DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantifying Arbovirus Disease and Transmission Risk at the Municipality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 1 Title: Quantifying arbovirus disease and transmission risk at the municipality 2 level in the Dominican Republic: the inception of Rm 3 Short title: Epidemic Metrics for Municipalities 4 Rhys Kingston1, Isobel Routledge1, Samir Bhatt1, Leigh R Bowman1* 5 1. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK 6 *Corresponding author 7 [email protected] 8 9 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 2 10 Abstract 11 Arboviruses remain a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and economic cost 12 across the global human population. Epidemics of arboviral disease, such as Zika 13 and dengue, also cause significant disruption to health services at local and national 14 levels. This study examined 2014-16 Zika and dengue epidemic data at the sub- 15 national level to characterise transmission across the Dominican Republic. 16 17 For each municipality, spatio-temporal mapping was used to characterise disease 18 burden, while data were age and sex standardised to quantify burden distributions 19 among the population. In separate analyses, time-ordered data were combined with 20 the underlying disease migration interval distribution to produce a network of likely 21 transmission chain events, displayed using transmission chain likelihood matrices. 22 Finally, municipal-specific reproduction numbers (Rm) were established using a 23 Wallinga-Teunis matrix. 24 25 Dengue and Zika epidemics peaked during weeks 39-52 of 2015 and weeks 14-27 of 26 2016 respectively. At the provincial level, dengue attack rates were high in 27 Hermanas Mirabal and San José de Ocoa (58.1 and 49.2 cases per 10,000 28 population respectively), compared with the Zika burden, which was highest in 29 Independencia and San José de Ocoa (21.2 and 13.4 cases per 10,000 population 30 respectively). Across municipalities, high disease burden was observed in Cotui (622 31 dengue cases per 10,000 population) and Jimani (32 Zika cases per 10,000 32 population). Municipal infector-infectee transmission likelihood matrices identified six 33 0% likelihood transmission events throughout the dengue epidemic and one 0% 34 likelihood transmission event during the Zika epidemic. Municipality reproduction 2 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 3 35 numbers (Rm) were consistently higher, and persisted for a greater duration during 36 the Zika epidemic (Rm = 1.0), than during the dengue epidemic (Rm = <1.0). 37 38 This research highlights the importance of disease surveillance in land-border 39 municipalities as an early warning for infectious disease transmission. It also 40 demonstrates that a high number of importation events are required to sustain 41 transmission in endemic settings, and vice versa for newly emerged diseases. The 42 inception of a novel epidemiological metric, Rm, reports transmission risk using 43 standardised spatial units, and can be used to identify high transmission risk 44 municipalities to better focus public health interventions for dengue, Zika, and other 45 infectious diseases. 46 3 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 4 47 Author Summary 48 49 Arboviruses remain a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and economic cost. 50 Between the years 2014-16, two large arbovirus outbreaks occurred in the 51 Dominican Republic. The first was a wave of dengue cases, followed by a large Zika 52 epidemic. Using various mathematical modelling and geospatial approaches, a 53 number of analyses were undertaken to both characterise the pattern of disease 54 transmission and identify high-burden municipalities. Throughout the process, a 55 novel metric was developed: the Rm. This parameter was used to identify the 56 transmission potential of any given municipality to surrounding municipalities, where 57 >1.0 is high transmission risk, and <1.0 is low transmission risk. This is useful as it 58 provides a standardised approach to determine where public health resources might 59 be focussed to better impact ongoing disease transmission. Additionally, analyses 60 demonstrated the importance of increased disease surveillance in municipalities that 61 share land borders with neighbouring countries, and how relatively few disease 62 importation events can spark and sustain an epidemic. 63 4 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 5 64 Introduction 65 Arboviruses are an informal name for a group of viruses transmitted by arthropods 66 such as ticks, mosquitoes and sand flies (1) - members of which include Rift Valley 67 Fever, Chikungunya and West Nile Virus (2). Arboviruses are commonly zoonotic, 68 and the cause of increasing human disease worldwide. In recent years, the 69 arboviruses Zika and dengue have afflicted millions via endemic and epidemic 70 transmission, in part due to relatively few, effective means of control (3). Indeed, 71 current estimates suggest that the global annual burden of dengue infections is 390 72 million, with 96 million manifesting clinically (4). Those at risk number 3.97 billion 73 across 128 countries worldwide (5). In the case of Zika, estimates of the global 74 burden are not yet available, however by the end of 2018, the Pan American Health 75 Organisation (PAHO) had reported 19,020 suspected cases of Zika, with 1,379 76 laboratory confirmed cases in Brazil alone (6). 77 78 Dengue and Zika are principally transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. When a female 79 Aedes mosquito bites an infected human, the mosquito ingests a blood meal 80 containing the virus, at which point it enters the midgut, proliferates, and spreads to 81 the salivary glands. Once the mosquito bites another person, the cycle is complete 82 (7). However, vertical transmission can also occur, and while this is relatively rare for 83 dengue (8), such transmission is more common with Zika; indeed in a prospective 84 cohort, 26% of maternal cases resulted in vertical transmission to the unborn foetus 85 (9). Importantly, sexual transmission between humans is also a significant driver of 86 Zika epidemiology (10). 87 5 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 6 88 The basic reproduction number (R0) describes the average number of secondary 89 infections produced by a single infectious individual in a totally susceptible 90 population (11). Epidemics involving novel pathogens are best described using R0, 91 due to the absence of existing population immunity (12). By contrast, Reff is most 92 appropriate in endemic settings (11), when part of the population is already immune 93 (12). In the absence of field data, mathematical modelling is used to average the 94 expected number of new infections over all possible infected individuals. This idea 95 can be represented by a matrix where the reproduction number is recognised as the 96 dominant eigenvalue of an operator, which is linear for every pair of functions, and 97 can be calculated whilst considering other factors such as age stratification (13). 98 99 The simplest form of epidemiological modelling is mechanistic, which deploys 100 compartments with interconnected per capita rates to describe the movement of 101 individuals between disease states (14). This field has since been further expanded 102 to include network analysis. Wallinga and Teunis applied this approach (15) to 103 estimate both the serial interval distribution (16) and the Reff of Severe Acute 104 Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). In similar research, Routledge et al., 2018 also used 105 network-based analysis to predict malaria elimination time scales (17). Together, 106 these studies further developed mathematical modelling used to calculate individual 107 reproduction numbers (18) while building on the established Reed-Frost model of 108 epidemic transmission (19)(20). And while these approaches are powerful, they are 109 highly reliant on granular data to infer geospatial disease spread at fine scales, yet 110 these data are not always available 6 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143248; this version posted July 1, 2020.
Recommended publications
  • 3.4 Dominican Republic Telecommunications

