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Chironomidae (Diptera) Species Distribution Related to Environmental Characteristics of the Metal-Polluted Arkasas River, Colorado

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Chironomidae (Diptera) Species Distribution Related to Environmental Characteristics of the Metal-Polluted Arkasas River, Colorado Western North American Naturalist Volume 60 Number 1 Article 4 1-20-2000 Chironomidae (Diptera) species distribution related to environmental characteristics of the metal-polluted Arkasas River, Colorado L. P. Ruse Environment Agency (Thames Region), Reading, England S. J. Herrmann University of Southern Colorado, Pueblo, Colorado J. E. Sublette Tucson, Arizona Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Ruse, L. P.; Herrmann, S. J.; and Sublette, J. E. (2000) "Chironomidae (Diptera) species distribution related to environmental characteristics of the metal-polluted Arkasas River, Colorado," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 60 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol60/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 60(1), pp. 34–56 CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) SPECIES DISTRIBUTION RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METAL-POLLUTED ARKANSAS RIVER, COLORADO L.P. Ruse1, S.J. Herrmann2, and J.E. Sublette3 ABSTRACT.—Mining in the Upper Arkansas catchment has polluted the river with heavy metals for 140 yr. Pupal and adult chironomid species distribution and sedimentary metal concentrations are provided for 22 stations along 259 km of main river during 1984–85. Complete species identification was achieved only recently. This has produced an unprece- dented record of chironomid species distribution for a comparable length of river in the USA. Chemically or physically perturbed sites had poor species richness compared with the next site downstream, suggesting that larvae may drift through unfavorable habitats to benign ones. Using canonical correspondence analysis, we found species composition to be most strongly related to variables expressing the longitudinal axis of the river (distance/altitude, temperature, latitude), while toxicity to zinc was a significant secondary correlate. These river-related environmental variables accounted for a greater proportion of pupal species variation than for adults. This was considered to result from a proportion of adults emerging from habitats beyond the main river. Multivariate analysis identified metal-tolerant and -intolerant species. Generic data revealed the same major trends but indicator taxa were lost. The study provides a disturbed-state reference for monitoring effects of remedial actions begun in 1991, and for comparisons with other Colorado rivers. Key words: Chironomidae, heavy metals, multivariate analysis, pupal exuviae, adults, spatial distribution, sediments, species richness. The Arkansas River in Colorado has been can be made easier and more efficient by sam- polluted by heavy metals since mining began pling pupal exuviae, compared with larvae (Fer- in 1859. Remedial action on the most affected rington et al. 1991). Although exuviae will sites started in 1991. There have been many remain afloat for 2–3 d after adult emergence, descriptive and experimental studies of pollu- they do not drift far before entrapment at river tion effects on benthic macroinvertebrates margins or midstream obstacles (McGill 1980, inhabiting the first 30 km of the river by Ruse 1995a). Exuvial collections should there- researchers of the Bureau of Reclamation and fore be representative of local adult emergence, Colorado State University (e.g., Roline and integrated over a few days before sampling. Boehmke 1981, Roline 1988, Kiffney and In 1983 a major surge of metal sludge in the Clements 1993, Clements 1994, Clements and Upper Arkansas River affected sites 220 km Kiffney 1994). Typically, invertebrates were downstream (Kimball et al. 1995). Emerging sampled using mesh sizes of 500 µm or greater adult chironomids, and later pupal exuviae, and Chironomidae (non-biting midges) were were collected from sites along this length of never identified beyond the subfamily level. the Arkansas River during 1984–85 to investi- Armitage and Blackburn (1985) demonstrated gate the effects of metal pollution on species that specific identification of Chironomidae spatial distribution. At that time many individ- distinguished varying degrees of metal pollu- uals could not be identified to species, particu- tion as efficiently as using all macroinverte- larly pupal exuviae. Associations between lar- brate data with chironomids identified only to vae, pupae, and adults from rivers in Colorado subfamily. Clements (1994) has accepted that and neighboring states have since enabled spe- research on metal tolerances of orthocladiine cific identification (Sublette et al. 1998). This species (a subfamily of Chironomidae) is nec- has led to a retrospective investigation of the essary for the Arkansas River. The collection relationship between species distribution and and specific identification of Chironomidae available environmental data using statistical 1Environment Agency (Thames Region), Fobney Mead, Rose Kiln Lane, Reading RG2 0SF, England. 