University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
6-1949 Relative volatility of esters in ethyl alcohol-water- ester system. Yi-Chung Chang University of Louisville
Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation Chang, Yi-Chung, "Relative volatility of esters in ethyl alcohol-water-ester system." (1949). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2349. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2349
This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ~...•
UNIV~i:RSITY OF LOUI:3VIT J:!,;
Ili!;Lt~TIV.E voL.t\::;r /1
Dublnitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Jchool of the an1versity of' Louisville in l?'art1al Fulfillment of the Requ.irements :tor the Decree of
Y1-Chuns Chane //1
This PDF document is a scanned copy of a paper manuscript housed in the University of Louisville (UofL) Libraries. The quality of this reproduction is greatly dependent upon the condition of the original paper copy. Indistinct print and poor quality illustrations are a direct reflection of the quality of materials that are available for scanning. The UofL Libraries greatly appreciates any better copies that can be made available for replacement scans.
July 2015
111
CO!iT~IT3
List of Tables • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « « « • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1V Lint of Fi,2ures ...... " ...... v
Ackno~11edgm.ent to the Director • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • vi
Abstract • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • viii
Introduction ••••••••••••••• ~ •• _ 4 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Historical ...... ~ ...... c 'lheoretioal .. . . -...... \..j
. ~ ...... - ...... 13
Sumnmry sne Concluo1ona ...... ~ ......
Literatu.reo clted • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • •
AppcnC.ix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • - • « • • •
Ac?:noviledgment to Others • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Vlta • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 1v
U8T OF TABLES
I Specific Gra"v! ty of 5;q11111 brlum Va.por and Liquid...... 21
II 2:q,uilibri1..'..U1. Constants of Zth~rl Alcohol ......
III Equl11brlu.i:J. Concent.t'atlons of Eotor's ~ ...... IV to Smoothod Ve.. 1ues ot' Equi11brium Consta.nta VIII and Relative Volatl11t1eo ...... IX to Raout's Law COl'ract1on ractor tor Esters ...... XIII Equilibrium Compositions o:f Alcohol-\'iatel' l:.!l:: Eq:uil1brium Dttta of &t.h]'l Alco..~ol of Cornell atl<: l\'lonta!L~ ... '* •• ., ...... , •••• ., ... '•• *' ...... ,. • • 52 XVI! Vapor' Fl"'ef:H:;u.re of Esters ...... "...... 54 v LIST OF FIGURES 1 1~rif1catlon Coefficient Curve of Barbet ••••••••• 7 D1aCr'SJ."1l of Equlllbrlum Still ...... «...... 15 :3 Ova-POl' vs,. Cliquld C'>.11"V0 ...... « ...... 24 4 Equilibrium Constanta Curve of Ethyl Alcoll.ol ...... 31 5 Equilibrium Conn tanto 9fl£aters ·...•.•.... ' ...... 32 6 Equilibrium Constants of Esters ·...... 33 7 Relative Volatility Curves of Sotor'S • • • • • • • • • • * • • C RelativQ Volatility Curv$S of Zsters • • * • • • • • • • • • • 35 Raoul t' a La'i'1 Correction Faotor C1.l!"V"e • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 10 ·...... 55 11 CUrve ...... ,. ••• 56 12 BoillnL Point ('''urvr31 of Alcohol- tor r.a:~turos ..... 57 : vii '1'h0 author \'/isheo to s.c::no1:dedse the l;::lnd aasist.ance and llelpfttl 6uid.anca of Dr. G. C. ~J1111ams \>rho directed tl11c research : i ...y I:;':ha l"alatlva vole.tl11. ties of f1 va branch-chained esters 'tTl th respect to ethyl a1<:01:101 in mixturos of ethyl alcohol and tlllat,ion colur:1.11S for ethyl alcohol purlricnt:lon. 1'0::' ti.lcohol concentrations of more than 50 I:101 .pOl" cent, tho increase 0:' r()latlvGl volatility of tJ.~$ ecters \\"as invt~roe- Iy proportional to tho alcohol concentrtltlon. ror cJ.l-clte con- centrationo of lasG than 30 nOlo :)ar cant tho 11'lCreaSe in vola.- for c.lfferent EH;tsrs. Ho simple quantitative correlation was e~1te.bl16hed bat\1Sen the chances of l"ela.tive volatility of es- tel" and the concentration of ~rt..'lJ.yl alcohol. 