¨´∑¨ªïXVWXïY[ïXïWVX The Characteristics of Cytochrome C Oxidase Gene Subunit I in Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer and Its Evaluation for Species Marker Surianaa *, D. D. Solihinb #, R. R. Noorc #, & A. M. Thoharid a1#¨∑®πª¥¨µª11!∞∂≥∂Æ¿ð1%®™º≥ª¿112™∞¨µ™¨ð1'®≥º∂≥¨∂14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ )≥µï1'$ 1,∂≤∂´∂¥∑∞ª1*®¥∑º∫1'∞±®º1!º¥∞13Ø∞´®π¥®1 µ´º∂µ∂غ1*¨µ´®π∞ð1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞® b#¨∑®πª¥¨µª11!∞∂≥∂Æ¿ð1%®™º≥ª¿112™∞¨µ™¨ð1!∂Æ∂π1 Æπ∞™º≥ªºπ®≥14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ c#¨∑®πª¥¨µª11 µ∞¥®≥1/π∂´º™ª∞∂µ1®µ´13¨™Øµ∂≥∂Æ¿ð1%®™º≥ª¿11 µ∞¥®≥12™∞¨µ™¨ð1!∂Æ∂π1 Æπ∞™º≥ªºπ®≥14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ #)≥µï1 Æ®ª∞∫1*®¥∑º∫1(/!1#®π¥®Æ®ð1!∂Æ∂π1W\\^Vð1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞® d#¨∑®πª¥¨µª11"∂µ∫¨πΩ®ª∞∂µð1%®™º≥ª¿11%∂π¨∫ªπ¿ð1!∂Æ∂π1 Æπ∞™º≥ªºπ®≥14µ∞Ω¨π∫∞ª¿ )≥µï1+∞µÆ≤®π1 ≤®´¨¥∞≤1#®π¥®Æ®ð1!∂Æ∂π1W\\^Vð1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞® (Received 21-02-2012; accepted 23-04-2012) ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi dan mendeteksi situs diagnostik dari parsial gen sitokrom C oksidase sub unit I (COI) ulat sutera liar Cricula trifenestrata, dan mengevaluasi gen tersebut sebagai penanda spesies. Sebanyak 15 larva C. tifenestrata dikoleksi dari Kabupaten Bogor, Purwakarta, dan Bantul. DNA genom diekstrak dari kelenjar sutera larva, kemudian diperbanyak dengan metode PCR dan disekuensi.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical and Structural Investigations of Wings of Selected Insect Species
    Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics Original paper Vol. 22, No. 2, 2020 DOI: 10.37190/ABB-01525-2019-03 Mechanical and structural investigations of wings of selected insect species MICHAŁ LANDOWSKI1, ZUZANNA KUNICKA-KOWALSKA2, KRZYSZTOF SIBILSKI3* 1 Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering and Bonding; Gdańsk, Poland. 2 Warsaw University of Technology, Doctoral School No. 4, Warsaw, Poland. 3 Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Division of Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland. This paper presents research and measurements leading to obtaining the Young’s modulus of wing bearing structures of selected in- sect species. A small testing machine intended for three-point bending and equipped with instruments registering low forces was con- structed for the needs of the experiment. The machine was used to perform numerous bending tests of wings of three species of insects (obtained from a breeding farm): Attacus atlas, Vespa crabro, Libellula Depressa at various air-humidity conditions. Values of the force and displacement obtained in the course of the tests were used to calculate Young’s modulus. In order to do so, it was also necessary to obtain the moment of inertia of the wing cross-section. These values were measured on the basis of the images obtained with a SEM microscope. Obtained results were averaged and presented with a breakdown by air-humidity conditions. It was observed that Young’s modulus decreased with an increase of humidity, hence the calculations of the percentage decrease of this mechanical parameter were performed. Obtained results were compared with the observed structure which was also presented under light microscope.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Feeding with Herb of Erythrina Variegata To
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 11, Special issue 3, 2018 Print - 0974-2441 Research Article EFFECT OF FEEDING WITH HERB OF ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA TO BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF THE COCOON FIBER OF WILD SILK MOTH ATTACUS ATLAS FOR FUTURE APPLICATION AS BIOCOMPATIBLE OF SILK SUTURES TJOKORDA SARI NINDHIA1, TJOKORDA GDE TIRTA NINDHIA2*, I WAYAN SURATA2, ZDENEK KNEJZLIK3, TOMAS RUML3 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia. 3 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic. Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Received: 25 March 2018, Revised and Accepted: 28 August 2018 ABSTRACT Objectives: Silk is biocompatible as biomaterial and has been used commercially as sutures. More interesting properties of the silk are that the mechanical properties exceed all natural polymer and synthetic materials. In this research, a type of silk suture is being developed from species of Attacus atlas to obtain better biocompatible sutures. A. atlas is a species of silk moth that consume not only single types of leaves. The Quality of cocoon fiber then can be arranged base on the types of the leaves that is consumed. Better biocompatibility sutures comparing with recent commercial silk sutures which is not biocompatible, can be achieved by feeding with variety types of leaves. Silk suture that already established in the market is a base product of Bombyx mori species of silk which is only consume one type of leaf (mulberry leaves). Methods: In this research, the A. atlas cocoon was produced by feeding with herb Erythrina variegate.
