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Evidence for the Involvement of MMP14 in MMP2 Processing and Recruitment in Exosomes of Corneal Fibroblasts

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Evidence for the Involvement of MMP14 in MMP2 Processing and Recruitment in Exosomes of Corneal Fibroblasts Cornea Evidence for the Involvement of MMP14 in MMP2 Processing and Recruitment in Exosomes of Corneal Fibroblasts Kyu-Yeon Han,1 Jennifer Dugas-Ford,1 Motoharu Seiki,2 Jin-Hong Chang,1 and Dimitri T. Azar1 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States 2Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Correspondence: Dimitri T. Azar, PURPOSE. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 14 has been shown to promote angiogenesis, but Department of Ophthalmology and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated exosomal Visual Sciences, University of Illinois transport of MMP14 and its target, MMP2, from corneal fibroblasts to vascular endothelial at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor Street, cells as a possible mechanism governing MMP14 activity in corneal angiogenesis. Chicago, IL 60612, USA; [email protected]. METHODS. We isolated MMP14-containing exosomes from corneal fibroblasts by sucrose Submitted: March 21, 2014 density gradient and evaluated exosome content and purity by Western blot analysis. We then Accepted: June 26, 2014 investigated exosome transport in vitro from corneal fibroblasts to two populations of vascular endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and calf Citation: Han K-Y, Dugas-Ford J, Seiki pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAECs). Western blot analysis and gelatin zymography M, Chang J-H, Azar DT. Evidence for the involvement of MMP14 in MMP2 were used to determine levels of MMP14 and MMP2, respectively, in exosomal fractions processing and recruitment in exo- derived from cultured wild-type, MMP14 enzymatic domain-deficient (MMP14Dexon4), and somes of corneal fibroblasts. Invest MMP14-null corneal fibroblasts. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:5323– RESULTS. Matrix metalloproteinase 14–containing exosomes isolated from corneal fibroblasts 5329. DOI:10.1167/iovs.14-14417 were readily taken up in vitro by HUVECs and CPAECs. We found that MMP14 was enriched in exosomal fractions of cultured corneal fibroblasts. Moreover, loss of the MMP14 enzymatic domain resulted in accumulation of pro-MMP2 protein in exosomes, whereas MMP2 was nearly undetectable in exosomes of MMP14-null fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS. Our results indicate that exosomes secreted by corneal fibroblasts can transport proteins, including MMP14, to vascular endothelial cells. In addition, recruitment of MMP2 into corneal fibroblast exosomes is an active process that depends, at least in part, on the presence of MMP14. The role of exosomal MMP14 transport in corneal angiogenesis has important implications for therapeutic applications targeting angiogenic processes in the cornea. Keywords: exosomes, MMP14, angiogenesis, metalloproteinases, MMP2 atrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc- death.11,12,16 Matrix metalloproteinase 14 is known to be M dependent endopeptidases that are crucial to extracellular required for proteolysis of the ECM during the normal growth matrix (ECM) remodeling.1 Matrix metalloproteinases function of blood vessels (angiogenesis), which allows new endothelial in the modification of essentially all components of the ECM, cells to migrate and invade tissues.16–18 Proteolysis of the ECM including collagens, proteoglycans, and fibronectins. They are is normally a highly regulated process, with MMP14 localized to also involved in modulating the activity of signaling molecules discrete regions of the cell membrane.17,19 However, this and play important roles in both normal physiology and regulation is disrupted in tumors, resulting in widespread ECM pathological processes including neovascularization and tumor remodeling by MMP14 and its targets, which allows the tumor metastasis.2–5 As such, MMPs are important potential targets for to grow quickly and in a highly disorganized fashion, gaining controlling such processes and in treating of a variety of access to the body’s vasculature and leading to metastasis.10 In pathological conditions. previous studies, we demonstrated that MMP14 potentiates the Matrix metalloproteinase 14 (also known as membrane type angiogenic processes (including vessel invasion, increased 1 MMP, MT1-MMP) in particular is involved in many processes levels of vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and including wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules) involved in fibroblast cancer invasion and metastasis.6–15 The importance of growth factor (FGF)2-induced corneal neovascularization in MMP14 is demonstrated by the deleterious effects resulting corneal fibroblasts in culture and in the mouse eye.7–9,20,21 from its absence. For example, MMP14 knockout mice display