    3.4 Dominican Republic Telecommunications

    3.4 Dominican Republic Telecommunications Overview Mobiles/Cell Phones Cell technology has allowed reaching the country's fields. In late 1987 CODETEL began installing cellular phones in remote and isolated areas, putting the Dominican Republic one of the first countries to operate any wireless system. Over the years, mobile technology has provided varied and modern services, also offered to cruise or ships and planes which enables communication of the crew and passengers when they are within the territory of the Dominican Republic; Codeflota, wireless communication network that can maintain exclusive and continuous contact between operational and administrative staff of a company by dialling only four digits; and Fixed Cellular service to rural areas where there are no communication facilities through the wired network. Fibre Optic Cable In the late 1980s started the installation of the first fibre optic ring to bind its headquarters in Santo Domingo with the ability to handle up to 100,000 trunk circuits. At that time the country operating in seven other companies operating inside several locations. The June 14, 1990 CODETEL installing Fibre Optic Cable Sub-Mariner V Centenario (TCS-Trans Caribbean System). This cable allowed the sending of voice, data and video signals of low and high speed with excellent quality in international communications. The project involved companies such as AT&T, and telcos Codetel The system Sub-Marine Cable for Fibre Optic Americas I, joint project of several international and had been initiated in 1992 entered service in September of that year. The system of 8,000km long is the first fibre optic cable that connects North, South and Central America and the Caribbean.
  • Haiti, Dominican Republic Border Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of February 2004 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : Mapping@Unhcr.Ch

