DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Education University of Bath Department of Education January 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Education University of Bath Department of Education January 2017 University of Bath DOCTOR OF EDUCATION (EDD) The role of a transnational education service business in higher education Irving, Rosalind Award date: 2017 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 The Role of a Transnational Education Service Business in Higher Education Rosalind Irving A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Education University of Bath Department of Education January 2017 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation with effect from……………… Signed on behalf of the Faculty/School of Education Page 1 of 136 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................4 1 Abstract .....................................................................................................................................5 2 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................6 3 Review of Literature ...............................................................................................................9 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 Theoretical Underpinnings ........................................................................................... 9 Theories and Social Policy ......................................................................................... 14 The Nature of the Firm ................................................................................................. 17 Overview of For-Profit Education Businesses ...................................................... 24 4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 33 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 33 A Case Study Approach .............................................................................................. 36 Validity and Reliability ................................................................................................. 38 Data and analysis .......................................................................................................... 39 Ethics................................................................................................................................ 41 Challenges and Reflection .......................................................................................... 42 5 Contextual Data .................................................................................................................... 44 General Background .................................................................................................... 44 Business Strategies Overview ................................................................................... 45 What Pearson Sells in Higher Education ................................................................ 49 6 The Role of Pearson in Policy .......................................................................................... 60 Globalization .................................................................................................................. 60 Educational Technology ............................................................................................. 65 Higher Education .......................................................................................................... 70 6.3.1 Student Number Controls...................................................................................... 72 6.3.2 Degree Awarding Powers ..................................................................................... 74 6.3.3 SNC and DAP Policies and Pearson .................................................................. 74 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 80 Page 2 of 136 7 Recorded Data ...................................................................................................................... 82 Introduction to Recorded Data .................................................................................. 82 Social Policy Principles ............................................................................................... 83 7.2.1 Markets .................................................................................................................... 83 7.2.2 Competition ............................................................................................................. 86 7.2.3 Choice ...................................................................................................................... 93 The Nature of the Firm ................................................................................................. 96 7.3.1 Company Structure ................................................................................................ 96 7.3.2 The Environment .................................................................................................. 104 7.3.3 The Human Factor ............................................................................................... 108 8 Discussion and Reflections ............................................................................................ 113 9 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 119 10 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 121 11 References ....................................................................................................................... 124 Page 3 of 136 List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1 E-Learning Most Active Corporate Acquirers and Investors (2010-2013) Adapted From IBIS Capital (2012, p. 15) ................................................................................ 46 Table 2 Location of Pearson's Digital Acquistions 2000-2014 ......................................... 46 Table 3 Recent Pearson VUE Acquisitions .......................................................................... 52 Table 4 Examples of Pearson’s Online Provision .............................................................. 55 Table 5 Examples of Pearson’s Learning Platforms........................................................... 55 Table 6 Summary of Services Promoted On Pearson’s US Higher Education Website .......................................................................................................................................................... 56 Table 7 Policy Documents Relating to Educational Technology .................................... 66 Table 8 List of Interviews ........................................................................................................... 