DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 2016 Democratic National Committee The

Intolerable Acts BACKGROUND GUIDE

BACKGROUND GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from the Dias…………………………………….…………. 3 Overview………………………………………………………….….5 Topics of Debate………………………………………………….….6 Policy Issues…………………………………………………….……8 Blocs and Positions………………………………………………….11

References………………………………………………………..….16

Letter from the Dais

Dear Delegates, Letter from the Dais

Firstly, thank youLetter so much for from taking part the in this Dais challenge in being a part of the 2016 Democratic National Committee - SciMUNC 2021 Specialized

Committee. On behalf of all the staff running this committee, we hope that you will enjoy being a part of thisLetter, as we all lookfrom forward the to learning Dais from each one of you.

Krish Shah My name is Ryan Ahmed and I am thrilled to serve as your chair for this Secretary-General 2016 DNC committee. I am a rising junior at the Bronx High School of Science.

Byul Sak Outside of my work with SciMUN, I am a former GOTV Organizer for the Bernie 2020 campaign and an award-winning novelist of works such as A Wonderful State Directors-General of Mind. I am also the founder of the non-profit organization, Finxerunt, where I run the largest socioeconomic laboratory network in the world with publications Omar Darwish USG of Administration from researchers in twenty countries. My organization’s efforts have gained an official commendation from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, as I Vincent Harwood hope to provide the world with a better understanding of the need for expansion in Deputy-USG of Administration democracy and a more equitable education system. I also love sports as I am the

COO at Product of Ares LLC, a fight brand, where I get the opportunity to connect Benjamin Raab and collaborate with celebrity athletes with millions of fans globally. Moving USG of General Assemblies and Specialized Committees forward, I want to be able to change the world, as I believe it all starts with young people being educated on systemic issues. Take this unique election-based MUN Karen Phua committee as your opportunity to do exactly that, as you will be playing within the

Deputy-USG of General terms of the current system and you might find yourself taking part in undemocratic Assemblies and Specialized practices to get what you want. Committees

Lars Zeana-Schliep My name is Kayla Hubbard and I am so excited to serve as your co-chair for

USG of Crisis Committees this committee. I am a rising sophomore at the Bronx Highschool of Science. I am new to charing committees, but I have been watching political debates as well as Rehan Yazdani participating in them since I was in middle school.

Deputy-USG of Crisis Committees A lot of the committees we host or attend follow the exact or similar structure of parliamentary procedure. Our committee plans to build upon that, but set the stage Diane D. Steiker of our debate to the country we stand upon at this very moment. For many MUNers, Faculty Advisor Model UN is a way for them to understand the principle of global politics. Given

that this committee combines both how crisis works and brings attention to recent dilemmas in modern politics, novices will be given the opportunity to work on a committee that establishes an enjoyable topic in a hardworking atmosphere. 75 West 205th Street Bronx, NY 10468 [email protected] www.scimun.com

Byul Sak

Directors-General

Omar Darwish 2016 Democratic National Committee | 4

Being politically aware of our own country is crucial before we learn about the rest of

the world. With the topics we cover throughout the simulated 2016 Democratic National

Committee, delegates will better understand our democracy, coming out of this conference.

This knowledge would be critically relevant to their real-world experiences with current

domestic issues. To reflect upon the residing corruption in our nation, our committee plans to

use the influence of Super-Delegates and Super PACs as a part of the crisis arc, which is another

reality of our system. Delegates will learn to compromise and collaborate, despite the tense

division within the party, in order to establish a unified party policy at the end and to nominate

a single candidate.

One thing we wanted to include to create this committee was a room for diverse opinions. Our

goal is to use the diversity of our team and reflect that into our final simulation.

If you have questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free to contact the dais and bring

them to our attention. We are excited to make this committee the best one at SciMUNC and to

ensure a truly amazing experience for everybody involved. We look forward to seeing everyone,

and we wish you all good luck.