    Haiti, Dominican Republic Border Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of February 2004 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected]

    GIMU / PGDS Haiti, Dominican Republic Border Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of February 2004 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected] ATLANTIC OCEAN DOMINICANDOMINICAN REPUBLICREPUBLIC !!! Voute I Eglise ))) ))) Fond Goriose ))) ))) ))) Saint Louis du Nord ))) ))) ))) ))) Cambronal Almaçenes ))) ))) ))) ))) ))) Monte Cristi ))) Jean Rabel ))) ))) Bajo Hondo ))) ))) ))) Gélin ))) ))) ))) ))) ))) Sabana Cruz ))) La Cueva ))) Beau Champ ))) ))) Haiti_DominicanRepBorder_A3LC Mole-Saint-Nicolas ))) ))) ))) ))) ))) Bassin ))) Barque ))) Los Icacos ))) ))) Bajo de Gran Diablo )))Puerto Plata ))) Bellevue ))) Beaumond CAPCAPCAP HAITIEN HAITIENHAITIEN ))) Palo Verde CAPCAPCAP HAITIEN )HAITIEN)HAITIEN) ))) PUERTOPUERTOPUERTO PLATA PLATAPLATA INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL ))) ))) Bambou ))) ))) Imbert ))) VVPUERTOPUERTOPUERTO))) PLATA PLATAPLATA INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL VV ))) VV ))) ))) ))) VV ))) Sosúa ))) ))) ))) Atrelle Limbé VV ))) ))) ))) ))) VV ))) ))) ))) ))) VV ))) ))) ))) Fatgunt ))) Chapereau VV Lucas Evangelista de Peña ))) Agua Larga ))) El Gallo Abajo ))) ))) ))) ))) Grande Plaine Pepillo Salcedo))) ))) Baitoa ))) ))) ))) Ballon ))) ))) ))) Cros Morne))) ))) ))) ))) ))) Sabaneta de Yásica ))) Abreu ))) ))) Ancelin ))) Béliard ))) ))) Arroyo de Leche Baie-de-Henne ))) ))) Cañucal ))) ))) ))) ))) ))) La Plateforme ))) Sources))) Chaudes ))) ))) Terrier Rouge))) Cacique Enriquillo ))) Batey Cerro Gordo ))) Aguacate del Limón ))) Jamao al Norte ))) ))) ))) Magante Terre Neuve
  • Copyright by Médar De La Cruz Serrata 2009

    Copyright by Médar De La Cruz Serrata 2009

    Copyright by Médar de la Cruz Serrata 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Médar de la Cruz Serrata Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals Committee: César A. Salgado, Co-Supervisor Jossianna Arroyo, Co-Supervisor Naomi Lindstrom James Nicolopulos Vance Holloway Adam Z. Newton Epic and Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic: The Struggles of Trujillo’s Intellectuals by Médar de la Cruz Serrata, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May, 2009 Dedication I want to dedicate this dissertation to the loving memory of my mother, Tomasina Serrata (Doña Grey), and to my father, Medardo de la Cruz. To my children, Paloma and Médar Issam, a constant source of joy and inspiration. To Rebeca, who took my hand, brought me back to school and has been by my side at every step of the way: por la alegría compartida . Acknowledgements I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisors, César A. Salgado and Jossianna Arroyo, for their constant guidance and encouragement. I am also indebted to James Nicolopulous, who introduced me to the world of epic poetry, and to Naomi Lindstrom, Lily Litvak, Enrique Fierro and Vance Holloway, for their suggestions and their generosity. Many thanks to my friends and colleagues from the Department of Spanish and Portuguese for their support, and to those in the Dominican Republic who gave access to their libraries and offered me advice—especially to Alejandro Paulino, Odalís Pérez, and Plinio Chahín.
  • 2714 Surcharge Supp Eng.V.1

