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Effect of Enzymes on Strawberry Volatiles During Storage, at Different Ripeness
Effect of Enzymes on Strawberry Volatiles During Storage, at Different Ripeness Level, in Different Cultivars and During Eating Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gulsah Ozcan Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Sheryl Ann Barringer, Adviser W. James Harper John Litchfield 1 Copyright by Gülşah Özcan 2010 ii ABSTRACT Strawberry samples with enzyme activity and without enzyme activity (stannous chloride added) were measured for real time formation of lipoxygenase (LOX) derived aroma compounds after 5 min pureeing using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The concentration of (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal increased immediately after blending and gradually decreased over time while hexanal concentration increased for at least 5 min in ground strawberries. The formation of hexanal was slower than the formation of (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal in the headspace of pureed strawberries. The concentration of LOX aldehydes and esters significantly increased during refrigerated storage. Damaging strawberries increased the concentration of LOX aldehydes but did not significantly affect the concentration of esters. The concentrations of many of the esters were strongly correlated to their corresponded acids and/or aldehydes. The concentration of LOX generated aldehydes decreased during ripening, while fruity esters increased. Different varieties had different aroma profiles and esters were the greatest percentage of the volatiles. The aroma release of some of the LOX derived aldehydes in the mouthspace in whole strawberries compared to chopped strawberries showed that these volatiles are formed in the mouth during chewing. -
Hydrolysis of Haloacetonitriles: Linear Free Energy Relationship, Kinetics and Products
Wat. Res. Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1938±1948, 1999 # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain PII: S0043-1354(98)00361-3 0043-1354/99/$ - see front matter HYDROLYSIS OF HALOACETONITRILES: LINEAR FREE ENERGY RELATIONSHIP, KINETICS AND PRODUCTS VICTOR GLEZER*, BATSHEVA HARRIS, NELLY TAL, BERTA IOSEFZON and OVADIA LEV{*M Division of Environmental Sciences, Fredy and Nadine Herrmann School of Applied Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel (First received September 1997; accepted in revised form August 1998) AbstractÐThe hydrolysis rates of mono-, di- and trihaloacetonitriles were studied in aqueous buer sol- utions at dierent pH. The stability of haloacetonitriles decreases and the hydrolysis rate increases with increasing pH and number of halogen atoms in the molecule: The monochloroacetonitriles are the most stable and are also less aected by pH-changes, while the trihaloacetonitriles are the least stable and most sensitive to pH changes. The stability of haloacetonitriles also increases by substitution of chlorine atoms with bromine atoms. The hydrolysis rates in dierent buer solutions follow ®rst order kinetics with a minimum hydrolysis rate at intermediate pH. Thus, haloacetonitriles have to be preserved in weakly acid solutions between sampling and analysis. The corresponding haloacetamides are formed during hydrolysis and in basic solutions they can hydrolyze further to give haloacetic acids. Linear free energy relationship can be used for prediction of degradation of haloacetonitriles -
Downloads/DL Praevention/Fachwissen/Gefahrstoffe/TOXIKOLOGI SCHE BEWERTUNGEN/Bewertungen/Toxbew072-L.Pdf
Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Jedidiah Samuel Snyder Date Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S. Snyder Master of Public Health Global Environmental Health _________________________________________ P. Barry Ryan, Ph.D. Committee Chair _________________________________________ Eugene Demchuk, Ph.D. Committee Member _________________________________________ Paige Tolbert, Ph.D. Committee Member Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S. Snyder Bachelor of Science in Engineering, B.S.E. The University of Iowa 2010 Thesis Committee Chair: P. Barry Ryan, Ph.D. An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health in Global Environmental Health 2015 Abstract Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S. -
SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Definition Molecular Weight ACETONE Acetone 58.08 ACETYLENE Acetylene 26.04 ACROLEIN Acrolein 56.06 A
SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Molecular Species Definition weight ACETONE Acetone 58.08 ACETYLENE Acetylene 26.04 ACROLEIN Acrolein 56.06 ACROLEIN_PRIMARY Acrolein emissions tracer 56.06 Lumped photoreactive monounsaturated dicarbonyl aromatic AFG1 fragmentation products that photolyze to form radicals 98.10 Lumped photoreactive monounsaturated dicarbonyl aromatic fragmentation products that photolyze to form non-radical AFG2 products 98.10 Lumped diunsaturatred dicarbonyl aromatic fragmentation AFG3 product. 124.14 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 2 and 5 x 102 ppm-1 min-1. ALK1 (Primarily ethane) 30.07 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 5 x 102 and 2.5 x 103 ppm-1 ALK2 min-1. (Primarily propane and acetylene) 36.73 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 2.5 x 103 and 5 x 103 ppm-1 ALK3 min-1. 58.61 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 5 x 103 and 1 x 104 ppm-1 ALK4 min-1. 77.6 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only ALK5 with OH, and have kOH greater than 1 x 104 ppm-1 min-1. 118.89 SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Molecular Species Definition weight SOA precursor compounds products from largest alkanes ALK5RXN (ALK5) 118.9 APIN -pinene 136.23 ARO1 Aromatics with kOH < 2x104 ppm-1 min-1. 95.16 ARO2 Aromatics with kOH > 2x104 ppm-1 min-1. 118.72 BACL Biacetyl 86.09 BALD Aromatic aldehydes (e.g., benzaldehyde) 106.13 BENZENE Benzene 78.11 SOA precursor compounds from benzene via peroxy radical BNZHRXN reaction with HO2 127 SOA precursor compounds from benzene via peroxy radical BNZNRXN reaction with NO 127 BNZRO2 SOA precursor surrogate from benzene 127 BUTADIENE13 1,3-butadiene 54.09 BZCO3 Peroxyacyl radical formed from Aromatic Aldehydes 137.11 BZO Phenoxy Radicals 93 CCHO Acetaldehyde 44.05 CCHO_PRIMARY Acetaldehyde Emissions Tracer 44.05 CCOOH Acetic Acid. -
Xyfluor Chemical Compatibility Guide
456456 Xyfluor® Chemical Compatibility Xyfluor® is a proprietary, highly fluorinated elastomer. The oxygen in the polymer backbone provides outstanding low-temperature capabilities - far better than FKM or FFKM elastomers. The polymer provides improved resistance to many harsh chemicals that can attack the hydrogen in FKM elastomers. The chemical resistance of Xyfluor® approaches but is not equivalent to FFKM elastomers. A = Swell < 10% after exposure. Suitable. B = Swell > 10% & < 20% after exposure. Generally suitable. C = Swell >20% & < 40% after exposure. May be suitable in some situations. D = Swell > 40% after exposure. Not suitable. N = Insufficient data. Test: Full immersion, Room Temperature, 3 days The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representation, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Full-scale testing and end-product performance are the responsibility of the user. CHEMICAL RATING CHEMICAL RATING acetaldehyde A amomnium phosphate A acetic acid, ammonium stearate A glacial A ammonium sulfate A hot A ammonium thiocyanate A 5% A amyl acetate A/B acetic anhydride A amyl alcohol A acetone A amyl nitrate A acetone cyanohydrin A aniline A acetyl chloride A aniline hydrochloride A acetylene gas A anti-freeze, alcohol or glycol based A acrylonitrile A aqua regia N adipic acid A argon gas A alcohol, denatured A arsenic acid A alkyl benzene A ash slurry A alkyl-arylsulphonic acid A asphalt A alumina trihydrate N barium chloride A aluminum acetate -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime. -
Isoamyl Acetate
SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Isoamyl Acetate CAS No. 123-92-2 Prepared for NTP by Technical Resources International, Inc Prepared on 11/94 Under NCI Contract No. N01-CP-56019 Table of Contents I. Chemical Identification II. Exposure Information Table 1. Levels of isoamyl acetate reported in foods III. Evidence for Possible Carcinogenic Activity Appendix A: Structural Analogs of Isoamyl Acetate IV. References SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION CAS Registry No.: 123-92-2 Chem. Abstr. Name: 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate Synonyms: Acetic acid 3-methylbutyl ester; acetic acid, isopentyl ester; AI3-00576; banana oil; isoamyl ethanoate; isopentyl acetate; isopentyl alcohol, acetate; pear oil; 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate; 3-methyl-1-butyl acetate; 3-methylbutyl acetate; 