Sincerely, Overview Ryan Ahmed ([email protected]) IntroductionKayla HubbardOverview ([email protected] )

The DemocraticOverview National Committee is the official body responsible for overseeing the Democratic PartyOverview of the . The Being politically aware of our own country is crucial before we learn about the rest of the world. With the topics we cover throughout the simulated 2016 Democratic National Committee, delegates will better understand our democracy, coming out of this conference. This knowledge would be critically relevant to their real-world experiences with current domestic issues. To reflect upon the residing corruption in our nation, our committee plans to use the influence of Super-Delegates and Super PACs as a part of the crisis arc, which is another reality of our system. Delegates will learn to compromise and collaborate, despite the tense division within the party, in order to establish a unifi ed party policy at the end and to nominate a single candidate.

One thing we wanted to include to create this committee was a room for diverse opinions. Our goal is to use the diversity of our team and reflect that into our final simulation.

If you have questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free to contact the dais and bring them to our attention. We are excited to make this committee the best one at SciMUNC and to ensure a truly amazing experience for everybody involved. We look forward to seeing everyone, and we wish you all good luck. 5 | 2016 Democratic National Committee

Overview

The DemocraticOverivew National Committee is the Outside of the issues in the national political official body responsible for overseeing the sphere between the two parties, there are Democratic PartyOverivew of the United States. DNC many issues within the nation, regarding the was founded in 1848 and is mainly economy, healthcare, climate change, foreign responsibleOverivew for planningOver the presidential policy, immigration, and more. Each selection of the party and the DNC, campaign must release its detailed policy on promoting the Democratic Party's agenda, issues in our society to appeal to different raising funds, and in general organizing demographics of voters. Prior to the support for the party. In addition to this, Democratic National Convention, delegates members are also in charge of writing and from Party Leaders, as well as delegates from keeping track of the party’s current ideals. each campaign must come to an agreement on The Democratic Party encountered internal the party platform of which it will run on in problems and tensions that it never before has the coming election. After that, a nominee seen as a product of the tumultuous will be picked after receiving a majority of Republican primary cycle with the potential delegates. nomination of and approaching the end of a race with two credible candidates to compete with this Republican. Delegates in this committee must repair these wounds, pick a party nominee, and steer the national party to new heights in turbulent waters.

Delegates will play their roles in either pushing their separate campaigns forward or to try to unify the party towards a singular platform base. The Democratic National Party must nominate a candidate who would be the best to defeat the Republican nominee. The process to do so will consist of a nationwide contest of state primaries/caucuses of which will be simulated throughout the committee. Campaigns will work towards winning as many delegates as they can through fundraisers, rallies, advertisements, endorsements, as well as, establishing a campaign platform in order to win the nomination.

2016 Democratic National Committee | 6

Topics of Debate attention of voters. Policies can be released to DemocraticTopics National of Debate Committee Simulation also attract a certain demographic of voters. Policies must reflect the issues that will be This simulationTopics ofwill Debate function as a specialized discussed in this committee, as they are issues committee where all delegates will be able to that are prevalent in 2016. communicateTopics to of theDebate committee and other delegates through moderated caucuses, Media Strategy unmoderated caucuses, and notes. Delegates will be able to take advantage of their The success of each campaign is largely due portfolio powers through the use of their to the way they introduce themselves to the speeches in representing the stakes they hold American public (especially those in key as a part of the DNC. Official releases or swing states) and ensuring that their actions of campaigns or the DNC chair- campaigns reach the right audiences. The people must be passed through by Joint-Crisis commission must write proposals for notes of at least a two-thirds majority of each campaigns for broadcast, print, and digital bloc. advertising. The policy tones and goals of the electorate will accurately and consistently Cooperation within delegates will be very match those of the electorate. With specific important for success in this committee. audiences, support, and donations from Actions and releases made by the Democratic businesses and associations, the key policy Party, as a whole, must be voted on through agenda of each initiative will be important. Directives, which need the simple majority in order to pass. Live crisis updates will appear Fundraising and Volunteers as breaking-news flashes posted on a pseudo- CNN Twitter feed, which will be projected on In order to gain adequate funding by the board. This is where primary/caucus regulatory changes, strategic concessions, or results, polling data, and DNC news will be other methods, the parties and campaigns posted. Primaries/caucuses will take place would have to be. Fundraising is a key approximately every 30-60 minutes in the component of the committee and several committee. members are delegated specifically to the procurement, allocation, or budgeting of Topics of Debate funds for advisories, activities, and employees. Teams must be able to inspire Campaign Policies/Promises major donors and to encourage smaller contributions from the public in order to In order to rally up voters, it is a campaign’s collect funds effectively. In fact, to optimize primary goal to establish its policies on a their performance, the committees must wide range of issues. The more detailed the determine how to budget money. The policies are, the more likely it is to catch the committee will also be required to utilize their