    2714 Surcharge Supp Eng.V.1

    Worldwide Worldwide International Extended Area Delivery Surcharge ➜ Locate the destination country. ➜ Locate the Postal Code or city. ➜ If the Postal Code or city is not listed, the entry All other points will apply. ➜ A surcharge will apply only when a “Yes” is shown in the Extended Area Surcharge column. If a surcharge applies, add $30.00 per shipment or $0.30 per pound ($0.67 per kilogram), whichever is greater, to the charges for your shipment. COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED COUNTRY EXTENDED POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA POSTAL CODE AREA OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE OR CITY SURCHARGE ARGENTINA BOLIVIA (CONT.) BRAZIL (CONT.) CHILE (CONT.) COLOMBIA (CONT.) COLOMBIA (CONT.) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (CONT.) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (CONT.) 1891 – 1899 Yes Machacamarca Yes 29100 – 29999 Yes El Bosque No Barrancabermeja No Valledupar No Duarte Yes Monte Plata Yes 1901 – 1999 Yes Mizque Yes 32000 – 39999 Yes Estación Central No Barrancas No Villa de Leiva No Duverge Yes Nagua Yes 2001 – 4999 Yes Oruro Yes 44471 – 59999 Yes Huachipato No Barranquilla No Villavicencio No El Cacao Yes Neiba Yes 5001 – 5499 Yes Pantaleón Dalence Yes 68000 – 68999 Yes Huechuraba No Bogotá No Yopal No El Cercado Yes Neyba Yes 5501 – 9999 Yes Portachuelo Yes 70640 – 70699 Yes Independencia No Bucaramanga
  • SOLO BALNEARIOS Y PLAYAS HABILES PARA EL BAÑO No

    SOLO BALNEARIOS Y PLAYAS HABILES PARA EL BAÑO No

    LISTADO DE PLAYAS Y BALNEARIOS HABILES PARA BAÑO SEMANA SANTA 2019 SOLO BALNEARIOS Y PLAYAS HABILES PARA EL BAÑO No. PUESTOS DE CARRETERAS / PLAYAS Y BALNEARIOS PROVINCIA REGION PERSONAL 3 BALNEARIO CACHÓN DE LA RUBIA MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO ESTE OZAMA 12 7 BOMBA NATIVA, BALNEARIO PALAVE MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO OESTE OZAMA 12 8 BALNEARIO PALAVE, AL FONDO MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO OESTE OZAMA 12 9 BALNEARIO BIENVENIDO, EN EL PUENTE MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO OESTE OZAMA 12 11 BALNEARIO RIO EL HIGÜERO MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO NORTE OZAMA 12 12 BALNEARIO RIO OZAMA, EN EL PUENTE DE HACIENDA ESTRELLA MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO NORTE OZAMA 12 13 BALNEARIO LAS MERCEDES, HACIENDA ESTRELLA MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO NORTE OZAMA 12 14 BALNEARIO RIO GUANUMA, HACIENDA ESTRELLA MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO NORTE OZAMA 12 15 BALNEARIO RIO MATA MAMON MUNICIPIO SANTO DOMINGO NORTE OZAMA 12 18 BANCO DE ARENA, BOCA CHICA MUNICIPIO BOCA CHICA OZAMA 12 19 PLAYA ANDRES - MALECON MUNICIPIO BOCA CHICA OZAMA 12 20 PLAYA DE ANDRES- MARINA ZALPAR MUNICIPIO BOCA CHICA OZAMA 12 26 BALNEARIO BOCA CHICA DULCE MUNICIPIO LOS ALCARRIZOS OZAMA 12 28 BALNEARIO LOS COROSOS, KM 25 ADENTRO MUNICIPIO PEDRO BRAND OZAMA 12 29 BALNEARIO EL LIMÓN, LA CUABA MUNICIPIO PEDRO BRAND OZAMA 12 30 BALNEARIO LA PIEDRA, LA CUABA MUNICIPIO PEDRO BRAND OZAMA 12 TOTAL 16 SANTO DOMINGO TOTAL DE PERSONAL 192 No. PUESTOS DE CARRETERAS / PLAYAS Y BALNEARIOS PROVINCIA REGION PERSONAL 35 PLAYA GUIBIA, MALECÓN DE SANTO DOMINGO DISTRITO NACIONAL OZAMA 12 TOTAL 1 DISTRITO NACIONAL TOTAL DE PERSONAL 12 No. PUESTOS DE CARRETERAS / PLAYAS Y BALNEARIOS PROVINCIA REGION PERSONAL 37 BALNEARIO LOS TUBOS, CARA LINDA, MONTE PLATA MONTE PLATA OZAMA 12 38 BALNEARIO PUENTE RIO OZAMA, D.M.
  • Alcaldes Y Alcaldesas Periodo 2020-2024

