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(Kwazulu- Natal Sandstone Sourveld) in an Urban Biodiversity Hotspot: Durban, South Africa

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(Kwazulu- Natal Sandstone Sourveld) in an Urban Biodiversity Hotspot: Durban, South Africa Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation ISSN: (Online) 2311-9284, (Print) 0006-8241 Page 1 of 12 Original Research Managing a threatened savanna ecosystem (KwaZulu- Natal Sandstone Sourveld) in an urban biodiversity hotspot: Durban, South Africa Authors: Background: The city of Durban in the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, falls 1,4 Richard Boon within a global biodiversity hotspot. KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (KZNSS) is a Jessica Cockburn2 Errol Douwes1,4 savanna vegetation type endemic to KZN. KZNSS is endangered; about 90% has been totally Natasha Govender1 modified and 0.1% of the original extent is adequately protected. In response, eThekwini Lyle Ground1 Municipality, Durban’s local government authority, has developed approaches to improve the 1 Cameron Mclean conservation status of KZNSS and other biodiversity. Debra Roberts1,4 Mathieu Rouget3 Objectives: To describe eThekwini Municipality’s work in contributing to securing and Rob Slotow4 managing KZNSS and other biodiversity. This information will contribute to an increased Affiliations: understanding of local government’s role in biodiversity conservation and should be relevant 1Environmental Planning and to other local governments as well. Climate Protection Department, EThekwini Method: Statistics from the municipality’s GIS database and work done and insights gained Municipality, South Africa over about 30 years are presented. 2Department of Results: By 2012, about 54% of Durban’s original vegetation was transformed and a further Environmental Science, 17% was highly degraded. Combined efforts have resulted in 3.06% of the eThekwini Municipal Rhodes University, Area enjoying some form of legal protection for environmental purposes with proclaimed South Africa protected areas covering 0.6% of the municipal area. Nearly 8% of areas identified as 3School of Agriculture, Earth environmentally significant by the municipality are managed as appropriate. and Environmental Sciences, Conclusion: Increased and coordinated implementation efforts with a focus on priorities are Centre for Invasion Biology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, needed from all role players if biodiversity is to be adequately conserved in Durban. Local South Africa government in South Africa can be an important contributor in biodiversity conservation, especially with regard to tools available in terms of its local planning mandate. 4Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa Introduction Corresponding author: Humanity lives in an increasingly urban world. In the 1900s, only 14% of the world’s population Richard Boon, [email protected] lived in urban areas, but by 2008 this number had increased to 50% (Population Reference Bureau 2012). It is estimated that by 2050 roughly 70% of the global population will be urban (Cities and Dates: Biodiversity Outlook n.d.). Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent, and it is expected that Received: 22 June 2016 shortly after 2030 it will have surpassed the 50% urban threshold (Pieterse & Parnell 2014). Accepted: 13 Sept. 2016 Published: 29 Nov. 2016 As cities grow in number and size, they are making increasing demands on earth systems. Cities are thus at the forefront of the biodiversity challenge and ‘worldwide, urban expansion is one of the primary drivers of habitat loss, and species extinction’ (Seto et al. 2011:1). This loss of biodiversity also has negative impacts on the cities themselves as biodiversity is linked to the health and well-being of urban communities and acts as an important buffer (by providing protection and reducing vulnerability) against extreme events and slow onset disasters (Díaz et al. 2006). This is particularly relevant to African cities where a large percentage of the population are poor and live in informal, often poorly serviced settlements and are directly dependent on natural systems to meet their basic needs (Cities and Biodiversity Outlook n.d.). The critical role of cities and local governments in biodiversity conservation is recognised by the Convention on Biological Diversity, for example, in COP 10 Decision X/22 (n.d.). Finding ways of Read online: integrating functional and viable biodiverse systems into cities is therefore an increasingly relevant Scan this QR code with your smart phone or How to cite this article: Boon, R., Cockburn, J., Douwes, E., Govender, N., Ground, L., Mclean, C., Roberts, D., Rouget, M. & Slotow, R., mobile device 2016, ‘Managing a threatened savanna ecosystem (KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld) in an urban biodiversity hotspot: Durban, South to read online. Africa’, Bothalia 46(2), a2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v46i2.2112 Copyright: © 2016. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. http://www.abcjournal.org Open Access Page 2 of 12 Original Research challenge. Whereas techniques to undertake conservation Fund n.d.; Mittermeier et al. 2005). The MPA Region is assessments and identify implementation priorities have home to more than 7000 species of vascular plants, 25% of advanced rapidly (Ban et al. 2013; Game, Kareiva & which are endemic to the Region (van Wyk & Smith 2001). Possingham 2013; Margules & Pressey 2000), action to secure Durban lies approximately at the centre of this region, and manage threatened ecosystems has received less and its varied climate, physiography, geology, soils and attention (Knight et al. 2008; Rodriguez et al. 2011). biogeographical position have resulted in a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that support a rich Although urbanisation and global environmental change diversity of organisms. This rich natural resource base has pose significant challenges, they also provide unique been impacted by rapid urbanisation, including high levels opportunities for innovation (McDonald et al. 2015). Using of unauthorised development, competing governance the case study of KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld arrangements and pressures such as poverty and the need (KZNSS), a threatened savanna/grassland ecosystem in for basic services. As a result, development priorities often Durban, South Africa, some of the challenges and progress supersede environmental and biodiversity concerns in made in securing and managing this ecosystem by local decision-making and all but the most inaccessible areas government (eThekwini Municipality) in an urban context have been impacted by anthropogenic activity (Roberts 2008). are highlighted. Specifically, this paper aims to (1) describe the pressures faced by a threatened ecosystem in the Durban Durban Metropolitan Open Space metropolitan area, (2) illustrate some of the challenges of protecting and managing threatened ecosystems in an urban System and systematic conservation context and (3) demonstrate the growing and important role assessment of local authorities in biodiversity conservation assessments EThekwini Municipality has an evolving open space plan that and in taking action to counter pressures on local biodiversity. has guided local approaches to biodiversity protection and This case study provides insights, which may be especially management over the last three decades (Roberts et al. in applicable to local governments in developing countries with press). The Durban Metropolitan Open Space System threatened ecosystems and high levels of biodiversity in their (D’MOSS) consists of a network of areas with high biodiversity jurisdictions. value and was first adopted by the erstwhile Durban City Council in 1989. The current version of D’MOSS is Durban’s socio-economic and approximately 75 000 ha in extent and has undergone several revisions because of improvements in conservation science, ecological context and because of social, economic and political drivers of change Durban is the third largest city in South Africa after (Roberts et al. in press). Over time, the planning underpinning Johannesburg and Cape Town, respectively (Statistics South D’MOSS has progressed from focusing on species and habitat Africa 2011), and has the largest and busiest port in Africa. protection to include the recognition of the value of ecosystem Covering an area of ~2300 km2, the metropolitan area has a services. New tools such as resource economics and better population of approximately 3.5 million with an annual conservation prioritisation methodologies, e.g. systematic growth rate of around 1% (EThekwini Municipality 2013a). conservation assessment (SCA), have assisted in improving Among South Africa’s cities, Durban has the highest the scope and accuracy of the plan. An increasing focus on percentage of people in poverty (EThekwini Municipality implementation of the plan, including the restoration of 2013b), and high levels of inequality, with a Gini Coefficient ecosystems, and growing concerns relating to the impacts of of 0.63 in 2012 (EThekwini Municipality 2015). climate change have also influenced the underlying approach to the plan. Although Durban is regarded as mostly urban (EThekwini Municipality 2013a), rural and peri-urban land uses As early as 1998, D’MOSS was included in the eThekwini characterise a significant portion of the metropolitan area. Municipality’s Integrated Development Plans and Spatial This is in part as a result of the legacy of apartheid and Development Frameworks. In the 2000s, it was integrated institutionalised segregation policies that marginalised into the full hierarchy of municipal spatial plans. The strategic people and forced them to live in areas away
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