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Modos De Reclutamiento Coralino Y Efectos De La Depredación Por Arothron Meleagris En Corales Pocilopóridos De Isla Gorgona

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Modos De Reclutamiento Coralino Y Efectos De La Depredación Por Arothron Meleagris En Corales Pocilopóridos De Isla Gorgona Modos de reclutamiento coralino y efectos de la depredación por Arothron meleagris en corales pocilopóridos de Isla Gorgona Carlos G. Muñoz Modos de reclutamiento coralino y efectos de la depredación por Arothron meleagris en corales pocilopóridos de Isla Gorgona Tesis doctoral presentada por: Carlos G. Muñoz, bajo la dirección de: Fernando A. Zapata. Doctorado en Ciencias del Mar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas Universidad del Valle Cali, Colombia 2017 II RESUMEN Los arrecifes coralinos son ecosistemas vulnerables que se han venido deteriorando a escala mundial al desarrollarse en condiciones ambientales restringidas, pero también son sistemas altamente dinámicos al exhibir ciclos naturales de perturbación-recuperación que apenas estamos comenzando a entender. El reclutamiento, o la entrada de nuevos individuos a las poblaciones, determina en gran medida el proceso de recuperación natural después de perturbaciones, y puede darse tanto por asentamiento de larvas derivadas de reproducción sexual, como por fragmentación física de colonias y supervivencia de esos fragmentos. En el Pacífico Tropical Oriental los escasos estudios sobre reclutamiento coralino de origen sexual han sido poco exitosos, y a pesar de la potencial importancia de la reproducción asexual por fragmentación, aspectos básicos sobre la ecología de este proceso aún se desconocen. Esta investigación por medio de un amplio trabajo de campo, aportó información novedosa sobre la ecología reproductiva de los corales del Pacífico colombiano. Se proporcionó por primera vez evidencia sobre la presencia de reclutas coralinos de origen sexual en diversos sitios de Isla Gorgona, y mediante monitoreos y experimentos in situ estudiamos algunas causas física y bióticas de la fragmentación de coral en el arrecife de La Azufrada. Se describió la acción de troncos flotantes y la depredación por peces en la producción de fragmentos coralinos, analizando cuantitativamente la coralivoría por el pez Arothron meleagris y su efecto sobre el arrecife, al destruir coral pero al mismo tiempo generar reclutas asexuales que al crecer contribuyen a aumentar la cobertura coralina y formar nuevas colonias y, en última instancia, compensar el impacto deletéreo de la coralivoría. Palabras clave: Coralivoría, Reproducción asexual, Fragmentación, Pocillopora, Tetraodontidae. III AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco al Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación COLCIENCIAS, por su programa para estudios doctorales y por financiar la investigación básica en ecología de arrecifes coralinos en Colombia. Al Centro de Excelencia en Ciencias Marinas CEMarin, por su apoyo inicial en Santa Marta, la visita al Mar Rojo y su ayuda con la pasantía en el Centro Leibniz para la Investigación Marina Tropical ZMT en Alemania. Un agradecimiento a INVEMAR por su interés y ayuda; igualmente a Parques Naturales Nacionales de Colombia, su oficina Territorial Pacífico, operarios y funcionarios del PNN Gorgona y personal de la Estación Científica Henry von Prahl. A la Universidad del Valle, la sección de Biología Marina, y a los miembros del Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de Arrecifes Coralinos, en especial a mi director Fernando, y a mis compañeras Melina, Juliana, María del Mar, y Anita. IV Dedicado a mi madre y a mi hermana. CGM V TABLA DE CONTENIDOS RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................................................... III AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................................................ IV TABLA DE CONTENIDOS .................................................................................................................................... VI LISTA DE TABLAS ............................................................................................................................................... VII LISTA DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .................................................................................................................................. 1 REFERENCIAS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 CAPÍTULO 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 EVIDENCE OF SEXUALLY-PRODUCED CORAL RECRUITMENT AT GORGONA ISLAND, EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Resumen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 16 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22 TABLES AND FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................................... 29 CAPÍTULO 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 DRIFT LOGS ARE EFFECTIVE AGENTS OF PHYSICAL CORAL FRAGMENTATION IN A TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC CORAL REEF. ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 CAPÍTULO 3 .......................................................................................................................................................... 33 FISH CORALLIVORY ON A POCILLOPORID REEF AND EXPERIMENTAL CORAL RESPONSES TO PREDATION. .............. 33 CAPÍTULO 4 .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 OPPOSITE EFFECTS OF PUFFERFISH CORALLIVORY ON THE CARBONATE BUDGET OF A POCILLOPORID REEF. ...... 46 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Resumen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 47 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 47 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................................................... 58 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64 TABLES AND FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 70 DISCUSIÓN GENERAL Y CONCLUSIONES ..................................................................................................... 75 REFERENCIAS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 80 VI LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1-1. Checklist of species of coral recruits observed at ten sites in Gorgona National Natural Park (Colombia, Eastern Tropical Pacific) during 2010 -
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