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funding and other resources to host rallies and other public events. Joint-Crisis notes for these events will outline the plan for the event, speakers, and other essential components. Part of the rationale will depend on the popularity of the candidate; a candidate embroiled in the scandal will likely avoid big events and rely more on ads and mail. Another component of this topic is securing the necessary volunteers for canvassing and on-the-ground Get Out the Vote (GOTV) campaigns.

Illicit Aid

Candidates and candidates are expected to control themselves to ensure that they do not infringe on any rules or regulations of the Federal Election Commission. Instead, candidates might want to bend the rules in the hope they're not trapped in a close race. Questionable or unauthorized funding varies from unlawful or misused money, joint acts such as terrorist activity, breach of the media legislation of elections, or abuse of the voting process.

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Policy Issues of adequate documentation, etc. Over the HealthcarePolicy Issues course of the committee sessions, it is important to distinguish between the reforms Healthcare Policyis a top Issues concern to voters and for needed for groups at various scenarios and the Democratic Party. The candidates believe stages of the immigration process: those that easy accessPolicy to Issues affordable healthcare for coming with temporary visas, unauthorized all Americans is fundamentally significant. immigrants, permanent residents, and most Specifically, both and Bernie importantly, refugees. At the beginning of Sanders have been crafting legislation for this year, Obama set a limit of 85,000 many years to amend and build upon refugees the chance for temporary or President Obama’s Affordable Care Act. permanent residences. That number is on the Despite this fact that both candidates are in rise quite rapidly. Deportation of illegal support of this, there lies a division on to what immigrants is also a topic to be addressed as extent the government should manage health the Obama administration has deported about care across the nation, and who should 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016. qualify. Another issue is whether or not Potential plans for the future must be drawn healthcare costs should be reduced or free. by and Hillary Clinton joining Ideas such as “Medicare for All” lay on the the convention. table as a major discussion to the Democratic base. This will be a top priority in the Foreign Policy discussion. The U.S. has been an influential global player Immigration for many decades now. In the upcoming election, therefore, discussing our foreign In recent years, the issue of immigration has policies is imperative. There have been come under intense scrutiny. Currently, 13% American interventions in several global of the U.S. population are foreign-born conflicts. The rise of the Islamic State, which immigrants. More than 1 million immigrants controls eastern Syria and northwest Iraq, has arrive in the U.S. each year. With the great drawn in firepower from countries including influx into our labor force, major strides must the United States. Our military has been be made to support families coming into our helping Saudi Arabia wage war on Yemen, borders. In terms of patterns, immigration despite the Saudi-led coalition being blamed from Latin America slowed following the for a high civilian death toll and a famine Great Recession, particularly for Mexico. threatening millions. The U.S. continues to Asian immigration continues to dominate as challenge China’s quest for land domination of right now. Some issues that immigrants along the reefs of the South China Sea. In constantly face as they assimilate are their November, Obama announced an aid package pursuits for greater job opportunities, worth $259 million over two years to boost language barriers, restrictions due to the lack the maritime security of Vietnam, Indonesia,