2 In the cistillat5.on and p'...lr:l:"icatlon of ethyl alcohol :iIlac.e from fermented maoh, one of the major pr'oblemf; 1s the removal of' vola.tile impur! ties 'Vmich, thouCh :n'econt, in relatively small a~flount, sreatly influence the qual 1 ty of ti.~e product. Inclu6.ed an:.:'or this GonE'.tral headir.tG amor.tG other volatilG COTIl- pount:s, are a. la1"[;0 nu.mbar of ecte!'s f'onl1e(~ (ll the!' .in the of the CJ,lcohol. '~'he vola ti ty of thol:.:e Sf:; tern ht:u-; bee:::'l foutle. Whicl'l briefly stateG, 1tl to removo tlls hlU1 bC'.l.llnC tails by fractionating at hic11 proof and the low hollins honc.s flt lo\'/ proof was inaf1'ectlva for their l"omoval.. '111e improver.Hmt of the daHlen and oporation of the :procet~s hao lonG been desiree, but as in the oaoa of many other caetl11v.tlon ;l:coblamc, the lac:: of r,31atlve volatility data. prevc.mtoc. a. rnt.l.Cl'1fll aJ)prot1.oh to ltn oo:Lutlon. '110 f!10et this end, thio :r"esoarch '4>'0.8 andar ta.:can to obtain relative volatility Catn of' different ecct(~.re un 1..1 tara. ture (1) ( 2) (3 ) (4) shows tha tt...~e ~;;,inG.n of as tars tiers numerous. Structurally both otx'aJ.cht ch.a.lnod nnd branch chaineC:. ectars \191"9 pres<::mt, c.ariV0c. from alcohol ra.c:.icalg rancinc f':r'om ethyl to amyl s.n<: acid J:'9.Cicalc runcir.l.5 from for mic to va.lor10 and coverinG a. bol1ir,.,s point ro.nGa of from. 60° 3 0 to 150 Cit In oreer to obtain a [,enerE3.1 ;picture, a lares num '- ber 0:[ esterc t1hO~lld be celectae- for this i:r1Vocticatlon • .' Since the ea te. ~~or COl:H! c trniOlt chainod Ele tore \lOre oetainee, bJ the author in an earlier lnvest1cation (5) only the bra.nch chainod sroup \1/'CU5 invastlcs.tec_ in tItie "Jor:::. HISTOP.ICAL 5 / A thorou£.l1 search of recent literature failed to revea.l ma- I I terial concarnins the reint1ve volatility of estern in a ter- nary Hystam of ethyl alcohol, water. a...'l'1d anter.. IIO\i10Ver, in YO.l.1'lS'S book anti tIed uDiotille.tlon Principles nne Proceoseou (3) the:;} Garly work of this problem c.ona by Bo.rbet was reported. Accorc':lng to this source, Darbet ma.de Bome {:'lctl11ation of mlx- tures of ethyl alcohol, egters, and ' mate, methyl acetate, (::thyl ace~a.te, et.l1yl lL1G-blltyrata, ethyl iso-valerate, ieo-amyl acetate, ~m(~ loo-t.1P.lyl'ioo-valerate. I· . i '. i Barbet usee. a value Kf t called coefficient of l.mrlficatlon to exprsnn his n:!tsul ts. T;}io coeff1cient 'ltIIlO (:.efineQ by l:~im 8.S a ratio of ::c t to:K or 'ihere kt - pe;CQanta62 b.:LJ'ft, of aster'c in yaT)Or porcent·ace by wt. of est(~rs in liquid K - I2EH'centage b}[ wt. of 8.120ho1 i11 vapor p'3rC€mtage by wt .. of alcohol in 11C;;uld His plotted reculte of Ie' VGrsus alcohol concentration by vol- oriClnn.l book of l3a:rbot 'l'laS v:ri t ten in F ranch ent! tled teLa Rec- tiflcation ot lec colonnee Hectiflcatrices" publlr;hed in 1295. ~)lnce this boo~: v[Q.B not a.va.ilable to the author at the' time ot: 6 distillation calculation mol basis is generally usod, Barbat's reaul ta were in \'\Tele,ht and volumG basis. :rhls fact made the direct use a.nd compa.rison of the results rs:ther difficult. '. 7 ~ 10 9 8 . 7, 6 +; 5 ~: c.; oro! () .,--i 4 It--. -.-, ill 0 D 3 r: 0 or-i ~ 2 en () ..--1 A Ethyl formate G-; ... -1 1 f.-. B Methyl acetate A! 1/2 C Ethyl acetate D Ethyl lso-butyrate 1/3 E Methyl 1so-valerate 1/4 F Iso-amyl acetate G Iso-amyl lso-valerate 1/5 1/6 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ethyl Alcohol, Percenta6e by Volume FIG. ] PURIFICATION COEFFICIENT CURVE OF BARBET THECR.BTI CAL 9 Accorc,lng to 'ull,~erf ct 13.1 (S) "Volatl.l1 ty" of any {nb.. stance in de1'lneC ac ltD 'partial prosc:xre :'n the vapor phase :":'101 fraction in the lie; lid phD.M~. This c.e;i':Lni tion can be ex- v = p/~ ••.••••••••••••••••• I v = V'olatl:!.:' ty of a"ny substa.nca x :: 1:01 frnct::'on of that cubstance in a[; the rnt~Lo 0::'''' the vola.t!.11 ty of ona subc-:;',:'t.,tlce to that o:r the For a.ny two o'..tbotances a mUlti-compcnente Eycte!ll, this relatlonship can be l'):;,=precced as: .. V,1i-. IV'D' .. ill- ••••••• " .. lit ..... 11 ••• ,. '" it' • e>{i.'