82 Figures Figure 1 Extract From BTEC Website (Edexcel, 2014) ...................................................... 50 Figure 2 Extract From Pearson Online Higher Education Bookshop ............................ 54 Figure 3 Extract from UK Higher Education Website ......................................................... 57 Figure 4 Extract on Progression Plus (FromPieNews, 2014) ........................................... 57 Figure 5 Extract from International Education: Global Growth and Prosperity (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2013b) ................................................. 62 Figure 6 Pearson Divestitures and Acquisitions 1998-2000 ............................................ 67 Page 4 of 136 1 Abstract There is percieved to be an increasing role for private actors in education in different sectors and locations. This is seen as an effect of the increasing role of markets, competition and choice in policy activity. This study explores this from two perspectives: firstly, as an intrinisic case study that aims to shed light on the behaviour
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Literacy Promises
    Literacy Promises The Thirty-Third Yearbook A Doubled Peer Reviewed Publication of the Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers Co-Editors Timothy Morrison Linda Martin Brigham Young University Ball State University Merry Boggs Susan Szabo Texas A&M University-Commerce Texas A&M University-Commerce Leslie Haas Editorial Assistant Texas A&M University-Commerce Copyright 2011 Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers Photocopy/reprint Permission Statement: Permission is hereby granted to professors and teaches to reprint or photocopy any article in the Yearbook for use in their classes, provided each copy of the article made shows the author and yearbook information sited in APA style. Such copies may not be sold, and further distribution is expressly prohibited. Except as authorized above, prior written permission must be obtained from the Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers to reproduce or trans- mit this work or portions thereof in any other form or by another electronic or mechanical means, including any information storage or retrieval system, unless expressly permitted by federal copyright laws. Address inquiries to the Association of Literacy Educators and Researchers (ALER), Dr. David Paige, School of Education, Bellarmine University, 2001 Newburg Road, Louisville, KY 40205 ISBN: 1-883604-17-6 Printed at Texas A&M University-Commerce Cover Design: Crystal Britton, Texas ii ALER OFFIC er S A ND Ele CT E D Boar D Member S Executive Officers 2009-2010 President: Laurie Elish-Piper, Northern Illinois University President-Elect: Mary F. Roe, Arizona State University Vice-President: John Smith, University of Texas at Arlington Past President: Mona Matthews, Georgia State University Executive Secretary: Kathleen (Kit) Mohr, University of North Texas Treasurer: David D.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release
    Press release 25 February 2013 PEARSON 2012 PRELIMINARY RESULTS (UNAUDITED) Pearson accelerates global education strategy: Restructuring and investment in digital, services and emerging markets for faster growth, larger market opportunity and greater impact on learning outcomes Financial highlights* • Sales up 5% at CER to £6.1bn (with digital and services businesses contributing 50% of sales) • Adjusted operating profit 1% higher at £936m • Adjusted EPS of 84.2p (86.5p in 2011) • Operating cash flow of £788m (£983m in 2011) • Return on invested capital of 9.1% (9.1% in 2011) • Dividend raised 7% to 45.0p. Market conditions and industry change • Market conditions generally weak in developed world and for print publishing businesses; generally strong in emerging economies and for digital and services businesses. • Continuing structural change in education funding, retail channels, consumer behaviour and content business models. • Considerable growth opportunity in education driven by rapidly-growing global middle class, adoption of learning technologies, the connection between education and career prospects and increasing consumer spend, especially in emerging economies. Strong competitive performance • North American Education revenues up 2% in a year when US School and Higher Education publishing revenues declined by 10% for the industry as a whole. • International Education revenues up 13% with emerging market revenues up 25%. • FT Group revenues up 4% with the Financial Times’ total paid print and online circulation up to 602,000; digital subscriptions exceed print circulation for the first time. • Penguin revenues up 1%, with strong publishing performance and eBooks now 17% of sales. Accelerated shift to digital & services and to fast-growing economies • Pearson announces gross restructuring costs of approximately £150m in 2013 (£100m net of cost savings achieved in the year), focused on: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Learning
    Pearson Annual report and accounts 2017 The future of learning Pearson Annual report and accounts 2017 In this report Strategic report 01 Overview 22 Efficacy 02 Our KPIs 24 Sustainability 04 About Pearson 06 Chairman’s introduction 34 Our performance 08 CEO’s strategic overview 34 Financial review 42 Operating performance 12 Our strategy in action 48 Risk management 12 Market trends 50 Principal risks and uncertainties 13 Our strategy Governance Financial statements 62 Governance overview 112 Independent auditor’s report to the members 64 Leadership and effectiveness of Pearson plc 76 Accountability 118 Group accounts 86 Engagement 178 Parent company accounts 90 Remuneration 190 Five-year summary 106 Additional disclosures 192 Financial key performance indicators 110 Statement of Directors’ responsibilities 196 Shareholder information BC Principal offices worldwide Helping create the future of learning In this report we have included employee interviews from around our business to showcase how Pearson’s people are helping create the future of learning. CC Cedrick Collomb 19 IS Indika Senadhira 33 Senior Vice President for Senior Manager, Software Global Product Technology Engineering, Pearson Technology Delivery Centre KE Kate Edwards 23 AC Alvaro Castro 41 Senior Vice President Product Management Analyst, Efficacy & Research Pearson Test of English Strategy and performance reporting The was approved for issue by the Board on strategic report up to and including p60 is 14 March 2018 and signed on its behalf by: formed of three sections: ‘Overview’, ‘Our strategy in action’ and ‘Our performance’, and Coram Williams Chief Financial Officer Section 1 Overview 01 At Pearson we have a clear mission: to help people make progress in their lives through learning.