9 | 2016 Democratic National Committee

the Philippines, and Malaysia, all rival investments. Disagreements revolving the claimants to China. America’s relations with federal minimum wage must be NATO also need to be either reconsidered or acknowledged. reformed. President Obama has expressed frustration that most NATO members don't Climate Change meet their goal of spending at least 2% of GDP on defense, among many other issues. Over the past few years, talks surrounding Lastly, we must address the Taliban in climate change have become increasingly Afghanistan. In 2014, President Barack more prevalent throughout our society. Obama announced that U.S. combat Activists will often stage worldwide protests operations in Afghanistan would end. advocating for more effective and enforced Operations by United States forces within legislation in order to further improve the Afghanistan still continued under the name environment. While both Bernie Sanders and Operation Freedom's Sentinel, as training was Hillary Clinton understand the urgent need given to Afghan security and anti-terrorism for a climate change legislature, Hillary forces. With the bombing of the Kabul Clinton’s proposed plan is often viewed as parliament in June 2015 and Taliban less radical or extreme as opposed to Bernie resurgence since then, we must decide Sanders’s plan. While Clinton promises to America’s necessity to intervene in current significantly reduce carbon emissions by 80% Afghan affairs. Several foreign affairs must by 2050, Sanders advocates for the complete be kept in mind by both candidates. “decarbonization of the economy by 2050”. Clinton is not entirely against hydraulic Economic Policies and Tax Reform fracturing (often referred to as “fracking”), which is a key policy difference between In the Republican Party, Trump has Clinton and Sanders. Discrepancies on advocated for reducing income and corporate certain policy details, such as the taxes, national spending, and budget to tackle disagreement over ending fracking, deficits. However, actions taken must be at sustainability goals (including reducing the interests of the working class. carbon emissions), and the creation of jobs Unemployment has seen one of its greatest resulting from climate change initiatives all peaks in recent years, with the duration of must be addressed in this committee. unemployment per individual is higher than ever before. Individual income-based and School Funding corporate business taxes need to be regulated further. The U.S. corporate tax rate is among It has been made clear that schools with the highest in the world, although U.S. different levels of funding, can end up corporations pay among the lowest amount producing kids that have a different level of relative to GDP due to loopholes. Big education and opportunities. In addition to businesses must be held accountable for their this, college is one of the highest causes of

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debt in America to date. Hillary Clinton proposed that she would make college free for students that come from families that make less than 125,000 yearly. Bernie Sanders also agrees with this idea, stating that “public colleges and universities [should be] tuition- free.” This claim comes from the fact that he believes that people from low income should be able to attend college for free, which is very similar to Clinton’s statements. Donald Trump, however, disagrees with this statement, believing that all people should pay for college regardless of income, so securing ties with major education institutions and well as leaders have become a primary goal for the Democratic candidates. Currently, there are certain guidelines that are up for debate, should all public universities and colleges be free, or should they only be free for people who have a low income?

11 | 2016 Democratic National Committee

Blocs and Positions CCol Bloc #1: Democratic National Molloy moved further to the right coming to CommitteeReferencesBlocs ’16 and have an outward dislike for Sen. Saunders. He Positions is a member of various organizations such as CCol the United States Conference of Mayors, Co- This bloc will consist of three delegates with Chair of Small Business/Partner America the responsibility of unifying the Democratic References Task Force, and Former Member, Executive base, increasing voter-turnout, moderating CCol Committee of the DNC. He was diagnosed the party platform, and organizing the with dyslexia and was considered to be DemocraticReferencesBlocs National Convention. and “mentally retarded,” for much of his early

Positions life. CCol Debbie Wasserman Schultz DNC Chair and U.S. Representative ReferencesBlocs and Shirley Franklin Wasserman Positions Schultz is the U.S. DNC Co-Chair and Fmr. Mayor of Atlanta RepresentativeCCol from the 23rd Congressional District of Florida and was first elected to Shirley Franklin is a Democratic National Congress in 2004. She serves as the Chair of Committee co-chair is responsible for the Democratic National Committee, since moderating party discussion on policy with 2011. She is in charge of moderating the the aim of uniting the party. She served as discussion within party leaders and the 58th mayor of Atlanta from 2002-2010 conducting fundraising for the party. and is the CEO and chair of a nonprofit Wasserman Schultz is a member of dozens of called Purpose-Built Communities. Being caucuses and a member of several working co-in charge of choosing the party platform groups and several task forces, including the she, along with Dannel Molloy and Debbie Congressional Solar Caucus, the New Wasserman Schultz, create a non-binding Democrat Coalition, and the United States plan for what the democratic candidate will Congressional International Conservation do as president and what democrats, in Caucus. general, will push for.