·~':'J..J IV;.;; II vthere == Helntlve volatl1,1'ty of' subsUmes A wlth v, VolatIlity of sabstance A ii. - VB - Volo..tl,ll ty of substance B CombinlnD oquat,lonn r and. II the follo\llnC equation for relative volatility is obtained: ~\B = vA/VB == (p./:\) (y'.:,/P:) ...... III By mea.ns of I;)c::.unt.~on III, the rolative volatility ct:tn be c8.1- ~Jnder ordinary conci tlonc, the Ciroct meaBuremcmt of the 10 pa.rtial precG:Jre of one Dubstancc 1n So va.~)or mixture 1n vory tr-.te. l' ra ct 1. 011 in the vapor ccnc.en c.a to by Tueano of the I,Cll ton • 0 la:l-i • •• ~ •••••••••••••••••• IV y., r.:o1 fraction of oubstance A in vapor phase where ,'1. == ;::;ubsti tutinc the relationship 0: G'lua.t~!.on IV for both oub- :qaatlon V vlao the 'ttcr:~inc oc;uatlcn for thl!) lnvCt£ticut:l.on. In ceneral, the four mol f'ractlonn 0:: ecaat2.on V r:uot be For the 11 ethjl alcohol in the r:!l;;,.tul'o. Eowevar, t)!.rr:p11.:Tcat:;.on ;'las 1 to e:;:'fect on the volatility of ethyl <11co1101 ohoulc be also very er:La1l. .,,;1 t..'1. no appreciable error lntroQuced, t:le rat.io ·y.. r!Yfj for alcohol in equatlon V coult be N~place(.1 by the 001" reoponclin.c value obtained from an alcohol vJatar ml:;:t;,tre of ca.lcJluta the iJocond, in orc-sr to co.va the labor of shoulc hol':: ror tL1B ccall concontrat.':'on 0;':-' ecter in the mi;~- 1s pI'o::Jortlo11L\l to t:19 concontra.tion of the colute :tn the ml;;t- tUI'9 or 1';:r1(Jr9 p - Partial pre[lSar9 of the Cissolved nubctance x. - 1:01 fraction of the (:.issolveC. (~UbDtance in the Conotant If thin anOUIl1ption ware tr".le, 0.eterminatlonc at one ezter concentration 0:11J \"lou1c btl onouc;h for th,/.9 1.'/ho16 ranc:o and a I)altontc law as !'ollowa: 12 '11118 K" io tIle cc::.dlibrlur.1 conntant. [.;enerally uned for vapor- 11 qu.l d \'lOr:~. ror tho l)urpOSe of comptlrine the abnorrzta1i t,:,r of the ~lystem ane, 0. qualitative tact 0-:' the corJ.oistancy 0: t:10 cata, the cor- r9ct.1.on factor where Po - Vapor pI'ensure of actar in pure state at bollins tampe:r'ature of !:::l::\:t,uX'G 1',1' = 'l'otal pressure y = Correction factor ror an leoal systeI.!l, the partial prascure of one subDtanoe in equal to tho prod;'.l.ct 0:::' 1 ts mol fraction in the lL_llid phaca a.nc 1 ts vapor proi"sare in tho pure otate. the correct,3..cn factor ec:;ua1c to<.lni ty. For ren.1 E',yc.1tetl, the correction factor has Va.l".lOD other Ultln:lnity. 1.·.. 110 devia.tion from unity i£O s. llloa[. C'l.. lrve" 14 APPAHATUS '1'h.e t~pod.al appa.r"atu8 usod in this r(~BBarch. titlO an equi1i- brlum ctill, dincra.rm~l8.tically chown in x'lC)J.re ~;.. 'I'Lie. still ,das o. s2_l.(.)1.t I:1o(i.l:~icatlon of the stane'" CUlmor ft:!.ll (10) :fltUB cons: s tl US lYmlnly that the va)or can conc,enG;:) ant:: over flo'V-' f'lon s ::.mo.ll pool bac~c to the still. Va;Jorization ane. concensation repent, them selves oonstantly (:u:rlnc the l"e'flu:\.h~tC to insure the c~q1l111brlum of the liquid anC vapor. The body of the Gt.lil war, ma.ee from a Goo ml. Kjeldahl flac:: \'th1(;11 held the l1c},";.11C, sample (:,u:rlnL ':ulc to the (00Li8 ,~ .J 0 :n1''' 0 C:,· end 0:" tl:e cone: ont;ar ¥Ins a V-shape..:: conf.c}TIeate chamber of 20 mI. capa.city, receivin(; Ll11 tho conc.e-naaten fr'om the cC!1(:enf;er. \~hen the chnrnr)or Vl/3,S f'l.ll wi th liquid, the con('>:m~:a.te would • to the ~tl11, thus :J. top of .'" 15 therr::wmeter external heater condenser I, it 1 nBulat" i or. vent .. in terno.l. \ heater '<, liquid conde sed sample vapor sample 16 open and of otarK:are taper DO that it cO'Ctld be t:ltopperad \Vi th a srounc.-to-fi t slas~ stopper. Sa.m.ples were lntroc~ucec f'rom h~jr&. A tapered Glass-mercury thermometer 't!!Hi insertec in the stop::,er \jh:~m the BtoI)per WllS in its !)lace. 'l'he b~llb of!' tho the)rmometel' was j"'.lSt at the outlot of the ve,::lor. ZU:l:pl1n6 densn te chamber t 'tlh.eraby 88.":\,;:J1e6 could be conveni ently \'1i tlJ. drawn a.t the end of the ref'lu:;;,lnc. 1'\10 vento viore l)!'ovic.ed at pla.ces as sho\-m in the (,l8,sram ,whereby conotant l)re£D1I'e ca vicas could be connected to the flYf;tGr.l. '111& hoatln£ of the liquid l'H1f1 offect.ed by menno of an internal electrical heater Ulane of' nichromo ViiI'S. 'l'he heater '\'J8.e arranctS1G. inside anc. at the bottom of -the still boCy.. Flatinw!l lead. viiX'es" Bealed in the Cla.ss rJ;r'ovlaed connections .d th outside. Around the U[lpSr portIon of the 'pop..r-sl1!;.