    [Show full text]
  • SCORE! and Pearson to Co-Develop Customized Learning Technology for Online Tutoring
    SCORE! and Pearson to Co-Develop Customized Learning Technology for Online Tutoring March 6, 2000 SAN FRANCISCO--Pearson to Invest in SCORE! and Promote eSCORE.com Online Through its Education Network Alliance Supports Kaplan's Commitment to Internet Education SCORE! Learning, Inc., a subsidiary of Kaplan, Inc. and a leading provider of education services for families, and Pearson plc, the world's largest educational publisher, today announced their intention to form a strategic alliance that will expand both companies' reach in the pre-K through 12 market. SCORE! and Pearson will co-develop technology to provide customized learning experiences for children. Pearson will give eSCORE.com premium placement on the pre-K through 12 section of its education network, a portal scheduled to launch later this year on the Web and on America Online. The network will be the preferred supplier of educational content and tools on AOL, enabling eSCORE.com to reach millions of subscribers. In addition, Pearson will invest at least $20 million in SCORE! for an ownership interest in the company, and Kaplan plans to invest an undisclosed sum in Pearson's education network. The proposed investments and business partnership are subject to negotiation and execution of definitive agreements. eSCORE.com, SCORE!'s online learning site, will use the jointly developed technology as the foundation for launching online tutoring services, where children will work synchronously with a live, online academic Coach on their math, reading, spelling and other skills. The customized learning software will also be used in SCORE!'s after-school educational centers, where students in grades K-10 build academic skills, self-confidence and a love of learning.
    [Show full text]
  • [ "Printmgr File" ]
    AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON March 22, 2013 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 20-F (Mark One) ‘ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 or È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 or ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the transition period from to or ‘ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report Commission file number 1-16055 PEARSON PLC (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) England and Wales (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Address of principal executive offices) Stephen Jones Telephone: +44 20 7010 2000 Fax: +44 20 7010 6060 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered *Ordinary Shares, 25p par value New York Stock Exchange American Depositary Shares, each New York Stock Exchange Representing One Ordinary Share, 25p per Ordinary Share * Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the SEC. Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock at the close of the period covered by the annual report: Ordinary Shares, 25p par value ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pearson and Palf: the Mutating Giant
    pearson and palf The Mutating Giant Carolina Junemann and Stephen J Ball june 2015 This paper draws in part on a Leverhulme Trust research project: Philanthro- py, Education Policy and Governance. It is based on a review of literature, ex- tensive internet searches, interviews with Pearson and PALF executives includ- ing Michael Barber, Katelyn Donnelly and others, attendance at PALF events, and participation in the PALF Edupreneurs competition in Johannesburg in 2014 (a copy of the Draft Project Report can be obtained from [email protected]) Page 3 Introduction Pearson and palf: The Mutating Giant Introduction Originally founded in 1844 by Samuel Pearson as a building company, Pearson is today the world’s largest education com- pany with usd7.9bn revenue in 2014 and an impressively large business portfolio including textbooks, testing and assessment products, online learning and software solutions, and custom- isable and integrated services. The company currently operates in over 80 countries and has over 40,000 employees. Over the last 10 years Pearson has been involved in a process of re-invention, leading to its re-branding in 2014 as a ‘learning’ company with a vision, summed up in the strapline ‘always learning’, and with the aim of contributing to “the very high- est standards in education around the world”(1. This transfor- mation process has encompassed not just a growing focus on the education business, but also a continuing adaptation and re-direction to faster-growing opportunities and, especially since 2012, to what it calls ‘proven’ service-oriented models. As described in its Annual Report 2012 (Pearson plc, 2012, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Form-20-F-Sec 6.Pdf
    ACE BOWNE OF TORONTO 03/31/2010 06:24 NO MARKS NEXT PCN: 002.00.00.00 -- Page is valid, no graphics BOT U08539 001.00.00.00 12 AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON March 31, 2010 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 20-F (Mark One) n REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 or ¥ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 or n TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the transition period from to or n SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report Commission file number 1-16055 PEARSON PLC (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) England and Wales (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Address of principal executive offices) Stephen Jones Telephone: +44 20 7010 2000 Fax: +44 20 7010 6060 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered *Ordinary Shares, 25p par value New York Stock Exchange American Depositary Shares, each Representing One Ordinary Share, 25p per Ordinary Share New York Stock Exchange * Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the SEC.