Dannel Molloy Elijah Cumming U.S. House of Representative DNC Co-Chair and Governor of Connecticut Dannel Molloy is the 88th governor of Elijah Cummings was selected to chair the Connecticut, having been elected in 2010, National Demoratic Party. He is a part of the and the chair of the Democratic Governors U.S House of Representatives and he also Association. The Democratic National served in the Maryland house of delegates. Committee co-chair is responsible for He is chair of the drafting committee for moderating party discussions on policy with Debbie Wasserman Shultz, and works closely the aim of uniting the party. Formerly with many political figures due largely to his regarded as a beacon of leftist ideals, Dannel avocation for civil rights.

2016 Democratic National Committee | 12

Barbra Lee Obamacare. She uses her experience as U.S. Representative for Former First Lady, Secretary of State, and U.S. Senator to frame her agendas. Her Barbara Lee is currently a U.S Representative candidacy is more focused on attracting a for Ohio. Working immensely to support strong liberal pool of voters. African American Advancement as well as LGBTQ rights, Lee has established an arc of communications. She was selected by Debbie John Podesta Wasserman shultz in choosing the party’s Campaign Chair platform and has worked in several committees including the committee on A political consultant for Bill Clinton and budget several times. She uses her experience , and the Chair and Counselor in politics to help influence others in the for the Center of American Progress. John democratic party and has a strong interest in Podesta is an extremely experienced and certain topics, making her an important respected political strategist now working for speaker during committee meetings. Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign and is its chair. He is in charge of coordinating

fundraising, advertising, polling, the hiring of Bloc #2: Hillary Clinton staff, and generally overseeing the campaign. Presidential Campaign ’16 This bloc will consist of six delegates with the Robby Mook responsibility of campaigning alongside its Campaign Manager large and diverse base by organizing rallies, Robby Mook was the Campaign Manager for fundraisers, and advertisements in order to Hillary Clinton’s 2016 campaign and a win the Democratic nomination. political strategist. His strategy involves a lot

of data and statistics and generally using logic Hillary Clinton and facts over other political strategies, and Candidate he focused a lot on the preferences of the The Candidate is the chief executive of their individual voter. He is great at organizing campaign. While they do not have total ground-level operations and is great at control, they have a significant influence on creating air-tight, drama-less teams. He is in policy making and campaigning. They have charge of overseeing much of the campaign strong connections based on their past offices and coordinating with voters. and relationships. Hillary’s platform advocates for raising middle-class incomes, expanding women's rights, instituting campaign finance reform, supporting universal preschool, and improving

13 | 2016 Democratic National Committee

Joel Benenson the legitimacy of the courts by bringing Chief Strategist political balance.

Joel Benenson was another political strategist in Hillary Clinton's Campaign, he is the chief Wendy Sherman strategist. His role is to make sure everything Advisor follows Clinton’s long-term and short-term Wendy Sherman was appointed to Under goals. His job is to make sure that Clinton’s Secretary of State for Political Affairs by actions follow her plans and will get her in Secretary Hillary Clinton in 2011. She works office. He is also the president of Benenson closely under Hilary Clinton and often Strategist Group. advises Hilary Clinton during her presidential campaign as she did in 2008. She also is vice Jim Margolis president of Albright Stonebridge Group, a Media Strategist business strategist group, placing her in the center of many business affairs. Jim Margolis has served as an advisor to Barack Obama in both his 2008 and 2012 Carol Browner campaigns for the White House. He is also a Elected by Clinton to the DNC partner of GMMB, a political advertising Carol Browner is currently a part of the senior company. He served as chief of staff to US council of Albright Stonebridge Group, Senator Kent Conrad, chief of staff to US placing her right in the intersection of many Congressman Howard Wolpe, and Deputy business affairs. Serving under the Clinton Director of Communications for Vice administration from 1993-2001 working to President . As Hillary’s help the environment in several different media strategist, it is his job to shift media committees, she has close ties with the attention to her in a positive light. Clinton family. Browner is a strong advocate for Hilary Clinton during this election, as she was during the 2008 election before Barack Brian Fallon Obama took the lead. Press Secretary

