Evaluation of USAID Strategy to Increase Potable Water Access and Sanitation in Rural Areas Dominican Republic
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Evaluation of USAID Strategy to Increase Potable Water Access and Sanitation in Rural Areas Dominican Republic FINAL April 27, 2006 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by RTI International. Evaluation of USAID Strategy to Increase Potable Water Access and Sanitation in Rural Areas Dominican Republic Final Report Contract GHA-I-00-04-0007-00 April 27, 2006 Prepared for United States Agency for International Development/Dominican Republic Prepared by RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road Post Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Acknowledgments The evaluation team—Aldo Miranda and Eunice Zelaya of RTI International, with invaluable help from Greg Michaels and Rosa Urania Abreu of PA Consulting— would like to thank all the people of the Dominican Republic who contributed their valuable time and enabled us to successfully conduct this study by providing sincere, accurate, and independent data. We are indebted to the institutions that have been part of the Hato Mayor effort for their commitment to the communities and their efforts to promote qualitative and quantitative change in the water and sanitation (WSS) sector in the Dominican Republic. Among them are Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Dominican Women in Development (MUDE), Social Services of Dominican Churches (SSID), Peace Corps, National Water Supply and Sewage Institute’s Department of Rural Aqueducts (INAPA/AR), the Santa Domingo Water and Sewer Corporation (CAASD), TAHAL engineering consulting, Sur Futuro, Alianzas, Conecta, Fund for the Promotion of Community Initiatives (PROCOMUNIDAD), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The evaluation team wants to specifically thank the USAID/DR Mission for trusting us to conduct this evaluation and for allowing us to provide them with feedback to carefully plan future interventions in the WSS sector in the Dominican Republic. We also want to acknowledge the efforts of Carlos Ureña from Conecta, who served as our field guide in the Hato Mayor communities, the community members who participated in the interviews; David Losk, and Kelva Perez, who served as our USAID control officer and contributed with comments on the study. The evaluation has tried not only to compile the facts surrounding the state of the WSS sector in Hato Mayor but also to contribute recommendations that will help improve the WSS sector in the rest of the country. Evaluation of USAID Strategy to Increase Potable Water Access and Sanitation in Rural Areas iii Table of Contents Page 1. Executive Summary........................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................1 1.2 Potable Water and Sanitation Sector and Its Services..........................2 1.3 Purpose ..................................................................................................3 1.4 Objectives...............................................................................................3 1.5 Methodological Approach.......................................................................3 1.6 Hato Mayor.............................................................................................4 1.7 Behavioral Change Methodology...........................................................5 1.8 Total Community Participation Model in Other Settings ........................6 1.9 Potable Water and Sanitation Sectors and Their Main Actors ..............7 1.9.1 Vision of the PWSS Sector.......................................................7 1.9.2 Alternative Options for USAID under the Current and Future Strategies ......................................................................8 1.10 Recommendations for the Current Strategy Period (FY2002– FY2007)................................................................................................10 2. Background ...................................................................................................13 2.1 General.................................................................................................13 2.2 Project ..................................................................................................14 2.3 Potable Water and Sanitation Sector and Its Services........................15 3. Objective of the Evaluation..........................................................................21 3.1 Purpose ................................................................................................21 3.2 Objectives.............................................................................................21 3.3 Key Questions to be Answered by the Evaluation Team ....................21 4. Methodological Approach............................................................................23 4.1 Approach ..............................................................................................23 4.1.1 Methodology ...........................................................................23 5. Findings .........................................................................................................27 5.1 Hato Mayor Project ..............................................................................27 5.1.1 Introduction.............................................................................27 5.1.2 Background.............................................................................28 5.1.3 Current Status of the Nine Hato Mayor Communities............32 5.2 Behavioral Changes Methodology .......................................................40 5.2.1 Definition.................................................................................41 5.2.2 Current Situation.....................................................................41 5.2.3 General Findings ....................................................................41 5.2.4 CRS Global Food for Education Initiative Program................43 5.3 The Total Community Participation Model in Other Settings...............44 5.3.1 Experience of the Aqueduct and Sewerage Corporation of Santo Domingo (CAASD)...............................44 5.3.2 Experience of the Spanish Cooperation (AECI- INAPA)....................................................................................45 5.3.3 Peace Corps Experience........................................................45 5.3.4 PROCOMUNIDAD..................................................................46 5.3.5 Experience of the Administrative Council of the Villa Sombrero Rural Aqueduct (CADARVIS)................................47 iv Evaluation of USAID Strategy to Increase Potable Water Access and Sanitation in Rural Areas 5.4 Potable Water and Sanitation Sectors and Their Main Actors ............48 5.4.1 Main Actors in the PWSS Sector............................................48 5.4.2 Vision of the PWSS Sector.....................................................55 6. Options...........................................................................................................59 6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................59 6.2 Criteria..................................................................................................60 6.3 Alternative Options for USAID under the Current Strategy and in the Future .........................................................................................60 6.3.1 Alternative #1: Approach Drawing on USAID’s Approach to Rural Water from 1998 to 2002 .........................60 6.3.2 Alternative #2: Public-Private Partnership with USAID Support ...................................................................................61 6.3.3 Alternative #3: Approach Based on the Output-Based Aid Advocated by the World Bank..........................................61 6.3.4 Alternative #4: Approach Based upon a Corporación de Agua, Financed by an External Loan ................................62 6.3.5 Alternative #5: Approach Based upon Other Donor Funding...................................................................................63 6.3.6 Alternative #6: Demand-Driven Technical Assistance from USAID.............................................................................63 7. Recommendations ........................................................................................65 7.1 Recommendations for the Current Strategy Period (FY2002– FY2007)................................................................................................65 7.1.1 Recommendation #1: Complete Unfinished Work in Hato Mayor Communities.......................................................65 7.1.2 Recommendation #2: Build Foundation for Sustainable Community Management of Water and Sanitation in Unserved Communities .....................................66 7.1.3 Specific Recommendations for Behavioral Change Methodology ...........................................................................66 7.2 Recommendations for the Next Strategy Period (FY2008 and Beyond) ................................................................................................67 8. References.....................................................................................................71