~,pa(~ body ane. the l1GC~:: of the st:t:ll, a.n (Q:ternal electrical henter \'la.o n.rranf:.&d to j;::2>ep the oyster;} in a thor:.nul eq J,i 11brl urn ,'1,,0<.1 the f.19.c~) 'flOol aGa.inst heat lor.~B. 111:9 h(:)utlnc i'm,s controlled by means of t:'fI'O Variac tranof' crmers • 'l'heceneral procec.ure for this \'/or':{ cOfloistee of the dir- tl11atlon of the sample to obtain 0C?i..lilU:.'lrlu.m liquido and va poX's and the subcequcnt cetorzl1.na tion of thel:r'compooitlonD. Det/ailee. cteps ,,,ore as follows: t' 17 1. I'reparatlon of ctoc~r colutlono an~ c:.lfltills.tlon 6~-:1ple: In order to obta.in aniform conc.::;ntratlons of' othyl alcohol in th(~ equill ~)rl\.U11 vapors nnd residual llqulC.s tl.e volume anc. ini- tisl alcohol conc0ntration of thO' chtu'L0 to tho still \10:('0 "rept alcohol 0:' SeaCraJ:!l '::~upe:c-Hectlfie'l crade nne. o.ls tl11ec\, \'1atel". 0: thG Cl1utlons: Dilution l£thyl alcol'l.ol Dlnt111ed }!o. (92.92 ,;b by "It.) water pa.rts by vol. parts by vol. I 100 o II co 2Q III 60 40 IV 40 60 v 20 co tical crade. 2. Distlllation operation; (is tl11a tlon of tb';J campIer> \>las carr-ioc. out, ac(;oX'cinC to tho follo'Vdn<., Gtaps: Cht:U:'C1nt. tllO [; till •••• lrOQ mI. of tho ellaI'U:;; proparo(i a.t, d 6- 8c1"1b06 tlbovo "·m.s lntroc::Wr;;(. iri.t.n tl:~a et111.. Thlc wac COrle by 18 the ~10C::;: une':. pourinc tho 1.!.cjltld into the ~till thro;.!j)1 tho va por tube 1n21(:e tho nee::: by r:,oons of a small lonG ntem funnel .. Haa. tins the eye tam ...... Both the int01"nal ane. e:xternal haD. tars \"isre controlled by ;::laanfl of Var1ac transi'OrITierO 'l',rhich l"eLulat ad the power input bycontroll1nc tb.,e pot,3ntlal difference .. '1"1110 system was so relia.ble tha't- usu.ally only e. 1i ttle ac..juc.t mont "N1B needed at the startinc of U.i.G operat.lon anc: after steady cenci tien \-,:ns re!;.l.che(: no more a.d.juDtment \1:16 1:'c<':'>tirec...... tho heat1nc startec. the roaclXlt of the 1n- (t1catec. by a conctan.t r5'a(ln,c of the thor:;,:o::lcter. The average time req~liraC: to come to a steaC:y ,:;tate vUU:J ahcut ona hour. Two hours vl$!'a III I o\<;ac. the t'tl:fhu:.j.nc to lncura pool tivo oqal11 br:tum. Prensure adJustnent ..... Cince aJ:;lI'esoure dlffel'enc·e of less than 10 rum. of He \"lOuld not chance the equl11briTh"!l compoDi t:.on a.ppreciably (11) no consta.nt prEH:icure device was uned. ,tal the ceterminatlons ' 752 to 75C IDr!!.. of He;. J~"'l averaGe of 755 '\i'ro.o tu::ec. for Cn.1C~11u- tiona.. la thcLra\'lal of sa.r::l:11es ••••.At the end of the !'e~'J.u:xinc, two .2;r·lenmeyor fla.!:llt.:n of 100 nl. capacity cooled in an ice bath 0 1 ",,' tlV$ receivers" '1'11.. 0 reoeivers were wall stoppered asalnzt evaporntlon of mor(:} vola tile consti t~eTlts. 1110 tIme of £6.:1- 'pllnf': v-i'as ~.::ept at a :711nlmwE to red.uce the ch.a.nLo 0: composi t:on J. Determination of ethyl 9.10.0.1101 cont(':mt: .:.thyl n Icahol 'VUH] of 10 Ill. oapaci ty provic,ec.. '/;1 th, ther::';ometer sot lnto a specific cravl ty tables (13) (14). No correction was 1',:U.\('::'9 for the coall CIUs.nti ties 0;;: estern :;rI'osant 1:r: the oamples to It. De tor:.nina. tions of ectors: 1110 ec ter con:tent of the smn- pIes \<10.0 c.eterm1:ned by the otand.ard sapon.ification method (15). Ch/lns to the t.:lze lim1 ti:!l.tlon of the conc.encate chamber 0.1' thin ten ane :' 1 va mI. 'Va lumes consu~ad by tho octer ,\i'as obta.:l.nec. by brJc>::' ti tro.:tl'l1[ the e:K .... 20 The ('ate. of this resea.rch Liven in Ta.ble III were tl"aatoc accorcUnG t.o the 1 tC;}IDS as c to.tec in the thaor'3tlcal pa.rt Of this repo:rt C;\UU t,helr 10S1 cal or-cers woro folley/ad .. Th$ eCl1c~nt!'at1onf) of ethyl alcohol expreEL;c:c: aB percen- in Table I; 0, comparison i,'li th ntun- dare literature values obtain from binary mi; tu.re of ethyl alCOhol D,n(~ water coale: maGa to eho.... l that feet 0: Jt ualnc of a. stanc~ard 1'/x ratiO, inc:ependent of the pl'esenceof oster was proved to bo jUDtlfl • The values of y'"1'/ :.: for ta of Cornell an,. liontan-"1a (7) are listec in Table II fox"' ·,11::0 in tho calcalBtion of rslat:ve volatllity of ectero with 1"oc- ..nect to,,, ethyl...