Brian Fallon is the Hillary Clinton Campaign’s press secretary. He is in charge Neera Tanden of media perception and making sure that Policy Writer everyone within the campaign is getting Neera Tanden has deep political and social positive reception in the media and that no ties with the Clinton family. She is an advisor one undermines the campaign. He is also the to the Clinton campaign and helps shape co-founder and executive director of Demand policy proposals alongside Clinton. After Justice, a “progressive movement” to restore graduation from Yale, she has worked on numerous domestic policies and has helped

2016 Democratic National Committee | 14

other presidential candidates draft their law school, served as Sanders' House chief of policies. She uses her experience in policy to staff in the early 2000s, as his 2006 campaign help draft and propose strong policies for manager, and as his Senate chief of staff from candiationes. Appointed by Hilary Clinton Jan. 2007-July 2009. The Campaign Manager proves her to be a loyalist who would never plays a significant organizational role and turn their back on the Clinton administration. oversees the individual tasks of each department. The manager is responsible for

being well-versed in aspects of each Block #3: Bernie Sanders member’s day to day responsibilities. Presidential Campaign ’16 This bloc will consist of six delegates with the Tad Devine responsibility of energizing its energized Senior Advisor progressive base by organizing rallies, He was also an adviser for 's 2000 and fundraisers, and advertisements in order to 's 2004 Presidential campaigns. win the Democratic nomination. He has taken the time to hold courses on media and strategy in domestic and Bernie Sanders international campaigns. As the senior Candidate and Senator of advisor, he is Bernie’s media consultant, The Candidate is the chief executive of their overseer of any writing, directing and campaign. While they do not have total producing television, radio, and online control, they have a significant influence on advertising. In addition, he is also responsible policy making and campaigning. They have for providing strategic advice for Bernie’s strong connections based on their past offices national campaigns. and relationships. His platform focused on universal healthcare, affordable college, an increased minimum wage, social security, Ben Tulchin criminal justice, and tax reforms. He wants to Campaign Pollster make a lot of commodities free, such as Founder and president of Tulchin Research in school expenses and insurance. Given his San Francisco. Previously started and ideas, Bernie appeals to his voters as a directed Greenberg Quinlan Rosner ‘Progressive’ candidate. Research’s California office, worked for the California-based polling firm of Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates, as well as the Jeff Weaver Washington, DC-based polling firms of Campaign Manager Garin-Hart-Yang, and Lake-Snell-Perry. As Most recently ran a small business in the campaign pollster, Tulchin will be able to Virginia. Started as a legislative assistant to receive early polling data if requested and has Sanders in his House office while attending

15 | 2016 Democratic National Committee

a say in polling methodology used by polling companies. Keith Ellison U.S. Representative elected by Sanders for the DNC Julia Barnes National Field Director Keith Ellison is the U.S Representative for Minnesota. Ellison was the second U.S Organizer for Vice President Joe Biden, representative to endorse Bernie for President Barack Obama, the New president. He has a long history in politics and Hampshire Democratic Party, the Vermont is currently running to be the new Democratic Democratic Party. As the National Field Committees Chair in 2017. He is backed by Director, she holds several congressional, some democrats, but his recent actions have gubernatorial and presidential campaigns put alot of pressure on him and his campaign. throughout the United States to gain national Endorsed by Bernie Sanders when he was in votes for Bernie. congress, Ellison is slowly building his political power to possibly chair the committee in the future. Nick Carter Political Outreach Director James Zogby Started as managing director of friends of Elected member by Sanders Bernie Sanders and Progressive voters of Vermont in September 2014. He was a public James Zogby is the founder and president of affairs coordinator of Planned Parenthood of the Arab American Institute and was one of Northern New England from April 2012 to the 5 people selected by Bernie Sanders to September 2014. Furthermore, was the serve in the Democratic Party Platform project manager/network coordinator for Drafting Committee. He is one of the 26 CCTV Center for Media & Democracy from Superdelegates from Washington D.C, and Feb. 2009-April 2012. He was also a field has been on the executive committee of the organizer for the Vermont Freedom to Marry Democratic National Committee since 2001. Task Force from Jan.-April 2009. Scheduler Once appointed to the United States and organizer for the Vermont Democratic Committee on International Religious Party, May-Nov. 2008. He also has a B.A. in freedom by Obama in 2013, James Zogby has political science, economics from the a plethora of international and political ties University of Vermont received in 2008. that he brought to the committee in 2016.