    Alcaldes Y Alcaldesas Periodo 2020-2024

    ALCALDES Y ALCALDESAS PERIODO 2020-2024 Región Provincia Municipio Nombres Partido Distrito Nacional 1 Santo Domingo de Guzman ROSA CAROLINA MEJIA GOMEZ PRM 2 Santo Domingo Este MANUEL DE JESUS JIMENEZ ORTEGA PRM 3 Santo Domingo Norte CARLOS MARIEN ELIAS GUZMAN PLD Ozama 4 Santo Domingo Oeste JOSE DOLORES ANDUJAR RAMIREZ PRM Santo Domingo 5 Boca Chica FERMIN BRITO RINCON PLD 6 San Antonio de Guerra FRANCISCO ROJAS GARCIA PRM 7 Los Alcarrizos CRISTIAN ENCARNACION PRM 8 Pedro Brand WILSON PANIAGUA ENCARNACION PRM 9 San Juan de la Maguana HANOI Y. SÁNCHEZ PANIAGUA PLD 10 El Cercado JOSE MIGUEL MORILLO MENDEZ PLD 11 Las Matas de Farfán JOSE DE LA CRUZ GONZALEZ PLD San Juan 12 Juan de Herrera JORGE ANTONIO MERAN PLD 13 Vallejuelo SILIXTO ENCARNACIÓN CIPIÓN PLD 14 Bohechío LUIS EMILIO DE LEON PIÑA PLD El Valle 15 Comendador JULIO ALTAGRACIA NUÑEZ PEREZ PRM 16 Bánica YISSELL YAHAIRA SANTANA ALCANTARA PLD 17 Pedro Santana HIPOLITO VALENZUELA CONTRERAS PLD Elías Piña 18 Hondo Valle NILDO CÉSAR DE LOS SANTOS SOLIS PLD 19 El Llano JOSE MARIA DEL ROSARIO VALDEZ PRSC 20 Juan Santiago PASON SOLER DE OLEO PLD 21 San Cristóbal JOSE BIENVENIDO MONTAS DOMINGUEZ PRM 22 Villa Altagracia JOSE MIGUEL MENDEZ RESTITUYO PLD 23 Yaguate ROSA PEÑA GARCÍA PLD 24 Bajos de Haina OSVALDO DE JESUS RODRIGUEZ ESTEVEZ PRM San Cristóbal 25 Cambita Garabitos JOSE REMIJIO PEÑA DEL VILLAR PRM 26 San Gregorio de Nigua JORGE ORTIZ CARELA PLD 27 Sabana Grande de Palenque ANGELA DIPRE VALLEJO PLD 28 Los Cacaos MODESTO LARA ENCARNACION PRM 29 Azua RUDDY GONZALEZ PLD 30 Padre Las
  • Download Vol. 21, No. 1