- alcohol" liter of liC}uiC. in t::..c: oriL-1.nal C:c'.te, acin;.. 01 for 11(~;l:~(~. a:' Cv i"01 va~)or. To test t2~i3 er.d.illbri:l.tG constlint C:,riveC fro111 Henry'D laId in the theoretica.l part of tb,;::; tC;l.t, mol fractions shoul!} be u£ie(:. But Dlnce tile a.!T10;,.tnt of GEter ·,·.;as sma.ll, its mol quanti ty :-lac 21 TA}3LE I Specific Gravity of i:qu.ilibrLun Vapor ane. Lic;uld concentration Vall or rhaee Liquid ]?hase No. SPit Gr. .il:th • .:\..1c. op. Gr. iith. A.lc. 25°0.(1) wt. %(2) 25°C~(1) .t. %(2) I 0.[0576 92.90 0.50975 92.10 II 0.[3209 [2.82 0.959£:4 71.46 7c, 01 III o .C39L~1 -' ./ 0.90f12 50.77 he IV o • [II,,'!\... l7 6[.00 0.96116 ...... 'Y"'. 5t*:> V o .'".,.,..,., C3 ot:q....- C:~::>'--' •.41 0.97555 13.40 TABLE II ;r· Ix for Ethyl Alcohol Concentration Bollins l't. V'* x yi'r/x No. oc.c;} (4) (/+) 1 7[.3 "o .t:.)·· .. 7 0.[20 1.021 II ,:'1.0 o ,,651~ 0.495 1.321 III [',1.9 o • 5t;~r...... ~\ O.2L7 1.972 IV 6[: .0 0.543 0.10(\ 4.195 ~o 5 V ,,~. ..-' . 0.-355 0.057 6.22[; ..,:he1'e y.;" = l\~ol fraction in vapor phase at eq:J.l1lbrlum .A = ~iol fraction in l1qul.d phase at ec:a11ibrium (1) ;S::::;:periml)ntal1y determined values (2) Cbt8.inec. f'rom standard tables ( ;;.-.) Cbtainec. from fiC. 12 (11) ( 4) Ca.l cula ted from v;t. ); in Table I · 22 'l'iillLE III i£qul11brlum Concantrt.Ltlons o:f' Esters Run Ale. cono.,.,., Name of C 0 cV/e1 ;1'''/x ( 2) No. mol 1<> esters (IT (It (ave. val.) 1 82.00 Iso-amyl 4.68 4.14 1.1) formate 2 [2.00 .t 9.3[ 7.95 1.18 1 .. 1e 3 ['2.00 If 2.·!tQ 2.06 1 .. 16 .!.jc 1+9.50 It 7.30 3.54 2.06 n 13 l}$' .. 5~ ,. 15.50 [;.15 1.91 2.31 1i: i; ':) 22 liS .50 ',.,) • \,..,c (;.50 1.9£ it 5 .G..(.J':)f' • 70 1C1.[:2 3.64 4.62 11 14 2[..70 32.23 7.06 Lr.57 6.52 6 10.[0 .. 27.21 2.1[, 12.50 15 10.[0 Jt /+£ .00 3.72 12.S0 19.7C 7 5.70 fl 24.20 0.61 39.70 64.66 16 C2.00 Ethyl 5.24- [..70 0.61 1 so-valerate t1 17 62.00 2.14- 4.3Lj. 0.63 0.62 0 tf ~' 49.50 6 .. 16 4.63 1.33 r:v 4S .50 If 11.99 £.55 1.40 1.64 ~,( n ~Jt r-,,'j ~( ..,. 70 19 . 13.DO .."I.~,....'~ 3.£1 .. 20 ;::~. 70 1.0e 1.(9 .,/e:', 74 0.57 21 10.CO II 57.50 4.02 I6.CO 23 10.(:,0 If :)li- .02 2 .. 15 16.15 27.00 12 5.70 tf 26.[0 0.47 57.00 ,_,0.00 24- (2.00 Iso-propyl 13.15 7.30 1.LO acet.ate 2~) (:2.00 .. 6.65 3.65 1.C3 1.£2 ,~ 23 TA,BLE III ( continued) ,.. irun Ale .. conc. Nrune of C eviCI y-r."/x( 2) No. mol ,I)'" esters (IT (It (ave. val.) f' Dr-: 26 49.50 Iso-propyl 19,.90 c .. '.:) ....? '-"5 2 .. 54 a.cetate 27 20.70 11 32.60 6 .. 06 5.27 7.17 20 10.t,0 It 61.60 1+.02 15.35 ft ~;o 29 10 .:~O 30.42 1.9C 15.80 -?5i;;.. .v fi 30 5.70 66.70 1.41 47.25 7t::0.(; i"'Q 32 02.00 Iso-butyl il+ • .tj.Q 7.42 1.95 formate 44 £2 .. 00 If 7.3B 3.69 2.00 1.021 33 lt9.50 fI 23.00 7.18 3.26 1.321 f1 l ?r'4.\..,/. 70- ~ 3 t 30.60 ,<.~ .. 14 4.97 1.972 35 10.;::,0 " 52.:20 bJ • :::7',,~ 11.42 4·.195 ff 36 5.70 ;,'{} • itO 1?f.'• .I....,V 23.70 43 5.70 tt 29.62 1.26 23 .. 50 G.22C 37 [:2.00 Ethyl [~ .90 7.90 1 .. 12 iso-butyrate 45 02.00 u 4.43 1+.02 1.10 1.15 38 49.50 it 16.20 7.60 2.13 2.51 It 39 28.70 3-::.) .'./co 6.61 5.14 tt 46 ?r""'", .... 70 17.20 3.31 5.20 7.31 It 40 10.fO 52.20 '-.? T~.... 19.15 33.00 41 5.70 .- 53.30 0.746 71.31 42 5.70 n 49 ,'fO 0,686 72.00 120.70 ~'lhere ( 1) E;;,perimen tally c.eterr!lined va.lues. (2) Calcula.ted valuGis. ) r------~ Alcohol Isoamyl Ethyl 180- Isopropyl Ethyl iso mol % formate valerate acetate butyrate 82.00 ® 9 o 49.50 0 v -70 28.70 • e x 10.80 A o / 'g60 -1+------+-----.,.,- _.-- -., ------.,._. - ---+----1 to r.:0:, 'CI b () H 50 0 0. ~ IH 0 H 11>40 +' ..-l 1-·1 H __ o~ ~---__+------~-----~I2 6 8 __ ~~10 Cl, gm. Ester per Liter of Liquid FIG. 3.- Cv va. Cl CURVE 25 to p';;;ct to c.,thy1 a1001101 bl usln;:,. oc:uatlon V «~llv~x', in tho t.h,00- • The corx'Getlon. acto! Y of Raoul tiE, 18;v{ ;' t :ram an,: th:ir vn;>or pr"'(~f ctlX· e c!.llcul~l- ~ 26 1'A3LE IV Smoothec Valuoc of ..:;qullibrlum Constnnts and Relative Volatilities EtlLyl Alcohol - Iso-propyl Acetate - 'lJater System ,t;... lcohol y;;-/x for y;;/x for mol frac. alcohol e;:;ter l~' D.06 6.00 76.00 """ .~)("7 ! 0.10 ·4. it5 29.00 C.51 I t. c7 0.20 2.:Cl 12.70 4..