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Monitoring and Prediction of Traffic Noise in Large Urban Areas

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Monitoring and Prediction of Traffic Noise in Large Urban Areas applied sciences Review Monitoring and Prediction of Traffic Noise in Large Urban Areas Giovanni Zambon 1, Hector Eduardo Roman 2, Maura Smiraglia 1 and Roberto Benocci 1,* 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-6448-2108 Received: 1 December 2017; Accepted: 30 January 2018; Published: 7 February 2018 Featured Application: The method discussed in this paper has applications in the context of predicting traffic noise in large urban environments. The system designed by the authors provides an accurate description of traffic noise by relying on measurements of road noise from few monitoring stations appropriately distributed over the zone of interest. A prescription is given of how to choose the location of the noise stations. Abstract: Dynamap, a co-financed project by the European Commission through the Life+ 2013 program, aims at developing a dynamic approach for noise mapping that is capable of updating environmental noise levels through a direct link with a limited number of noise monitoring terminals. Dynamap is based on the idea of finding a suitable set of roads that display similar traffic noise behavior (temporal noise profile over an entire day) so that one can group them together into a single noise map. Each map thus represents a group of road stretches whose traffic noise will be updated periodically, typically every five minutes during daily hours and every hour during night. The information regarding traffic noise will be taken continuously from a small number of monitoring stations (typically 24) appropriately distributed over the urban zone of interest. To achieve this goal, we have performed a detailed analysis of traffic noise data, recorded every second from 93 monitoring stations randomly distributed over the entire urban area of the City of Milan. Our results are presented for a restricted area, the urban Zone 9 of Milan. We have separated the entire set of (about 2000) stretches into six groups, each one represented by a noise map, and gave a prescription for the locations of the future 24 monitoring stations. From our analysis, it is estimated that the mean overall error for each group of stretches (noise map), averaged over the 24 h, is about 2 dB. Keywords: traffic noise; road clustering; noise monitoring stations; dynamic acoustic maps; error on acoustic maps 1. Introduction In the last decade, distributed acoustic monitoring systems started to appear in urban contexts, due to lowering costs of electronic components and to cheaper and smaller hardware for data transfer. Triggered by the European Directive 2002/49/EC and connected to the assessment and management of environmental noise (END) [1], this interest has grown due to the awareness that noise maps represent a powerful tool for determining the population exposure to environmental noise. The recent END revision [2] has updated the current situation on the application of the END. Noise pollution continues to be a major health problem in Europe, with a host of health effects that can be summarized as follows: annoyance [3], sleep disorders with awakenings [4], learning impairment [5–7], and hypertension ischemic heart disease [8–10]. In this context, the END’s prescription for noise maps and action plans, Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 251; doi:10.3390/app8020251 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x 2 of 17 Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 251 2 of 17 impairment [5–7], and hypertension ischemic heart disease [8–10]. In this context, the END’s prescription for noise maps and action plans, have prompted many efforts by the member states and havethe scientific prompted community many efforts to by high the memberlevel study states and and propose the scientific new communitymitigation tosystems high level for studythe main and proposesources of new noise: mitigation road traffic systems [11,12], for the railway main sourcestraffic [13,14], of noise: airports road traffic [15,16], [11 ,industrial12], railway centers traffic [17,18], [13,14], airportsplus other [15 sources,16], industrial recognized centers as highly [17,18 annoying], plus other [19,20]. sources In particular, recognized mitigation as highly measures annoying in [ 19urban,20]. Incontext particular, need mitigationto be identified measures according in urban to contexta realisti needc picture to be identifiedof noise distribution according to over a realistic urban picture areas. ofThis noise requirement distribution demands over urban for real-time areas. This measurements requirement and demands processing for real-timeto assess measurementsthe acoustic impact and processingof noise sources. to assess the acoustic impact of noise sources. A number number of of projects projects have have been been devoted devoted to tomaki makingng extended extended noise noise measurements. measurements. To cite To a cite few: a few:the SENSEable the SENSEable Pisa project Pisa project [21] was [21] wasaimed aimed at devel at developingoping a network a network of noise of noise sensors sensors located located at the at theresidences residences of volunteer of volunteer citizens citizens to produce to produce a detailed a detailed real-time real-time acoustic acoustic overview overview of the of theterritory. territory. In Inthe the same same way, way, the the NoiseTube NoiseTube [22] [22 and] and Smart Smart Citize Citizenn [23] [23 ]research research projects projects proposed proposed a a participative approach to monitoring noise pollution by involvinginvolving thethe citizenship.citizenship. The Harmonica project [[24]24] suggested the creation of a simple, a-dimensional noisenoise index, closer to the feelings of the populations than thethe usualusual averagedaveraged indicators, indicators, similar similar to to the the ones ones used used for for air air quality. quality. Noisemote Noisemote [25], [25], a real-time a real- servicetime service for environmental for environmental noise noise control control based based on wireless on wireless capabilities capabilities operates operates in such in such a way a way that sensorsthat sensors constantly constantly monitor monitor the environment the environment by collecting by collecting data anddata sending and sending real-time real-time alerts alerts if noise if levelsnoise levels exceed exceed the prescribed the prescribed threshold. threshold. H.U.S.H. H.U. projectS.H. [26project] (Harmonization [26] (Harmonization of Urban noiseof Urban reduction noise Strategiesreduction forStrategies Homogeneous for Homogeneous action plans) action had theplans) general had goal the ofgeneral contributing goal of to contributing the harmonization to the ofharmonization the national lawsof the to national the European laws to ones the for Europe the noisean ones management for the noise contained management in Directive contained 49/2002, in startingDirective from 49/2002, the realizationstarting from of athe study realization and an of intervention a study and in an the intervention city of Florence, in the city considered of Florence, as a pilotconsidered case. The as a project pilot case. QUADMAP The project [27 ],QUADMAP which stands [27], for which QUiet stands Areas for Definition QUiet Areas and Management Definition and in ActionManagement Plans, deliveredin Action Plans, a method delivered and guidelines a method for an thed guidelines identification, for the delineation, identification, characterization, delineation, improvement,characterization, and improvement, management and of quiet management areas in urbanof quiet regions areas as in per urban the Environmental regions as per Noise the DirectiveEnvironmental 2002/49/EC. Noise Directive 2002/49/EC. The ideaidea thatthat aa limited limited number number of of real-time real-time noise nois measurementse measurements could could be used be used to build to build up a noiseup a mapnoise andmap could and could be representative be representative of a large of a large area foundarea found its realization its realization in the in Dynamap the Dynamap project project [28]. Dynamap[28]. Dynamap is a co-financedis a co-financed project project by by the the European European Commission Commission through through the the Life+ Life+ 20132013 program designed to produce dynamic noise maps within a large urban area. The method is described for a given zone in the city of Milan (Zone 9, illustrated in Figure 11),), consistingconsisting ofof aboutabout 20002000 roadroad arches,arches, using 24 continuous measuring stations [[29].29]. Figure 1. The Urban Zone 9 of the city of Milan, the pilot area chosen for the deployment of the Figure 1. The Urban Zone 9 of the city of Milan, the pilot area chosen for the deployment of the acoustic acoustic sensors for Dynamap. The number of recording stations has been fixed at 24. sensors for Dynamap. The number of recording stations has been fixed at 24. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 251 3 of 17 The idea that noise emission from a street generally depends on its activity, its use in the urban context rather than strictly from its geometric characteristics, suggested a different approach to monitoring sampling based on stratified sampling [30,31]. Therefore, our approach to road monitoring [32,33] followed this suggestion and aimed at optimizing the number of
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