TECHNICAL REPORT NO.26 26 TECHNICAL REPORT NO.26 Bamboo features the outstanding biologic characteristics of keeping rhizoming, shooting, and selective cutting every year once it is planted successfully, which makes it can be sustainable utilized without destroying ecological environment. This is a special disadvantage all woody plants lack. But compared with wood, bamboo displays a few disadvantages such as smaller INDUSTRIAL diameter, hollow stem with thinner wall, and larger taper, which bring many problems and difficulties for bamboo utilization. In early 1980’, the scientists and technologists put forward a new UTILIZATION utilization way of firstly breaking bamboo into elementary units and then recomposing them via adhesives to manufacture a series of structural and decorative materials with large size, high strength, and variety of properties that can be shifted accordance ON BAMBOO with different desire. Therefore, two main kinds of products, e.g. bamboo articles for daily use and bamboo-based panels for industrial use, were gradually formed. Industrial Utilization On Bamboo Bamboo articles, which are made of smaller diameter bamboo culms by means of the procedures of sawing, splitting, planning, Zhang Qisheng, sanding, sculpturing, weaving, and painting etc. include a variety of products answering the advocate of loving and going back Jiang Shenxue, nature keeping in people recently. Accordance with their elementary units, bamboo-based panels and Tang Yongyu are manufactured via following four processing ways: (1) Bamboo strip processing method, in which a round bamboo culm is broken into strips including soften-flattened and sawn-shaved ones by means of sawing, splitting, panning etc. (2) Bamboo sliver processing method, which is a popular method that a bamboo segment is manufactured into slivers with thickness of 0. 8mm to 1.5mm and width of 10mm to 15mm. The slivers are recomposed into mats by weaving each other or into curtains by weaving them with thread or by assembling them at the same direction to make products. (3) Bamboo particle processing method, in which the small diameter bamboo culms or processing residues are first broken into particles or fibers via chipping, shaving, hot grinding etc. and then manufactured into bamboo particleboard or fiberboard. But the applying fields of the products must be exploited further. (4) Composite processing method, this is a scientific and rational way by recomposing some of above three elementary units or other materials such as wood, paper, cloth, metal, and plastic etc. This favors to utilize the integral properties of bamboo and other materials and is one of most important development direction in material science. It is our mission to let people in bamboo production nations understand the bamboo industrial utilization and promote the ISBN 962-85124-7-1 development of bamboo processing industry via the publication of this book. INBAR 9 789628 512478 INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR BAMBOO AND RATTAN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR BAMBOO AND RATTAN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK FOR BAMBOO AND RATTAN The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1997 by Treaty. As of January 2003, 27 countries (Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Peru, The Philippines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela, Vietnam) have become INBAR’s mem- ber countries. INBAR’s mission is to improve the well being of producers and users of bamboo and rattan within the context of a sustainable resource base by consolidating, coordinating and supporting strategic as well as adap- tive research and development. INBAR program link partners from the technologies that directly improve the well being of people in developing and developed countries. INBAR publishes an ongoing series of Working Papers, Proceedings and Technical Reports, occasional mongraphs, reference materials and the INBAR Newsmagazine. It also provides an on-line library featuring relational data- bases on bamboo and rattan products, organizations, projects, experts and scientific information. Financial support for INBAR’s programs is provided by the Governments of China and the Netherlands, the Inter- national Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada, and the United National International Fund for Agricul- tural Development (IFAD). Anyuan Building No. 10, Anhui Beili, Asian Games Village Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China Tel: +86 (10) 64956961, 64956978, 64956982 Fax: +86 (10) 64956983 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.inbar.int/ Mailing Address: Beijing 100101-80, People’s Republic of China Disclaimer Copyright © 2002 INBAR All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. No responsibility is assumed for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed & published by : Colour Max Publishers Limited. ISBN : 962-85124-20XXXXXXXXXX INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION ON BAMBOO Zhang Qisheng, Jiang Shenxue, and Tang Yongyu 2001.8.5 P R E F A C E Bamboo grows fast and matures early. The output of bamboo plantation is great and the use of bamboo stem is wide. Once successfully planted, bamboo plants keep on rhizoming, shooting and maturing every year. The annual selective cutting and sustainable utilization can be implemented without damaging ecological environment. The world is facing rapid decrease of forest resources and suffering serious deterioration of ecological environment. Therefore the development and exploitation of bamboo resource is of considerable importance. The morphology, structure and chemical components of bamboo differ from those of timber. Consequently, the methods, technology and equipment for timber processing can not be applied indiscriminately in bamboo utilization. This is one of the direct reasons why bamboo is utilized only for manual weaving, simple ware making for hundreds of years. China is one of the main bamboo-producing countries of the world, possessing bamboo plants of more than four hundred species of forty genera. The total area of bamboo resource is 4,210,000 ha, with annual production exceeds eight million ton, analogous to eight million cubic meters of wood. The rational exploitation of bamboo resource is of great value to the development of China’s economy and the protection of ecological environment. In recent twenty years both China and foreign countries paid attention to the industrial use of bamboo, developed plybamboo, laminated bamboo, plybamboo of curtains, bamboo composite board, bamboo chipboard and various bamboo wares of daily use. These products are widely used in vehicle making, building industry, furniture making, interior decoration and packaging. In order to promote the development of technology for industrial use, International Network for Bamboo and Rattan subsidizes for the compilation and publication of The Industrial Use of Bamboo. The chief editor of this is Zhang Qisheng, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, professor at Nanjing Forestry University, co-chief editors are Tang Yongyu, professor at Hangzhou Bamboo Centre of State Forestry Bureau, Jiang Shenxue, associate professor at Nanjing Forestry Unitversity. Zhu Shilin, researcher at Chinese Academy of Forestry translated the text into English. This book is composed of three parts. The 1st chapter of part one is written by Yin Sici, professor at Nanjing Forestry University, the 2nd, 3rd chapters of part one and 1st and 2nd chapters of part two are by Professor Zhang Qisheng. The 3rd, 4th and 5th chapters of part two are written by Associate Professor Jiang Shenxue, the 6th chapter is by Associate Professor Zhu Yixin. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd chapters of part three are written by Professor Tang Yongyu. The 4th chapter of part three is written by Professor Tang Yongyu in cooperation with Xu Huadang, engineer of Chengzhou Bamboo Weaving Factory. The whole book is planned and revised by Professor Zhang Qisheng. This book, as the authors’ understanding of related problems is limited, cannot in the nature of things be free from error. We would be grateful for comments and suggestions from readers. Authors 2001.08.05 i C O N T E N T S PART I. A brief account of bamboo 1 Chapter I. Structure and properties of bamboo material 1 Section 1. Bamboo Resources 1 Section 2. The structure of bamboo material 5 Section 3. Bamboo properties 19 Chapter II Specific features and classification of bamboo-based panels 26 Section 1. Specific features of bamboo based panels 26 Section 2. The classification of bamboo based panels 29 Chapter III Structure and physico-mechanical properties of bamboo-based anels 35 Section 1. Structure of bamboo-based panels 35 Section 2. Physico-mechanical properties of bamboo-based panels 38 PART II. Manufacturing technology of bamboo-based panels and their uses 43 Chapter I. Plybamboo 43 Section 1. The collection of raw material 43 Section 2. The processing of bamboo fragments 48 Section 3. The adhesive coating of veneers and their further processing 58 Section 4: The uses of plybamboo 67 Chapter II Combined bamboo and bamboo