(. i.....' I -:. (.It 0.30 1.90 7.30 .,;+ 0.40 1.53 i t .30 2.£5 0.50 1 .. 32 2.£0 2.12 0.60 1.20 2.30 1 .. 0');:c- O~70 1.12 2.00 1.7C O.cO 1 .. 04 1.BO 1.73 ~ 27 and Relative Volatilities .::::th,y1 Alcohol - Iso-butyl I'ornata - ~':ater '~:Jcte,m Alcohol 7':' /x. for :re/ x i'or r~io1 fra.c. tlleoho1 ester 0.06 6.00 5[.00 6.34 0.10 1+.45 21.00 4.72 0.20 :2.61 10.00 3.£3 0.30 1.90 6.75 3.55 0 .. 11{) 1.53 5.00 :;."-~ ?:{ 0.50 1.32 3.77 2.[:,[, 0.60 1.20 3.;?5 2.71 ,A. "> (':. 0.70 1.12 .;:'--'''c; .. .;::> ".:: • :;;,..J :") 07 o.Co l.0ll- 2.15 "- . '1'A3L~ VI ~moothod Values or :.:..<;.;.ilibrium ConBt,antn a.ni.! Hol::l.tlve Volatllities Et1lJl Alcohol - .£tl:.yl Iso-butyrate - \-;ater :~yster1 Alcohol y"~/x for :r-/'"'." ..i\.. for mol frac. alcohol ester 0.06 6.00 115.00 IS .15 0.10 1t .45 /.j.9.00 11.00 0.20 2.:51 12.70 4 .\~(,7 0.30 1.90 r~, .70 3.53 0.40 1 .-:.>..-1c:":t 3.70 2 .~+2 1 ",!:,') 0.50 ...;.- 2.40 1.e3 0.60 1.20 1.S0 1 r.:;e. -- .. , 0.70 1.12 1 .. 50 1.3.L~ O.LO l.Olt 1.10 1.06 'l'ABLi!. VII ';;rncothed Valuos c:' "ilihrhm Constantn a:nd Ha1t1. ti va Vola ti Ii ti as 1;thy1 Alcohol - Iso-amyl Forma.te - ',',ater tiJctam Alcohol 7"'/~'\ ~'" 011'\. .:..~or y"/x for 1':101 frac. alcohol ester 0.06 :5.00 63.00 10.50 0.10 [1- • .q'5 21.90 It.Si 2 0.20 2.61 10.70 4.10 0.30 I.S0 6.10 3.21 0.40 1.53 3.70 2.42 ,-,) 0.50 1.32 2 .1.~O '.1... .t_ '"'" O.GO 1.20 2.00 1.G7 0.70 1.12 1.70 1.52 O.CO 1.04 1.30 1.~~5 30 'l'ABLE VIII bmoothed Valuao of' ,rr;{:~1.111brlum Constanta and Relative Volatilities Ethyl Alcohol - Ethyl Iso-valerate - i'/nter Jyctetl Alcohol Y'l' 0.06 6.00 73.00 12.31 0.10 1.1-.45 29.50 0.20 2 .. 61 12.10 0.30 1.90 5.90 3.11 0.40 1.53 3.00 1.96 0.50 1.32 1.50 1.15 0.60 1.20 1.10 0 .. 92 0.70 1.12 O.SO o.tO O.t,O 1.Ol} 0.70 0.67 r ~ n tt 71------~----~------._----_.------._----_,------~----~------~----~ \..,.. 6 ! -+ ---t-----+---t------t i I I ~ 5 I I t-~--~-~----l I I I I 1 I I ~ I'i I I ,. oj.. -1- I I I: I I I I I'! 4 ~4~ ~- I I I Oil'(.) I I I' § I I I t 1-- .0 3--t---- oM rl ..-1 ;:1a W 2 r------t-----t--~---+----+_-___+--_+_--t_-_+_-_____l x 1 I I ==t:== I ~)(- -If------I o I I J I I I I ! o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Mol Fraction of AlcOhol in Liqu1d FIG. 4.- EQlTIUBRIUM CONSTANT CURVE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL (8) 'vi...... ,,'I, I];; (~1 +~ 1·< « ~. ')"-1 .' , (' .' 'T--; I I + 0 U .~ -..; .. -, ~?'~1 ... ~,t ."f"; ,~ , ,.-) I - -+- +-~ ( :,' I-~ , ,:-. ____ -1 .. ('J • I . i 1 ( .. " I------tI I ,i I, 1 ' 1------t------I I I 1___ - ['1 j I • ~------l' , \C: H I Ct, () 0 0 0 0 0 ('..1 0 0) \0 ?f ru ,..~ M r ,- r- ,"c, ~.... ,..i-..) • ,..; , L -' i ~ "'" .. - • ...... (. , ,,- 14. I \ -T -+-I ... 12t·- 1 I I I, I !, , [ I 4 I I I . -..--.- 1 i. ------_._. t 10r-- _. .- .-·r· -~-·-r! ' , ' , 'I i _ l>o I' T o lao-butyl for~ate eLI.- .. - 1 formate ~ I X Iso-propyl acetate -;;;OMo I,. \ '-t--I. '" Iso-amy I rl, \ I ! ~ 6~ - I I I I I x I _ ...,__. I ..-I~ I 0 ~ •. __ ", ~~Ii.~ ~ T I I I I 8i 4, I~: ~~--~-I _____ .o _____ ;===- I I I • ...•. j. -. . I -=c--- FIG. 7.- RELATIVE VOLATIUTY CURVE OF EDT£RS \>1 (Smoothed Vrtlues) .po c " !. ,. '\ c 14 I \ I j. 12 - - 10 - ..------o Ethyl iso-butyrate l>:. +l . orl 8 rl ~ i 'orl Ethyl iso-valerate +l crt .-t I ,0 \x :> Ethyl :r'/x "'".0 .. pt. l'otal Vapor prose • Correc. ale. for of pr'est.;u.ra 0:2) pur0 factor .,..... 'r:' j.n ~E::ter mixtu.re rom. He oBtaI' at .... . 0,... o-+~ lir;uid (ave. V" .. E:l: 0.620 1.[;2 78.3 755 4[/'). t;. 2.[5 , " 0.495 2,54 GO.1 755 506 3.7£ o .~\..)"'c7 7.77 £1.9 755 525 11.20 0.10£ (,")5 ..... • t...-1'0 86.0 755 570 jI.... 20 'C 0.057 76.CO ..,'", " .5 755 605 95.80 T.AJ3LZ X naoul t t S La.~1 COl"'I"actlon ,F'actor for Ico-butyl Forrr.tata ,1£thy1 ;r(/x B. pt. Tota.l Va:) or preas. Correo. ale. for of .pressure of' I)~J.l"'e factor 'r·T 'Cp 1n E:lstar :n1::-t'i,lre ;:nm. ~~c oster at ;:",; -:p • 0."'1 liquid (ave...... of 1::11::~ t ..4l"e y t.'T r '" mol :frac. val. ) f.J1n. ~.~ 0.£20 1.97 76.3 755 3[6 0.495 3.[:4 CO.l 755 ln1 0.257 7.16 ['1.9 755 il-30 12.56 0.106 1~(;. 71'"0 £'6.0 755 .l~75 r:o 5 0.075 3[,.51 ~..,I'; • 755 515 56.50 . c~ TADi..£);1 .