3-methylbutyl ethanoate; i-amyl acetate Structure: Molecular Formula and Molecular Weight: C7H14O2 Mol. Wt.: 130.18 Chemical and Physical Properties: Description: Colorless, flammable liquid with a banana-like odor (ACGIH, 1993). Boiling Point: 142°C (Lide, 1993) Melting Point: -78.5°C (Mark, et al, 1984; Lide, 1993) Solubility: Soluble in water (2000 mg/L at 25°C) (Howard, 1990); soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetone (Lide, 1993). Vapor 4.5 mm Hg at 20°C (Howard, 1990) Pressure: Refractive 1.4003 (Lide, 1993) Index: Flash Point: closed cup, 33°C; open cup, 38°:C (Budavari, 1989) Density: 0.876 (Lewis, 1993) Reactivity: Thermal decomposition of isoamyl acetate may produce acrid fumes. Contact with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkaline materials should be avoided (Haarmann & Reimer Corp., 1994). Hazardous decomposition products of isoamyl acetate include CO and CO2 (AESAR/Alfa, 1994) Log 2.13 (Howard, 1990) P(octanol/water partition coefficient): Technical Isoamyl acetate is commercially available as both a natural and synthetic product with a purity Products and range of 95-99+%. -
The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances)
APPENDIX A (THE LIST OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES) THRESHOLD REPORTABLE INVENTORY RELEASE QUANTITY QUANTITY CAS NUMBER CHEMICAL NAME (POUNDS) (POUNDS) 75-86-5 ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN 500 10 1752-30-3 ACETONE THIOSEMICARBAZIDE 500/500 1,000 107-02-8 ACROLEIN 500 1 79-06-1 ACRYLAMIDE 500/500 5,000 107-13-1 ACRYLONITRILE 500 100 814-68-6 ACRYLYL CHLORIDE 100 100 111-69-3 ADIPONITRILE 500 1,000 116-06-3 ALDICARB 100/500 1 309-00-2 ALDRIN 500/500 1 107-18-6 ALLYL ALCOHOL 500 100 107-11-9 ALLYLAMINE 500 500 20859-73-8 ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE 500 100 54-62-6 AMINOPTERIN 500/500 500 78-53-5 AMITON 500 500 3734-97-2 AMITON OXALATE 100/500 100 7664-41-7 AMMONIA 500 100 300-62-9 AMPHETAMINE 500 1,000 62-53-3 ANILINE 500 5,000 88-05-1 ANILINE,2,4,6-TRIMETHYL- 500 500 7783-70-2 ANTIMONY PENTAFLUORIDE 500 500 1397-94-0 ANTIMYCIN A 500/500 1,000 86-88-4 ANTU 500/500 100 1303-28-2 ARSENIC PENTOXIDE 100/500 1 THRESHOLD REPORTABLE INVENTORY RELEASE QUANTITY QUANTITY CAS NUMBER CHEMICAL NAME (POUNDS) (POUNDS) 1327-53-3 ARSENOUS OXIDE 100/500 1 7784-34-1 ARSENOUS TRICHLORIDE 500 1 7784-42-1 ARSINE 100 100 2642-71-9 AZINPHOS-ETHYL 100/500 100 86-50-0 AZINPHOS-METHYL 10/500 1 98-87-3 BENZAL CHLORIDE 500 5,000 98-16-8 BENZENAMINE, 3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)- 500 500 100-14-1 BENZENE, 1-(CHLOROMETHYL)-4-NITRO- 500/500 500 98-05-5 BENZENEARSONIC ACID 10/500 10 3615-21-2 BENZIMIDAZOLE, 4,5-DICHLORO-2-(TRI- 500/500 500 FLUOROMETHYL)- 98-07-7 BENZOTRICHLORIDE 100 10 100-44-7 BENZYL CHLORIDE 500 100 140-29-4 BENZYL CYANIDE 500 500 15271-41-7 BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE-2-CARBONITRILE,5- -
Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications
molecules Review Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications M. R. Ranga Prabhath, Luke Williams, Shreesha V. Bhat and Pallavi Sharma * School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; [email protected] (M.R.R.P.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (S.V.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-015-2288-6885 Academic Editor: Margaret A. Brimble Received: 9 March 2017; Accepted: 7 April 2017; Published: 12 April 2017 Abstract: The application of alkyl and aryl substituted cyanamides in synthetic chemistry has diversified multi-fold in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry. Keywords: cyanamide; synthesis; aminocyanation; cycloaddition; electrophilic cyanation; radical reaction; coordination chemistry 1. Introduction Cyanamide enjoys a rich chemical history, which can be traced to its unique and chemically promiscuous nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen (NCN) connectivity. The chemistry of the nitrile-substituted amino-group of the ‘cyanamide-moiety’ is dominated by an unusual duality of a nucleophilic sp3-amino nitrogen and an electrophilic nitrile unit. The reported use of unsubstituted cyanamide (NH2CN) and metal cyanamides (MNCN, where M = metal) date back as far as the late 19th century, where the likes of calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) was used as a fertilizer, and later as source of ammonia and nitric acid, which fueled the industrial production of metal cyanamides. In contrast, the reported use of the corresponding substituted organic cyanamides (RNHCN or RR’NCN) gathered pace only in more recent years. -