    Download Vol. 21, No. 1

    BULLETIN of the FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Biological Sciences Volume 21 1976 Number 1 VARIATION AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME HISPANIOLAN FROGS (LEPTODACTYLIDAE, ELEUTHERODACTYLUS ) OF THE RICORDI GROUP ALBERT SCHWARTZ .A-' UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. CARTER R. GILBERT, Editor RHODA J. RYBAK, Managing Editor Consultant for this issue: ERNEST E. WILLIAMS Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publications and all manu- scripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Museum Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $1647.38 or $1.647 per copy. It makes available to libraries, scholars, and all interested persons the results of researchers in the natural sciences, emphasizing the Circum-Caribbean region. Publication date: Aug. 6, 1976 Price: $1.70 VARIATION AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME HISPANIOLAN FROGS ( LEPTODACTYLIDAE, ELEUTHERODACTYLUS) OF THE RICORDI GROUP ALBERT SCHWARTZ1 SYNOPSIS: Five species of Hispaniolan Eleutherodactylus of the ricordi group are discussed, and variation in these species is given in detail. The relationships of these five species, both among themselves and with other Antillean members of the ricordi group, are treated, and a hypothetical sequence of inter- and intra-island trends is given,
  • Global Report on Human Settlements 2011

    Global Report on Human Settlements 2011

    STATISTICAL ANNEX GENERAL DISCLAIMER The designations employed and presentation of the data do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or bound- aries. TECHNICAL NOTES The Statistical Annex comprises 16 tables covering such Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, broad statistical categories as demography, housing, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United economic and social indicators. The Annex is divided into Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia. three sections presenting data at the regional, country and city levels. Tables A.1 to A.4 present regional-level data Small Island Developing States:1 American Samoa, grouped by selected criteria of economic and development Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Bahrain, achievements, as well as geographic distribution. Tables B.1 Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, to B.8 contain country-level data and Tables C.1 to C.3 are Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican devoted to city-level data. Data have been compiled from Republic, Fiji, French Polynesia, Grenada, Guam, Guinea- various international sources, from national statistical offices Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall and from the United Nations. Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia (Federated States of), Montserrat, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, The following symbols have been used in presenting data Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Tonga, throughout the Statistical Annex: Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, United States Virgin Islands, Vanuatu.
  • This Report Is Made Possible by the Generous Support of the American

    This Report Is Made Possible by the Generous Support of the American

    Programación nacional para la compra en el 2015 de medicamentos, insumos médicos y reactivos de laboratorio en República Dominicana. Sistema Único de Gestión de Medicamentos e Insumos – SUGEMI- Unidad Nacional de Gestión de Medicamentos e Insumos Dirección de Desarrollo y Fortalecimiento de los Servicios Regionales de Salud Ministerio de Salud Pública Julio 2014 Programación para la compra de medicamentos e insumos médicos para el 2015en República Dominicana. El ejercicio de programación y la producción de este informe se hicieron posibles gracias al apoyo proporcionado por la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), bajo los términos del convenio cooperativo número AID-OAA-A-11-00021. El contenido del presente corresponde a Management Sciences for Health y no necesariamente refleja los puntos de vista de USAID ni del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Reconocimientos La asistencia técnica fue proporcionada por el programa Sistemas para Mejorar el Acceso a Productos y Servicios Farmacéuticos (SIAPS). Este programa tiene como objetivo garantizar la disponibilidad de medicamentos de calidad y de servicios farmacéuticos eficaces para el logro de los resultados de salud deseados. Con este fin, las áreas de resultados del programa SIAPS incluyen las de mejorar la gobernabilidad, desarrollar la capacidad de gestión farmacéutica y servicios afines, fijar como prioridad la información necesaria para alimentar el proceso decisorio en el sector farmacéutico, fortalecer estrategias y mecanismos de financiamiento para mejorar el acceso a medicamentos y aumentar la calidad de los servicios farmacéuticos. Especial reconocimiento y agradecimiento a María Elena Tapia, Milka Díaz, Nieves García, Yoleyda Marte y Kilvis Acosta por la Unidad Nacional de Medicamentos de la DDF-SRS; Emmanuel Moquete, Coordinación nacional de laboratorios de la DDF-SRS; Jacqueline Gonzales (SENASA), Mauricio Sánchez (PROMESE), Yuneyri Contreras (PROMESE) y Lahiri Fortunato (PROMESE).
  • Download Report