    [Show full text]
  • In 2012, Pearson Increased Sales by 4% in Headline Terms to £6.1Bn
    Section 2 Our performance 11 Our performance: 2012 financial overview KEY FINANCIAL GOALS OVERVIEW Adjusted earnings per share Pence 12 84.2p84.2p 11 8686.5p.5p 10 777.5p7.5p 09 65.465.4pp 08 57.7p 07 46.7p Average annual growth (headline) 13%. Watch an interview with Robin Freestone, Chief financial officer of Pearson. PERFORMANCE OUR OperatingOperating cash flow £m ar2012.pearson.com 12 £788m 1111 £983m 10 £1,057m£1,057m In 2012, Pearson increased 09 £913m£913m 08 £796m sales by 4% in headline terms 07 £684m to £6.1bn generating a total adjusted operating profit ReturnReturn on invested capital % 1212 9.1%9.1% SOCIETY ON IMPACT OUR of £936m (2011: £942m). 11 99.1%.1% 1010 110.3%0.3% The headline growth rates were reduced by currency 09 8.98.9%% movements and helped by acquisitions. Currency 08 9.9.2%2% movements reduced sales by £27m and operating 07 8.9% profits by £11m. This was the result of non-dollar Average capital/actual cash tax currency depreciation relative to sterling. At constant exchange rates (i.e. stripping out the impact of those Cash generation currency movements), our sales and adjusted Headline operating cash flow declined by £195m due operating profit grew 5% and 1% respectively. GOVERNANCE to longer debtor days, currency fluctuations and Acquisitions, primarily in our education company, increased investment in new education programmes. contributed £318m to sales and £39m to operating Free cash flow declined by £115m to £657m, profits. This includes integration costs and investments additionally reflecting from lower tax payments.
    [Show full text]
  • Printmgr File
    ˆ200GC9D0BD#szphd&Š 200GC9D0BD#szphd& LANFBU-MWE-XN13 PEARSON PLC RR Donnelley ProFile11.4.11 MARsubrn0dc26-Mar-2014 16:04 EST 693538 FS 1 5* FORM 20-F LON CLN PS PMT 1C AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON March 27, 2014 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 20-F (Mark One) ‘ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 or È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 or ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the transition period from to or ‘ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report Commission file number 1-16055 PEARSON PLC (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) England and Wales (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Address of principal executive offices) Stephen Jones Telephone: +44 20 7010 2000 Fax: +44 20 7010 6060 80 Strand London, England WC2R 0RL (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered *Ordinary Shares, 25p par value New York Stock Exchange American Depositary Shares, each New York Stock Exchange Representing One Ordinary Share, 25p per Ordinary Share * Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the SEC.
