4. Abram Leon, the Jewish Question. a Marxist Interpretation (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1974)
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Notes INTRODUCTION I. Personal encounter of author, passing through Del Rio, Texas, in June 1995. 2. Sander L. Gilman and Steven T. Katz, Anti-Semitism in Times ofCrisis (New York: New York University Press, 1991), vii. For definitions and discussions of the term 'antisemitism', see Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites (New York: Norton, 1986),21 f., 81 f; Meyer Weinberg, Because They Were Jews (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), xii; Robert S. Wistrich, Antisemitism (London: Thames Mandrin, 1992), xv ff; and Helen Fein, ed., The Persisting Question (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1987). 3. Amos Funkenstein, Perceptions ofJewish History (Berkeley: University of California . Press, 1993), 326, cites Old Testament exhortations which he says amount to a call for genocide. 4. Abram Leon, The Jewish Question. A Marxist Interpretation (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1974). CHAPTER 1 I. James Parkes, Judaism and Christianity (London, 1948), 167, as quoted in Malcolm Hay, Europe and the Jews (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), 11. 2. Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews, 46, 227, n.5. 3. Joel Carmichael, The Satanizing of The Jews (New York: Fromm, 1992),3,7. 4. Sander L. Gilman and Steven T. Katz, eds, Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis (New York and London: New York University Press, 1991), 30. 41. 5. Edward Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews (New York: Paulist Press, 1985).7-27. 6. John Gager, The Origins of Anti-Semitism (New York: Oxford University Press). 43,82. 7. Benzion Netanyahu. The Origins ofthe Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain (New York: Random House, 1995). 22. 8. Claude Lanzmann, Shoah. An Oral History of the Holocaust (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985) 99-100. 9. Elaine Pagels. The Origin of Satan (New York: Random House, 1995), 103-5. 10. Friedrich Heer, God's First Love (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970),23; Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1988), 120 f. II. Edward A Synan, The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages (New York: Macmillan, 1967) 152 f. 12. Barnet Litvinoff, The Burning Bush (London: Fontana/Collins, 1989), 17 f. 13. Franklin H. Littell, The CrucifIXion ofthe Jews (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. 1986),28 ff. 14. Norman F. Cantor, The Sacred Chain (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 155, 110; Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1992),21-4, is more balanced. 15. Cantor, op. cit., 109. 245 246 Paths to Genocide: AntisernitLtm in Westem History 16. Robert L. Wilken. John ChryJostom and The Jews (Berke.ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 116, 124. 17. Malcolm Hay, Europe and the Jews (Boston: Beacon Press, 19(1),30-2. 18. Heer, op. cit., 73, citing Allgusline's Adversus JudiJeos. 19. Irving Agus, Tile Heroic Age 0/ Franco·German Jewry (New York: Yeshiva University Press. 1969) Canlor, op. cit .• 108, emphasizes the disabilities under waich Jews lived. 20. Slavery was accepted and practised widely unlil recently. Alleged Jewisb involvement in tile slave trade is a factor In African~American antisemitism today, but it had no part in the formation ofantisemilism orin its earlier history. See David Brion Davis, 'The Slave Trade and the jews'. The New York Review ofBooks XLI. 21 (December 22,1994). 21. Gregory of Tours. The History oflhe Frard:s (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, t 927), Volume It 176-7; Volume n, 176-9; 250-1, 302-3, 329. 22. Lilvinoff, op. cit.. 36 f. 23. 8alo W. Baron, Ii Social and Religious Hisloryof the Jews (Volume IV, Philadelphia: 'The Jewish Publication Society of A medea, 1957),44. 24, Agus,op. cit., 186,341,36,60 fr., 41. 25. Stow, op. <:il., 33 Fr. 26. This was the Theodosian Code of 438. Flannery. op. cit., 56 f. 27. Salo W. Baron, A Social and Religious History of Ihe Jews, Volume IX (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965).60 f., 27. 28. Stow, op. cir., 213 f. 29. 5alo W. Baron. A Social alld Religious Hisfory o/the Jews. Volume XI (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 138; Ag!ls, op. cit., 151-5. 30. Trachtenberg,op, cit, 190; Agus, Ope cit., 145. 31. Baron,op. cit., Volume rx, 137,72. 32. See Allan Harris CUller. The Jew /;IS All}' of the Muslim. Medieval Roots ofModem Ami-Semilism (Notre Dame, Indiana; University of NOIre Dame Press, 1986). 33. Compare Leon Pollakov, The Hisloryo/AmiSemitism, Volume I (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974) 42; Arno Mayer, Why did the Heavens nof Darken? (New York: Pantheon, 1988), 226-33; Robert Chamn, European Jewry and theJirsf Crusade (Berkeley: UniVersity of California Press, 1987),. passim; Alfred Haverkamp, MedieW11 Germany 1056-1273 (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1992), 124; and Reer, Gp. cit., 66. 