Lithium Promoted Mesoporous Manganese Oxide Catalyzed Oxidation of Allyl Ethers
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08619-x OPEN Lithium promoted mesoporous manganese oxide catalyzed oxidation of allyl ethers Biswanath Dutta1, Ryan Clarke 1, Sumathy Raman2, Timothy D. Shaffer2, Laura Achola1, Partha Nandi2 & Steven L. Suib1,3 Herein we report the first example of the catalytic aerobic partial oxidation of allyl ether to its acrylate ester derivative. Many partial oxidations often need an expensive oxidant such as 1234567890():,; peroxides or other species to drive such reactions. In addition, selective generation of esters using porous catalysts has been elusive. This reaction is catalyzed by a Li ion promoted mesoporous manganese oxide (meso-Mn2O3) under mild conditions with no precious metals, a reusable heterogeneous catalyst, and easy isolation. This process is very attractive for the oxidation of allyl ethers. We report on the catalytic activity, selectivity, and scope of the reaction. In the best cases presented, almost complete conversion of allyl ether with near complete chemo-selectivity towards acrylate ester derivatives is observed. Based on results from controlled experiments, we propose a possible reaction mechanism for the case in which N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) is used in combination with trichloroacetonitrile (CCl3CN). 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. 2 Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil, 1545 US 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA. 3 Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, U-3060, 55 North -
Acetic Anhydride
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE Method number: 102 Matrix: Air Target concentration: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) OSHA PEL: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) TWA ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm (20 mg/m3) ceiling Procedure: Samples are collected open face on glass fiber filters coated with veratrylamine and di-n-octyl phthalate. Samples are extracted with 50/50 (v/v) 2-propanol/toluene and analyzed by GC using a nitrogen- phosphorus detector (NPD). Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 7.5 L at 0.5 L/min ceiling 7.5 L at 0.05 L/min TWA Reliable quantitation limit: 0.094 ppm (0.39 mg/m3) Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 6.4% Special caution: Ketene and acetyl chloride produce the same derivative as acetic anhydride. Coated filters should be used within a month of preparation. Status of method: Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch. Date: October 1993 Chemist: Yihlin Chan Organic Methods Evaluation Branch OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center Salt Lake City, UT 84165-0200 1. General Discussion 1.1 Background 1.1.1 History In OSHA Method 82, acetic anhydride is collected on a glass fiber filter impregnated with 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine, which reacts with the anhydride to form a derivative (Ref. 5.1). Attempts at using 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine for the derivatization of maleic, phthalic, and trimellitic anhydrides failed, however, because the resulting derivatives of these anhydrides were found to be unstable. These anhydrides were derivatized with veratrylamine instead (Refs. 5.2-5.4). -
Benzyl Chlorid Final
Survey of benzyl chloride (CAS no. 100-44-7) Part of the LOUS-review [Series Title and year] Consultation draft Title: Editing: Survey of benzyl chloride (CAS no. 100-44-7) Pia Brunn Poulsen, FORCE Technology Maria Strandesen, FORCE Technology Anders Schmidt, FORCE Technology Published by: Photography: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency [Name] Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark Illustration: www.mst.dk/english [Name] Year: Map: [xxxx] [Name] ISBN no. [xxxxxx] Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor FORCE Technology or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey of benzyl chloride (CAS no. 100-44-7) Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 6 Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................... 8 Sammenfatning og konklusion ...............................................................................