    [Show full text]
  • Pearson Learning and the Ongoing Corporatization of Public Education
    JournalDennis of Thought, Attick &Spring-Summer Deron Boyles 2016 Pearson Learning and the Ongoing Corporatization of Public Education Dennis Attick Clayton State University Deron Boyles Georgia State University Over the past 20 years, Pearson Learning has become the largest and most powerful publisher of educational textbooks and education-related materials used throughout P-12 public education, as well as in higher and adult education in the United States. The Pearson brand includes both print and digital texts, internet learning platforms, test adminis- tration materials, test scoring rubrics, test-preparation materials, and Pearson’s latest venture, its administration of the Education Teacher Performance Assessment (EdTPA), created at Stanford University’s Center for Assessment, Learning, and Equity (SCALE). In the past 10 years alone, Pearson has gone from annual revenues of $2 billion in the early 2000s, to nearly $6 billion in the 2014 fiscal year (Pearson, 201). Pearson’s increasing profits come, in no small part, from the company’s continued influence over federal and global education initiatives which has led to the wholesale adoption of Pearson’s products in nearly every aspect of public education today. Jennifer Reingold (201) wrote recently in Fortune of the growing concern over Pearson positioning itself to dominate nearly every as- pect of schooling in the United States, from curriculum, textbooks, and standardized tests, to overseeing teacher preparation and evaluation. As Gail Collins (2012) argued in The New York Times, “An American child could soon go to a public school run by Pearson, study from books produced by Pearson, while his or her progress is evaluated by Pearson standardized tests.
    [Show full text]
  • Pearson – the British Company That Controls Our American Education
    PEARSON - THE BRITISH COMPANY THAT CONTROLS OUR AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM There is a growing cancer in this country. It is not fostered neither by China, Russia or Iran, nor by the Latin American countries exporting thousands of their people to our borders. The culprit is a global British corporation, namely, Pearson Education. A year ago this British corporation published a textbook entitle, “By the People: A History of the United States,” for Advanced Placement students. Although this book is nothing beyond pure revisionist history, global British corporation, Pearson Education, markets its revisionist view of our history as an accurate and truthful balanced presentation of United States’ history. In other words, Pearson Education is telling students that what they have presented in their book as our history actually happened. Keep this issue in mind while you read the following excerpt from Pearson’s American “history” book: “Clinton’s supporters feared that the election had been determined by people who were afraid of a rapidly developing ethnic diversity of the country, discomfort with their candidate’s gender and nostalgia for an earlier time in the nation’s history,” the textbook reads. “They also worried about the mental stability of the president-elect and the anger that he and his supporters brought to the nation.” Two major glaring points come across in this one textbook snippet. First, this book was developed for only Advanced Placement students, and therefore is geared toward those students presumably being groomed for the “better” colleges and universities – the so-called elite. So what this book does is take the still yet very impressionable best and brightest in our high schools and condition them to have a negative view of a Republican president and his conservative followers, a conditioned view that is then further ingrained in our colleges and universities.
    [Show full text]
  • Education for a Digital World
    Education for a Digital World ADVICE, GUIDELINES, AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICE FROM AROUND THE GLOBE Education for a Digital World: Advice, Guidelines, and Effective Practice from Around the Globe Project Leader Sandy Hirtz Senior Editor Sandy Hirtz Editor Dr. David G. Harper Copy Editor Sandra Mackenzie Contributing Editors Paul Beaufait, Richard S. Lavin, Joseph Tomei, Kevin Kelly, Sylvia Currie, David Kaufman, Alice Ireland, Randy Labonte, Patricia Delich, Don McIntosh, June Kaminski, Madhumita Bhattacharya, Natasha Boskic, Nathan Hapke, Kirsten Bole, Dan O’Reilly, Niki Lambropoulos, Julia Hengstler, Elizabeth Childs, Susan Crichton and Ruth Cox Experts Dan McGuire—Copyright Sandra Mackenzie—Style Guide and Chapter Template Kevin Kelly—Chapter Maps In appreciation to … • Learning & Instructional Development Centre, Simon Fraser University • BCcampus • Commonwealth of Learning ____________________ BCcampus and Commonwealth of Learning, 2008 Any part of this document may be reproduced without permission but with attribution to BCcampus and the Commonwealth of Learning. CC-BY-SA (share alike with attribution) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Chapter 16 cannot be reused commercially and cannot be altered, transformed or built upon. ____________________ ISBN: 978-1-894975-29-2 BCcampus Commonwealth of Learning 2nd Floor, 555 Seymour Street 1055 West Hastings Street, Suite 1200 Vancouver, British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6B 3H6 Canada V6E 2E9 www.bccampus.ca Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Web: www.col.org
    [Show full text]