34. Quoted in Baron, op. cit. (Volume IV), 102. 35. Trachlenberg, "p. cit" 167; Chazal'l, op. cit" 66, 82. 36. Baron,op.. dr. (Volume IV), 13.5-7, 141 f.,and 147-9 minimizes Ihe immediate impact of the Cmsades while emphasizing fheir psychological legacy; Chazsn. op, cit., minimizes both their irumediate and long-term effects while emphasizing the prolec!ive role of the Church; Haverkamp, Gp. cit" 125,218. emphasizes Ihe benefits of imperial protccl.ion for Jews; see also Stow, op. cir" 102 ff., 115. 37.. Baron,op. cit, IV, 125 f., .130; Poliakov, op. cit., I, 48. 38. Heer.op. cit, 68, 39. Hay, op. cit .. , 57; Reer. op. cit., 67. 40. As in Robert Chazan, ed., Church Slale and Jew in the MiddleAges (New York: Behrman House. 1980). 103: Hay, 0[', cU., 44 f. 41. Chazan,op, cit., 105; Hay, op. cit., 49,51 ff.; Haverkamp. op. cit., 195; Meer,op. elt., 67; Baron, op .. cir. IV, 120, 122 f. 42. Collections of 'Miracles of the Virgin' became an influential form of popular Illeralure. R. W, Southern, Tile Making offhe Middle Ages (New Haven and London: Notes 247 Yale University Press, 1965),246. On Bernard, the Virgin, and Chartres see Hans Jantzen, High Gothic, London: Constable, 1962. 43. Baron,op. cit. XI, 126-8. 44. Gavin I. Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (cited hereafter as Antisemitism) (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 113-16; and the same author's History, Religion, and Antisemitism (cited hereafter as History) (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 156. 45. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 131 ff., 202. 46. Ibid., 207; Baron, op. cit. IV, 122 f. 47. See Alan Dundes, ed., The Blood Libel Legend. A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991); Jacob R. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World. A Source Book: 315-1791 (New York: Atheneum, 1969); and Encyclopedia Judaica (New York, 1971), 4: 1120-31. 48. Pinchas E. Lapide, Three Popes and the Jews (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967), 67,69. 49. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 235, 283; Lapide, op. cit., 67. William's death, caused by a cataleptic seizure, occurred five years before Thomas arrived at the priory of Norwich cathedral. 50. Marcus, op. cit., 122, quoting Thomas of Monmouth's The Life and Miracles ofSaint William of Norwich. 51. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 307. 52. H.E. Butier, ed., The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond concerning the acts of Samson, Abbot of the Monastery of St Edmunds (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1949), 16. 53. In 1758 the Holy See once more denounced the legend of ritual murder, and condemned the cult of canonized children - but excepted the two most popular child saints. Heer, op. cit., 72. 54. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 242. 55. Ibid, 237-62. 56. Baron, op. cit. IV, 135; Trachtenberg, op. cit., 124-9, 134; Langmuir, Antisemitism, 329. 57. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 277 f.; Haverkamp, op. cit., 321 f. 58. Baron, op. cit. IX, 144; Langmuir, Antisemitism, 265. 59. F1annery,op. cit., 102, 126. 60. Langmuir, Antisemitism, 265, 307. 61. Trachtenberg, op. cit., 248 n.44, 132-42, 140-55, 44-54; Baron, op. cit., Vol. XI, 136. 62. Langmuir, History, 249-51, 258 fr., 263, 274, 305; Antisemitism. 270 f., 307 f. 63. Trachtenberg,op. cit., 114. 64. Langmuir, History, 305; Antisemitism, 308, 327 f. CHAPTER 2 1. Innocent III, Regesta 16.30, PL 216:824, as cited in Jeremy Cohen. The Friars and the Jews. The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982), 249. 2. Robert Chazan. ed., Church State and Jew in the Middle Ages (New York: Behrman House. 1980), 171-7. 248 Paths 10 Genocide: Antisemitism in Western History 3. Kenneth R Stow, Alitmafed MiMrity, 247 ff; Edward /1\, Synan. The Popes and Ille Jews in the Middle Ages, 104; Leon Polialmv, Tile HislOry of Ami-Semi/ism Volume t 64. 4. Chazan, op. cir., 179 f. Salo W. Bilton, A Social and Religious History of tlu! Jews (Volume IX), 29, 31 f. 5. Alfred Haverkamp, Medieval Germtl1ly 1056-1273, 68. 6. Jeremy Cohen, The Friars and the Jews, 246. 1, Encyclopedia ofReligion, Volume IV (New Yorlo:: Macmillan. 19117), 418-20. 8. Norman F. Cantor. The Sacred Clwin, 79 f. 9. Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971), Volume VII, 47. 10. Friedrich Hee!, God's First Love. 37-9, I I. Ibid .• 70. 12. Cohen, op. cit, 13. 13. Ibid., 21. 14, Ibid., 14; Heiko Oberman, The Impact oftilt! Reformation (Grand Rapids, Ml: \V,o.. Eet'dman. 1994), 133 f, 15. What follows is based on Langmuir, History. Religiolt, andAntisemilism. 139, 156, 160,177,119, 199f" 214, and 218-21, 16. 011 attacks on the Talmud see Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority, 251-9; Cohen, op. cit., 66, 73; and S810 W. Baron,A Social atuiReligious HisloryoftJIe Jew$. Volume XI,148, 17. Malcolm Hay, Europe and the JIJW.f (Boston: Beacon Press), III if.; Faliako ..