    [Show full text]
  • Cricula Trifenestrata in India
    22 TROP. LEPID. RES., 24(1): 22-29, 2014 TIKADER ET AL.: Cricula trifenestrata in India CRICULA TRIFENESTRATA (HELFER) (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE) - A SILK PRODUCING WILD INSECT IN INDIA Amalendu Tikader*, Kunjupillai Vijayan and Beera Saratchandra Research Coordination Section, Central Silk Board, Bangalore-560068, Karnataka, India; e-mail: [email protected]; * corresponding author Abstract - Cricula silkworm (Cricula trifenestrata Helfer) is a wild insect present in the northeastern part of India producing golden color fine silk. This silkworm completes its life cycle 4-5 times in a year and is thus termed multivoltine. In certain areas it completes the life cycle twice in a year and is thus termed bivoltine. The Cricula silkworm lives on some of the same trees with the commercially exploited ‘muga’ silkworm, so causes damages to that semi-domesticated silkworm. The Cricula feeds on leaves of several plants and migrates from one place to another depending on the availability of food plants. No literature is available on the life cycle, host plant preferences, incidence of the diseases and pests, and the extent of damage it causes to the semi-domesticated muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer) through acting as a carrier of diseases and destroyer of the host plant. Thus, the present study aimed at recording the detail life cycle of Cricula in captivity as well as under natural conditions in order to develop strategies to control the damage it causes to the muga silk industry and also to explore the possibility of utilizing its silk for commercial utilization. Key words: Cricula trifenestrata, Saturniidae, rearing, grainage, disease, pest, utilization, silk, pebrine, flecherie INTRODUCTION of beautiful golden yellow colour.
    [Show full text]
  • Sericin: Structure and Properties
    1 1 Sericin: Structure and Properties 1.1 Type of Silk Sericin Sericin is a natural product from the silkworm. Sericin is one of the major protein compo- nents in the cocoons of Lepidopteron insects. Sericin is a glue-like coating protein sur- rounded with filament protein, fibroin (Figure 1.1). In manufacturing silk, sericin is a waste product from the degumming process. The silk sericin is classified into two types based on the feeding source of the silkworms: mulberry and non-mulberry sericin. The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a well-known source of commercial silk production. This worm is a completely domesticated species that feeds on mulberry leaves. B. mori had long been developed for an indoor cultivation for the silk industry, whereas non-mulberry silkworm or wild silkworm is the group that feeds on other leaves such as oak leaves and castor oil leaves. Most of the non-mulberry silkworms cannot be reared indoors for their whole life cycles. The well-known non-mulberry silkworms are Antheraea, Samia ricini (or Philosamia ricini), and Cricula trifenestrata. Antheraea is a genus of silkworm that feeds on oak leaves and produces “tasar” silk, such as Antheraea assamensis (producing muka silk), Antheraea mylitta, Antheraea pernyi, and Antheraea yamamai. S. ricini produces the famous “eri” silk. In the wild environment, S. ricini feeds on castor oil plant leaves. C. trifen- estrata is a wild silkworm producing “cricula” silk. The diversity of silkworm sources (genus, species, and diet) may produce distinct sericin characteristics. 1.2 Localization of Silk Sericin Sericin is located at several sites of silkworms and cocoons.
    [Show full text]
  • 1999, 48 Saturnlidae MUNDI: SATURNIID MOTHS of the WORLD, Part 3, by Bernard D'abrera. 1998. Published by Goecke & E
    48 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY JOllrnal of the Lepidopterists' Society us to identify material from New Guinea in the sciron group, which 53( I), 1999, 48 includes several species that look much alike. Prior to this we only had a key published by E.-L. Bouvier (1936, Mem. Natl. Mus, Nat. SATURN li DAE MUNDI: SATURNIID MOTHS OF THE WORLD, Part 3, by Hist. Paris, 3: 1-350), in which he called these species Neodiphthera. Bernard D'Abrera. 1998. Published by Goecke & Evers, Sport­ I agree with D' Abrera's interpretation of the distribution of Attacus platzweg ,5, D-7521O Keltern, Germany (email: entomology@ aurantiacus. s-direktnet,de), in association with Hill House, Melbourne & Lon­ As with D' Abrera's similar books on Sphingidae and butterflies, don, 171 pages, 88 color plates. Hard cover, 26 x 35 cm , dust jacket, this one is a pictorial guide to these moths, based largely on speci­ glossy paper, ISBN-3-931374-03-3, £148 (about U,S. $250), avail­ mens in The Natural History Museum in London. In an effort to able from the publisher, also in U,S, from BioQuip Products, make the coverage as complete as possible, the author has done an exceptional job of gathering missing material to be photographed. Imagine a large book with the highest quality color plates show­ receiving several loans and donations from Australia, Belgium, ing many of the largest and most famous Saturniidae from around France, Germany, and the United States, He has largely succeeded; the world! Imagine that this book shows males and females of all the relatively few known species are missing.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus Atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia Author(S): Sukirno Sukirno , J
    Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia Author(s): Sukirno Sukirno , J. Situmorang , S. Sumarmi , R. C. Hidayat Soesilohadi , and R. Pratiwi Source: Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(6):2364-2370. 2013. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EC13144 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia SUKIRNO SUKIRNO,1,2,3 J. SITUMORANG,1 S. SUMARMI,1 R. C. HIDAYAT SOESILOHADI,1 4 AND R. PRATIWI J. Econ. Entomol. 106(6): 2364Ð2370 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13144 ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate artiÞcial diets that can be used to successfully culture the atlas silk moth, Attacus atlas L.
    [Show full text]