Matrix metalloproteinase 14 also activates MMP2, which an extremely disfigured phenotype as a result of inadequate further facilitates breakdown of ECM in the cornea.22,23 collagen turnover and bone remodeling, which lead to marked Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying MMP14’s actions deceleration in postnatal growth and, ultimately, premature in angiogenesis is needed for the development of therapeutics Copyright 2015 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. iovs.arvojournals.org j ISSN: 1552-5783 5323 Downloaded from iovs.arvojournals.org on 09/29/2021 Exosomal MMP14 Transport From Corneal Fibroblasts IOVS j August 2015 j Vol. 56 j No. 9 j 5324 that target angiogenic processes. In the present study, we supernatant was then filtered through a 0.45-lm membrane and investigated whether exosomal transport between cells facil- concentrated using a Millipore concentrator tube (Calbiochem/ itates MMP14 activity in the cornea. Exosomes are composed Millipore) with 100 K MWCO filter. The concentrated of a common, characteristic set of membrane and cytosolic conditioned medium was ultracentrifuged at 100,000g for 2 molecules, including tumor susceptibility gene (TSG)101, hours. The resulting pellet was resuspended in a 1:200 dilution integrin b1 (ITGB1), and cytoskeletal proteins. The biochem- of Proteinase Inhibitor Cocktail III (Calbiochem/Millipore) in ically active components of the exosome membrane can PBS. The pellet was adjusted to 40% sucrose and overlaid with include receptors, adhesion molecules, transporters, and 30% and 5% sucrose. Buoyant-density centrifugation was enzymes, including MMPs.24–28 We show that MMP14 and performed at 100,000g for 18 hours at 48C in a Beckman MMP2 are concentrated and enzymatically active in exosomes SW40Ti or SW60Ti rotor (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Pasadena, CA, derived from wild-type (WT) corneal fibroblasts. We then use USA). Eleven fractions were collected from the top of the genetically modified cell lines to show that MMP14-containing gradient. exosomes secreted by fibroblasts are readily taken up by endothelial cells, but not as effectively taken up by fibroblasts. Marker Protein Analysis The mechanisms responsible for this difference are unknown but appear to be cell type specific. Finally, we show that The proteins of the cell lysate and the exosome preparation MMP14 is necessary for MMP2 sequestration and activation in were separated by 4–20% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl- exosomes secreted by fibroblasts. Considering recent studies amide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under nonreducing suggesting that exosomes are likely vehicles for cell-to-cell conditions unless stated otherwise and were transferred to signaling and transfer of material between cells,29–39 clarifying polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (20 lg exosomes the roles of MMP14 and MMP2 in exosomal transport will have per lane, except in the gel shown in Fig. 4A, which was loaded significant implications for understanding the mechanisms of with 2 lg exosomes per lane). Reducing conditions, when angiogenesis. used, consisted of treatment with 100 mM b-mercaptoethanol solution followed by boiling for 10 minutes. Blocking was performed using 5% milk and 3% BSA. The membranes were MATERIALS AND METHODS incubated overnight with the appropriate primary antibody to identify membrane protein markers (MMP14 and ITGB1), Antibodies exosome marker (TSG101), a mitochondrial protein marker A polyclonal antibody against mouse MMP14 was generated as (COX4), and cytosolic protein markers (actin and nonphos- previously described.9 Antibodies to TSG101 (AbCam, Cam- phorylated ERK or MAPK). For nonreducing conditions, cell bridge, MA, USA), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) lysate and isolated exosomal proteins were analyzed as in (ERK; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), COX4 (Santa reducing conditions but in the absence of b-mercaptoethanol. Cruz Biotechnology), ITGB1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), actin The PVDF membrane was incubated with horseradish perox- (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), and MMP2 idase–conjugated or IRDye-conjugated secondary antibody. (Calbiochem/Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) were purchased Protein bands were detected by an enhanced chemilumines- from the indicated commercial sources, and 1:1000 working cence or Li-Cor Odyssey system (Lincoln, NE, USA). dilutions were prepared for all antibodies. Exposure of CPAECs, HUVECs, or Normal Corneal Isolation of Membrane Components From Corneal Fibroblasts to Exosomes Containing MMP14-YPet Fibroblasts or Coculture With MMP14-YPet–Expressing Cells Corneal fibroblasts (5 3 107) were obtained via a previously Wild-type corneal fibroblasts were infected with a retrovirus described method7 and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified
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