    Download Report

    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No.: 78275 Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT REPORT DOMINICAN REPUBLIC EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION PROJECT (P054937) June 27, 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized IEG Public Sector Evaluation Independent Evaluation Group Public Disclosure Authorized Currency Equivalents (annual averages) Currency Unit =DominicanPeso 2002 US$1.00 DOP$18.60 2003 US$1.00 DOP$30.83 2004 US$1.00 DOP$42.11 2005 US$1.00 DOP$30.51 2006 US$1.00 DOP$33.25 2007 US$1.00 DOP$33.31 2008 US$1.00 DOP$34.87 2009 US$1.00 DOP$36.12 2010 US$1.00 DOP$37.30 2011 US$1.00 DOP$38.23 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD Early Childhood Development EYE Early Years Evaluation IDB Inter-American Development Bank ICT Information Communication Technology IEG Independent Evaluation Group IRR Internal Rate of Return ISR Implementation Status and Results Report M&E Monitoring and Evaluation PAD Project Appraisal Document PPAR Project Performance Assessment Report PREAL Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa en América Latina y el Caribe TTL Task Team Leader Fiscal Year Government: January 1 - December 31 Director-General, Independent Evaluation Ms. Caroline Heider Director, IEG Public Sector Evaluation Mr. Emmanuel Jimenez Manager, IEG Public Sector Evaluation Mr. Mark Sundberg Task Manager Ms. Susan Ann Caceres ii Contents Principal Ratings..................................... ............... v Key Staff Responsible......... .................................. v Preface..................................................... vii Summary .................................................... ix 1. Background and Context..................1....................... Socio-Economic Context of Dominican Republic ............... ............ 1 Education in the Dominican Republic ............................ 2 Early Childhood Education in the Dominican Republic.............. ............. 3 Early Childhood Education: International Evidence ............
  • Listado De Comercios Afiliados a Pagatodo

    Listado De Comercios Afiliados a Pagatodo

    Farmacia Los Rosario Santo Domingo Este Calle 23 Unión De Farmacias No. 442 Alma Rosa Ii Farmacia Dreyluz IV Santo Domingo Calle José Casimiro, Esq. Calle 12 Unión De Farmacias No. 116 Ens. Espaillat Pagatodo Farmacia Anlly Santiago Autop. Duarte, Km 7 1/2, Plaza Mateo Pelón Unión De Farmacias No. 748 Urb. Pelón Farmacia Dreyluz V Santo Domingo Calle Padre Castellanos Unión De Farmacias No. 26 Barrio 27 De Febrero Farmaland Srl Distrito Nacional Calle Guarocuya, Esq. Calle Fuerza Unión De Farmacias No. 02 El Millon Farmacia Las 3 Rosas I Peravia Ctra. Sánchez Unión De Farmacias Paya Listado de los Comercios a�iliados a Pagatodo Farmacia Abc Iii Santo Domingo Este Ctra. De Mendoza Unión De Farmacias No. 260 Mendoza Farmacia Las 3 Rosas II Peravia Av. Central Unión De Farmacias No. 145 Pizarrete Farmacia Ivette Rosario Srl Distrito Nacional Av. Privada Unión De Farmacias No. 15 El Millon Jk Pharmalex La Altagracia Av. Albert Giraldi, Los Melones, Bayahíbe Unión De Farmacias No. 2-a San Rafael Del Yuma PAGATODO CIUDAD CALLE COMERCIO NO. SECTOR Farmacia Graciela Santiago Calle Santiago Rodriguez Unión De Farmacias No. 44 La Joya Farmacia Evidania Santo Domingo Oeste Calle Cordillera, Bella Colina Unión De Farmacias No. 8 Manoguayabo Grupo Farmacéutico 2b I La Romana Av. Libertad Unión De Farmacias No. 777 La Romana Farmacia Nayeli Santo Domingo Calle Roberto Pastoriza Unión De Farmacias No. 625 Evaristo Morales Quilvio Reparaciones Srl Santo Domingo Este Calle Marginal Autop. Las Americas, Km 14 Cemex / Construrama Las Americas Grupo Farmacéutico 2b IV La Romana Calle Mayobanex, Sector Quisqueya Unión De Farmacias No.
  • ASOCIACIONES DE SUELOS Q a U D Orte Laguna E E L N