2University of Southern Colorado, 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, CO 81001, USA. 33550 North Winslow Drive, Tucson, AZ 85750, USA. 34 2000] CHIRONOMID DISTRIBUTION IN THE ARKANSAS RIVER 35 packages that were not available during the Reservoir reveals that a substantial metal load survey period. This study also differed from is transported there from the Leadville area, other research on the Arkansas River by relat- particularly due to resuspension of river sedi- ing invertebrate distribution to sedimentary ments by snowmelt runoff (Kimball et al. 1995). concentrations of heavy metals rather than The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water measurements. Kiffney and Clements (EPA) declared the California Gulch catch- (1993) found that suspended metal concentra- ment and the Arkansas River from above AR2 tions in the Arkansas River underestimated to below AR3 a Superfund site in 1983. New availability of metals to benthic macroinverte- water treatment plants on the Leadville Drain brates. Bioaccumulated metal concentrations and California Gulch were in operation by were better related to those measured in sedi- June 1992, and the last major mining opera- mentary minerals and periphyton. This survey tion in Leadville ceased in January 1999. provides the only reference for measuring the Biological Data effect of subsequent remedial actions on the chironomid assemblage of the Arkansas River We collected adult Chironomidae at each and relating their distribution to sedimentary site monthly from May 1984 until September metal concentrations during a period of severe 1985 using sweep net, beating sheet, water- pollution. skimming, hand-picking and ultraviolet light traps. Adults were dissected in absolute METHODS ethanol. Body parts, except for wings and 1 set of legs, were cleared in potassium hydroxide Study Sites and then all parts slide-mounted in Euparal. Twenty-two sites were chosen along 259 Adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera were also km of the East Fork (EF) and Arkansas River collected and are reported in the following (AR) between Climax and Pueblo, east of the paper (Ruse and Herrmann 2000). Continental Divide in central Colorado (Fig. We sampled chironomid pupal exuviae using 1). We adopted sites EF1 downstream to AR9 the “Thienemann net technique” (Thiene- from those surveyed by the Bureau of Recla- mann 1910): a 200-µm-mesh net attached to a mation and reported by Roline (1988). Other circular frame on a pole is used to collect float- biological surveys of the Upper Arkansas ing debris accumulating behind obstacles at catchment have adopted the same site codes, river margins. This method supplemented but since these may refer to different loca- adult collections during a 3-month visiting tions, care should be taken when cross-refer- scholarship by the senior author. Each site was encing with previous publications. sampled in July, August, and September 1985. Metal-rich water enters East Fork between The broad emergence period by many tem- EF1 and EF2 via Leadville Drain, but the perate, lotic species of Chironomidae should greatest source of metals to the catchment ensure that a large proportion of species pre- comes from California Gulch between AR2 sent over the whole year are represented by and AR3 (Kimball et al. 1995). This survey this frequency of sampling (Ruse and Wilson occurred between 2 major metal sludge surges 1984, Ruse 1995b). Samples were refloated, into California Gulch on 23 February 1983 and agitated, and randomly subsampled by sieve. 22 October 1985. Water diverted from the All chironomid pupal exuviae were removed western slopes of the Continental Divide sup- from a subsample and sufficient subsamples plements flows from Turquoise Lake and Twin were sorted to obtain about 200 exuviae, when Lakes, entering the Arkansas River above AR4 possible. Exuviae were mounted on glass micro- and AR9, respectively. Iowa Gulch, and dif- scope slides in Euparal or retained in vials of fuse sources of metals between AR4 and AR8, 70% ethanol. Initially identified to generic carried discharge from an active mine during level, the material remained in excellent con- the study period. Mining affects other tribu- dition until 12 yr later when it became possi- taries to the river downstream of AR8, but ble to determine species. Specific identifica-
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