2016 Democratic National Committee | 16

References CCol

AJC Staff. (2016, August 13). DNC 2016: Five things to know about Shirley Franklin, former References Atlanta mayor. Retrieved from https://www.ajc.com/news/dnc-2016-five-things-know-about- CCol shirley -franklin-former-atlanta-mayor/46tcWwsopLbqatj5Yb3bBP/ References CCol

Abby Jackson.References (2016, September 26) Here’s where Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump stand on education.CCol https://www.businessinsider.com/hillary-clinton-and-donald-trump-on-education- issues-2016-9

Ballotpedia. (2016). The Democratic Party Platform and DNC Platform Committees, 2016. https://ballotpedia.org/The_Democratic_Party_Platform_and_DNC_Platform_Committees,_201 6

Berman, R. (2016, May 19). The Travails of Dannel Malloy. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/the-travails-of-connecticut-democratic- governor-dannel-malloy/483213/

Bernie 2016. (2015, April 30). http://www.p2016.org/sanders/sandersorg.html

Bernie Sanders. (2016, February 11). PBS Democratic Debate in https://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Education.htm

Byers, D. (2015, March 17). Clinton taps Brian Fallon for press secretary. https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/03/clinton-taps-brian-fallon-for-press-secretary- 204131

Chozick, Amy (April 12, 2015). "What Hillary Clinton Would Need to Do to Win". The Times. Climate change. (n.d.). https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/climate/

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Climate Home News. (2016, April 15). Diverging views: Sanders and Clinton on climate change. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2016/04/12/diverging-views-sanders-and-clinton-on- climate-change/

Dwilson, S. D. (2018, July 19). Tad Devine: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know. https://heavy.com/news/2018/07/tad-devine/

Emanuel, E. J., Barlow, S., DiBlasio, J. (2019, March 21). The Affordable Care Act has saved billions in health care costs. https://www.statnews.com/2019/03/22/affordable-care-act-controls- costs/

Green, R. (2018, December 12). Democrats Reject Sanders Plea To Remove Malloy From Convention Role. https://www.courant.com/politics/elections/hc-sanders-malloy-convention- 20160528-story.html

Guéhenno, J.-M. (2016, January 3). 10 Conflicts to Watch in 2016. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/03/10-conflicts-to-watch-in-2016/

Haberman, M. (2015, January 7). Clinton brings in Mook, Benenson for likely team. https://www.politico.com/story/2015/01/hillary-clinton-robby-mook-joel-benenson-2016-114024

Jim Margolis. (n.d.). https://theaapc.org/about-us/board-of-directors/jim-margolis/

Julia Barnes. (n.d.). https://www.netrootsnation.org/profile/jpkbarnesgmail-com/

Morse, A., & Sims, L. (2016, February 24). Snapshot of U.S. Immigration 2016. https://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/us-immigration-snapshot-2011.aspx

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Pauli, P. (2016). Gov. Malloy Opens DNC By Owning His Own Disabilities. https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/gov-malloy-opens-dnc-by-owning-his-own-disabilities/

Pazniokas, M. (2016, July 26). Leaving troubles at home, Malloy takes the DNC stage. https://ctmirror.org/2016/07/25/leaving-troubles-at-home-malloy-takes-the-dnc-stage/

Radford, J. (2019, June 17). Key findings about U.S. immigrants. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/

Skousen, M., Piplovic, N., Woods, J., Dykewicz, P., & Perry, B. (2020, February 12). Bernie Sanders's Appeal Explained. https://www.stockinvestor.com/46620/bernie-sanderss-appeal- explained/

Tax Policy Reforms in the OECD 2016. (2016, September 22). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264260399-en

The Green New Deal. (n.d.). https://berniesanders.com/issues/green-new-deal/