(;~'1.oul t· 0 La\1/' Correct:Lcn I'actor for Ethyl Iso-butyrate Ethyl y::·/:tc D. Pt. 1'otal Vapor press. correc. ale" for oi' prei:;~sure of puro factor in eGter mixture mm. HS ester at B.P. 0,·.., liquid (ave. v. of lCl1xture y r:lol frac. val. ) IJffi. He; 0.['.20 1.15 7".:..' .. .,)-:t 755 271 3.20 o .J~95 2 .. 51 LO.l 755 ~2~3 (: .i/-6 ' f 0.10e 3.3.00 [~.O 755 350 71.15 , 0.057 120.70 -...).).1.c: 5 755 JS1 .30 TAl2:L.B.: ;,.11 i:~aO'c1.l t t S Law Correction factor for loo-amyl IO!"'i:late Eth~~l :p'/x B. Pt. ffotal Va.por prest;. Correc. ale. for of prE)!) tj ~U"e o'!: '.::.. yure factor in ester ml~:ture !::ml. liS Si:iter at i; .~~ • 11(~~lid (ave. oc. 0:;: !.711 x turs y r:lol frac. val. ) U:1. H6 0.E20 1__ 'C,.A.,,' 7[;.3 755 166 5 .. 36 r ('(' o .it95 2.3,1 ':0.1 755 l~O .,,:; • ,_J."., 0"'''7.,;;;.(." :-.53 ['1.9 755 ISS .25.30 r O.lOC 10"",:J,. 7 r...... ::6.0 755 130 65.00 r t, ~/" 0.057 ~:l'.·l-. t~'0 C';.f(': 5 755 2(;5 lLlt.OO 38 TABU );11I fmoul t t S Law Correction Factor for £thyl Ico-valorate Etl1yl pix B. Pt. '110 tal Vapor press. Correo. ale. for of pressure of pure factor in ester i:11;. ture rum. Hg ester at J .I~. liquid (ave oC. of 17;iJ:ture y mol ira.c. val. ) .1:1nl. rIG " ., 0.C20 0.62 7'"'.~ - 755 112 l:t.17 0.495 1.64 '0.1 755 122 10.15 o .,-'-:)C7 6.57 L,1.9 75$ 130 3·S .20 O.10E 27.00 £:6.0 755 153 133.00 0.057 (:0.00 i:,9.5 755 175 345.00 . '.' 39 I -T----l ! , t--~ >-- \ ' I 300 -+-----+----- t i - A Ethyl iso-valerate .---~-- - - ~- --~--- B Ethyl iso-butyrate I ' \ c ~so-amyl formate c D Iso-propyl acetate 200 --++-++\------>---- E Iso-butyl formate \ II ~t t t---+ \ \: I I ~ o _ l oM +> -t\ C) Di Q) e ~ - \ I ~o o 100 ,-E I . I ~ i i FIG. 9.- MOULT'S UW CO.RRECTION FACTOR CURVE. tur3S contalnlnL 111 TD.blo Il'a. b 1:.:.: XVI. tl1tlt t110 l~tnoant .+ ~ • ,.... , app.roclubly. ....'.~ .. '-' volatility calcll~tlo~ CC!l- c::mtration 0::" c.lcollOl ,r'at ;.0 of volutl1a colutsD "lscolvoC in solv~nts. ()tlcn~.l , :l. t ccu.lc; .:.n- alcohol concanlration, tho r81atlvo vclat:llty 0::' 8sters wo~lC be alGo rC2D~n:n~ con8t~nt nc lon~ as tha conc0ntratlon I" • a lcoh01 concont! at.ion vn:C'i l,~;:'or an nlCOIlol C011C:.)rl~:.r~:..\ tl on _ if apparontly cause~ by 41 0;[ L. to :;ro:)floly concentratlon ~a~ , influcnc3 c~ nlcchol. (, r-. ,.".~ ... 1''''' .,~.... l .... ,~_ ,"- ' C: .. t 0 .. al to :,;.,. :11";01101 COnCG11tr'ttt.lo21r;. 1 .l. ',- SUEI\LAHY fum CCNCLUSIOllS 1. libr~um co~ctnnt~ of ~lvc eGt~IL 1 :':;0- ") '-. ::ror;l the cc~ul11br-iurn coru.ltantc Ii a1CO:101 o~ c~11c colamnG in a1co- hoI purl[icatlon. 4. Al t::OUi.,.)l tL ~; 111brl~~ constants were in Henry t S lair! "01 1 c:onco.nt:ca. tlor:,~n ob- or TLill 45 1. HaSGard, r:. :i., ""1'"). He ,~,~'. l.~ .. 11o;tlon Pl.ln,cipJ.c-c [l:;,~~~ J::1'O ,:-:"L!:':(;C" f~ ,.: Co., Li,dt,cx., ( :.::_) 4. Roblncon, C. D. a;~ al Dl~tillat:o~" c Boo,~ Co. (E,:f) 5. 6. Boo.: Co. 7. Ccr~1Cll. 2.. ontarmn, I .. ..J., 9. -' , 1 10. ot11rll C r~ , 11 ,...,."r"', .. ".... , , ···, 1 ",. Int. 01'1 t. Ttl. ~!3, Vol. __,» Hlil Doo:·: Co., (l~ r;) ~, f~ u·~ , ,~). :. .. :., 01'< Cl1.2rni~: tr'~r Et~(:~f" Pl'l:l5.> 1 CElt C~l8~ni con l{lfi.)bol:' PubJ.l Co.. C:l c;:1relal1{., elll.;:; , 30 .:..: • ( ~.~ it-it) e; I j. Joe ( ~ IV'l~(J c.Lrcnl0),tlon) .17. 1 ='{.lr}:.;cl~.l)[x·. .ll.~, nLl[_'.t~~ll.:.t·iotl ::£i,~l\~- i"'·,,\:;c1.11::·!~c~~:,t:onn 1) •.7, J.r0,~·j 'Y01~'~~:. CYV:~]:l:l.;.. ::Dl J\.. l1)11 Co., It1.:,';., (l._,/l~) 47 Concentra.tIon 1n ve.:)or, ./1000 ml. C1 Concentration in 11(:u10., em ./1000 1:11. 5 Henry's 10.\<] consta..Ylt k' Defln~;)( p l?artia.l PmJ. Total preccure Va.por tance x 1':01 fl'nctlon in 1i :Mol :f>rD.ction in vapor Mol ::'ra.ction in (}(~ul1ib:r'iu;:t '.fapor holatlve volatll~ty y Cor.r'Gction :C\,ctor O:h Haoult'D 1m" !",!, .'. \"'~""" Conversion of Cv/c1 to :r:'/x for esters: Sun No. ,24, :i.no-propyl a.cetate, r:101acular 1;.J(::1icht 10;2, Cv == 13.15 on.. per 1000 al. va.por • per 1000 mI. 11Q~ld in vapor == 1,.15/102 == O.12~ lZumber of mols in liqa1d = 7.)/102 == 0.072 Volume of nlcGhol am: ~'nter in vapor == 1000 - 13.15/0.[.77 .. S',:S,.O mI. == 1000 - 7.3/0.L77 .. 901.7 mI. l~rom 'rabla XIV, total l1i.l!l1bor 0:' molD or aIcoLol [,nu ",;ater ",.,..,0 0"" i ~"'.... 