    ASOCIACIONES DE SUELOS Q a U D Orte Laguna E E L N

    72°0'0"W 71°30'0"W 71°0'0"W 70°30'0"W 70°0'0"W 69°30'0"W 69°0'0"W 68°30'0"W N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 0 0 2 2 Cayo Siete Hermanos Bahía de la Isabela O R Monte Cristi í C o Ba E ja bo A nic N o O Puerto Plata A T L A Bahía de N T Manzanillo I C O R í o Rí Ya o Yásic ASOCIACIONES DE SUELOS q a u D orte Laguna e e l N Saladilla R n y a í u e Mao o o J R n u o a V Sa Dajabón b Río q í m a o a a r a r a h C J u N g N " u " C a o G í a n 0 o 0 ' ' í a o R R a R c í 0 a ui 0 u R ac 3 B 3 g o ° E a Rí ° 9 M 9 o 1 Rí í 1 o M R Sabaneta as Río Bo ba P a cre R Moca Santiago í s o a b U Lice o y Salcedo c o r Río C Nagua B n í i b u u c y R ío a Bahía Escocesa Bahía Rincón L a o Verde a B San Francisco u M ío o G í Río Na R g de Macorís R Ar o u I o tibon í a í it o R R R La Vega ío C C e i n m o Samaná A a v Y i oca o J í ío Río R ú R R Río C am Yuna ío G o San Ju uac Bahía de Samaná Rí an ara D in o o oc b T a R ío y a a n Cotuí E P u Y o Laguna Redonda í N N " o R " í 0 0 ' R ' Río 0 Laguna Limón 0 o l ° Y ° l R na i u í 9 o 9 a s gu jo Y n e 1 R Ma a ó 1 ío u b r Mac r asía a ó a u L q n u a H S C o Y í l ío R e o R í Del D Río M Bonao R A Comendador R e Río e B í d lanc o u io o S q R e a I a í i o Y Monte o b o c R n c o a o M o r ó í í o S d o m San Juan Plata a e i R a T S o i M Hato g í P o a o í R í r R i Río Y R n a Mayor El Seibo I s mas va á ue o C s a a a R L R n c a ío í í a o a a o R b u y G b a g u u Y C R a a ío a ío An a m R a n S M R um s s í o u o o o a í í a H R i R B igue s ro o R R L ío í o s N a a l o iz m e m e a a a t o z u Higuey a j u g n O u o i o í r c a R H A o B S R o S o o í ío í N í R o I R ío s í N R N San José R H a " b R O " a e la 0 i 0 ' de Ocoa n ' Neiba a M R 0 0 í 3 San Pedro 3 o Isla Cabritos ° Santo Domingo Este ° R Y A 8 A Azua 8 Jimaní í de Macorís u 1 r o La Romana L 1 r m Lago Enriquillo o O y c a o Santo Domingo, o San Cristóbal E T a a á r Bahía de b u D.