100 tr"'" • J. v"''''''or'....i/ 1n~'- '-. 21.11' Q.,.. t "'''I'.' l;' .. Total nunbar of' mole of a.1cohol and \;rlter in 100 enD. of = lS. " + 0.129 _ ,"(:"1 7) f • J ':vC ( ~'.;v' _ • (0 • ',.- ,"\,",,{"') cr:)... _' \...... t.J"-- /100) Total nunbor of :t:olr: of alcohol, v/:lter an(~ 0l;ter in one 11 tar of 11 (~~11d - IS". 535 + 0 .072 - lS.G307 :J;~/x == (O.1,2S'/o.072)(lS.C07/1S. ) Correction f'llctor f'cr .i=,aoult' n la\·n 2y e(:uation p 1.,y-;;- :::: 'Y (Po) (x) y == (2<~: I xl( P TIP 0) :r:; 1=: == 1.C23, boilinG :polnt a.cetate is 4[:2 mm. Hs (1':;:'01-:1 I'iC. 10), and total .. 'I'horefo1'6 Y - (1 .. 50 . ~"··vl Conc. (iater, ZtLyl i,'a tar'!'otal • ..,1 "-f .... ::.-J ...... 'dltSI' No. !'~ l{t,l,. ~lc. 1;0. of 1;0. of ale. 1:101 No. of rnolr.: 1:1010 mol molD per 100 ,'rae. 1 92.10 ,.::.000 O.C20 O.lEO .. 1." 3 3.155 0 .. 505 3 50.77 1.102 0.713 j, '''',/'"1 1+ 0.511 • ,~, t ___ O.lOf 5 0.291 5.0~7 -----,-.------~------~------~------ 1 7.10 ,2.017 O. Lt ~:: • ~~! 11 17.1f 3 1 .. :'70 1. 1 ,~.~: ::;1 ro· '77(: .00 ~', .00 1. • /17'-:;t ,_" 1... f '.J 0.546 5 "~; .~)""7/, .~., 0.5:35 51 'l'A13,L.Z XV l?hyoical ConG tantf' C:: l~o10C·tllal~ Bcl1i~1C: J.lenoity '1el()1.t J)c:.1.rl't r' OOt.. orr'''' 130. . "'. • (.. ~.Y.,,) ( .;:~v-'F') ··f l' -, ~ 11 11C.l~) ..or....<-...._/ *J 0.<.71 (,]0/:,) It .sthyl iDO-butyrate .11~::: .l:~: 111.7 o .~ (;:O/4) r' " ..... It I SO-butyl f'ormnto 102. - .....; o • r(~5 ( :"O,n~) C If 1 102.15 ''''"",' .0 o.L,"(7 (16/ t) u 4(.06 7'"(.. ,... -:;t'.: 0.7[9 ( 20/4) It.02 100.0 II 1.000 ( 4/4) TA3L.i ~_VI ;.:.;thyl .AIcol.l.ol, ;;uter, 1·' Cornell anc. Eontn.nna .:::thyl alcohol in Iiquld T,·tVl • ,:;;.. ~ ""0",-4.;;. 1_ _~'rMct~ 0. ~1.. rn.. J_ 0.60 0.025 1.10 0.005 10.S0 ;: .00 O.ooE :20.00 0.0[9 ~.10 0.009 o.OC[ :::.00 0.012 27.2;0 ':: .15 o. 3 ,~ .00 o .O~:C 0.035 0.:75 .10 0 .. :;·07 13.CO o.Os[ so o. 5 <1.10 17.:!.1+ .~ 1;. .70 ('u .. L17,_ '):C' 70 '--.- ~- . 0.103 ~ r-- -'1''- .:-~; .;;~ ")l,.. 1'/7~ -" .." r .... ~ ,.' .-'.,...:) ;.) . " .70 71.30 O.lGI 72.)0 53 .2:thyl al cO}-lol ;£thyl ['.,1 cob.ol in liq.,~1c1 1:<1 vt).:>Ol" "'it. % mol fra.ction \';t .. }~ 1:101 f'rtlct~:..on .to Tj.70 o. 0.213 0.537 11-5.10 0.234 75.S'O 0 .. ::5,2 53~OO 0.:;'05 '77.60 O.57[ O.2'AI T .• 70 0.590 c o. 7...••• co<" ,;) .:0 o. ,- .. 00 1 .. 70 o.~ 70.S0 0.. ' i.:'.;::O 0.(:)) 74 .~,o 0.C71 T~ .. OO O. ,- 1 ,",5.00 O.~SO r ~O I 1.50 '., ,,: .';J O • <'''''7''''1...: I;' ~7.70 0.7)5 (:6.00 0.70(; 0.7;)6 cc.oo O.77[ S"o .10 0.7[0 O.L03 0.C06 r; ," ~::' • _... "_f 1'"\ ('07 u .~' O.S4C 54 "\/tlpOr l)r~oc:::; .1r'G mIn. lIS 'Temr)e!"~a t-:.ll~e 0('v. .c:~) 7 ~ 1 ..) - ...... ;;,.... -:24.) .17 .::;; - .1 c· !. 5 - 17 • ciS."" -11.4- ..... {.:;. .«..,. S .11- 17 .. 0 ." "I 10 -7 .~.~ -0 .[~ L .. 4 17 .... .7 20 it .2 11.0 ~?O.6 :;:0.0 Lj,l.:') J'..C!) r' 40 17.0 2/+.1 ..,! ...../ .'*' J;I+ .0 55.2 60 25.1 32.lt 4.:?3 53.3 (A·.O 100 ::-5.7 h.) .ll- 53.5 65.4 75.9 ::00 51.7 ~O.O 71.0 C3.2 C7... c./ .L," 400 II'"" 7S;.0 :)0.0 102 .. 7 1111.0 .) 1 ',',1. ? GOO .0 .'- 110.1 1·:3.3 _,..i~I· .:; ~~t~ A "'~ Iso-propyl acetate 11 C ~ J.! Ino-o.myl fOrI:late ,IT; ~;thyl i~o-va1era.te 55 t', '1--'. ,..!.. +.) t'J .;-) (j) CJ . co '., , .j () , - ::) ,". ( ) I ) t,- L:\ .:J {' r.j .. ~U 56 I ''I I I 1.0 / 1/ /' 0.5 ----<------«-- - --~- <-«------ >.. () <- ,~ ~, (' >- I.,J • '< !I n ~j /~ rl (,. )- .(~ 0 () r-; ", <, "i «- ~------<-- - otr.'1! · / 'H C S:~ 0 I "'<1 I +} C, () ') c1 ·"- .~ .. I C>., ,<{ 0 ;-;~ / 0 ('I, "') j • ,~- 0. 4 0.6 0.2 1.0 .F':r~a c t 1 OJ ~ of Alcohol in Liquid t F'IG. 11.-- ZTi:YL Al~COI:OL-·l.rA·Tl:.:,c-( Z~~~J:l..,~ 3r:"I CURVE: (8), (7 pOm • r.1. He;) L' fI, 51 ------r-"----,------'--,------,-'-,--'--- 0...... rl I ') I I I i------i------I~----I___----_+__---_t_-_t_---I 0; o u '''I o ('I ,--1 (~, o o r-1 '''' 'l'he author io ini;.'.. abtec to "\ VITA 60 bo:r'::1 in '\ Yuan-Shih, Ho-P()i Pro'Vinc<9, Ch1na .. After crnCuation In lSlq Jor.: sta t~::c .1.11 LtlS :CD~11 01" tJla.t y0c~r. for induct-rial traininc ane thenom:'oll -:::'11'10 30ho01 0: Un1 verul ty 0:' LO'J.lcvl11o fox till to i,; t:.lc:y • He craCuat of Chemi cal Stlc).nc:c'rlnc.