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Download the Potential of Indigenous Wild Foods The Potential of Indigenous Wild Foods Workshop Proceedings, 22-26 January 2001 April 2001 Funding provided by: USAID/OFDA Implementation provided by: CRS/Southern Sudan Proceeding compilation and editing by: Catherine Kenyatta and Amiee Henderson, USAID contractors The Potential of Indigenous Wild Foods Workshop Proceedings, 22–26 January 2001 April 2001 Funding provided by: USAID/OFDA Implementation provided by: CRS/Southern Sudan Proceeding compilation and editing by: Catherine Kenyatta ([email protected]) and Amiee Henderson ([email protected]), USAID contractors ii Contents Setting the Stage: Southern Sudan Conflict and Transition v Acronyms and Abbreviations ix DAY TWO: JANUARY 23, 2001 Session One Chair: Brian D’Silva, USAID 1 Official Welcome Dirk Dijkerman, USAID/REDSO 1 Overview of the Workshop Brian D’Silva 1 Potential of Indigenous Food Plants to Support and Strengthen Livelihoods in Southern Sudan, Birgitta Grosskinsky, CRS/Sudan, and Caroline Gullick, University College London 2 Discussions/comments from the floor 5 Food Security and the Role of Indigenous Wild Food Plants in South Sudan Mary Abiong Nyok, World Food Programme, Christine Foustino, Yambio County Development Committee, Luka Biong Deng, Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association, and Jaden Tongun Emilio, Secretariat of Agriculture and Animal Resources 6 Discussion/comment from the floor 9 Session Two Chair: Brian D’Silva 10 The Wild Foods Database for South Sudan Birgitta Grosskinsky and Caroline Gullick 10 Discussions/Comments from the floor 10 Food Source Diversification: Poetntial to Ameliorate the Chronic Food Insecurity in Ethiopia, Getachew Olana 12 Discussions/Comments from the floor 30 DAY THREE: JANUARY 24, 2001 Session Three Chair: Monica Opole, CIKSAP 31 Wild-Food Plants in Ethiopia: Reflections on the Role of “Wild-Foods” and “Famine-Foods” at the Time of Drought Yves Guinand and Dechassa Lemessa, UN-Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia 31 Discussions/Comments from the Floor 46 iii Domestication of Indigenous Wild Food Plants Rudy Schippers, NRI 47 Indigenous Vegetable Species in Tanzania Damas Marandu, HORTI Tengeru 48 Informal Discussion on the Role of Indigenous Wild Foods in Somalia Mahdi Kayad and Suleiman Mohamed, Food Security Assessment Unit/Somalia (FAO) 49 Discussion/Comments from the Floor 49 Non-Timber Forest Products in Central Africa: Issues of Conservation and Cultivation Laurie Clark, Consultant in Non-Timber Forest Products 50 Session Four, Chair: Monica Opole 55 Traditional Food Plants of Bulamogi County, Kamuli District (Uganda): Preliminary Findings John Tabuti, Department of Botany, Makerere University 55 Discussions/Comments from the Floor 56 The Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Indigenous Food Plants Christine S. Kabuye and Grace W. Ngugi, National Museums of Kenya 57 Discussion/Comments from the Floor 60 DAY FOUR: JANUARY 25, 2001 Session Five Chair: Brian D’Silva 61 Indigenous Wild Food Plants: Their Future in Kenya Patrick Maundu, Kenya Resource Center for Indigenous Knowledge 61 Discussion/Comments from the Floor 62 Experiences with Indigenous Vegetables Conservation Through Use Monica Opole, CIKSAP 63 Discussion/Comments from the Floor 63 Indigenous Wild Food Plants in Coastal Regions of Kenya Mohamed Pakia, Coastal Forest Conservation Unit 65 DAY FIVE: JANUARY 26, 2001 Session Six Chair: Brian D’Silva 66 Vision and Goals of the IWFP Research and Development Activities 66 Workshop Programme 70 Participants List 72 iv Setting the Stage: Southern Sudan Conflict and Transition1 During the 45 years since independence Sudan has These characteristics of the Sudan emergency are witnessed relative peace for only 11 years between what led USAID to adopt a rehabilitation-oriented ap- 1972 and 1983. From 1956 to 1972, southern proach for the zones of stability within southern Sudanese fought for independence from the North in Sudan. Stability, which has increased over the past the Anyanya I conflict. From the time this conflict five years, has created the necessary conditions for ended with the signing of a peace agreement in Addis the provision of less traditional food aid and the provi- Ababa in 1972, the South experienced peace and a sion of more assistance aimed at economic recovery. certain degree of self-determination in a federated (See Maps 1-3) The USAID approach differs from union with the North. However, conflict other donors because of the size of the share of its emerged again in 1983 with the start of the assistance that has gone toward rehabilitation-oriented Anyanya II insurrection. activities. Since it first began to fund these types of activities in 1993, USAID has contributed 4.4 percent Although the players and dynamics have varied of its total assistance (more than $24 million) to reha- through the different stages of conflict, the themes bilitation-oriented activities in the West Bank. This fig- and matters of dispute have remained relatively con- ure includes $3 million in development assistance stant. The issues have been freedom of religion for the funds obligated as part of a total of $7 million for the non-Muslim South, imposition of Islamic law in the three-year STAR program, which started in 1998. South and economic underdevelopment and exploita- tion of the South by the North. Various peace efforts The indigenous wild food plant study in southern have been undertaken, but none have succeeded, and Sudan is one of the projects supported by USAID although it is clear that the war cannot continue indefi- which is intended to provide better information on the nitely, there appears to be no end in sight. tremendous resource base already existing in southern Sudan and the potential for indigenous wild food What sets Sudan apart from other humanitarian disas- plants (IWFPs) to play a vital role in attaining food ters throughout the world is its duration, magnitude, and cost. Since the disaster began 18 years ago in 1983, it has been estimated that more than 2 million 1 The information in this section was taken from “Evolution of Sudanese have died from war-related causes. In addi- a Transition Strategy and Lessons Learned: USAID Funded Activities in the West Bank of Southern Sudan, tion, over 80 percent of southern Sudan’s estimated 1993 to 1999,” by Anne O’Toole Salinas, USAID/Bureau population of five million has been displaced at some for Africa, and Brian C. D’Silva, USAID/Regional Eco- time since 1983. Currently, it is estimated that there nomic Development Services Office, East and Southern are four million internally displaced Sudanese—the Africa. A copy of this paper can be found at http:// largest displaced population in the world.2 Over the www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACF763.pdf. past 10 years, the U.S. Government alone has pro- 2Millard Burr, “Quantifying Genocide in Southern Sudan and vided more than $1 billion in humanitarian assistance the Nuba Mountains,: 1983–1998” (U.S. Committee for to Sudan, of which $834 million was provided by Refugees, December 1998). 3 USAID. It is estimated that the international commu- 3 Unclassified State Department Cable 107180, 092046Z (June nity spends $1 million in humanitarian assistance to 9, 1999). “Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Commod- Sudan each day, while the GOS is estimated to spend ity/Service Report (as of June 22, 1999)”. US Overseas approximately the same amount each day to finance Loans and Grants: Series of Yearly Data. “BHR/FFP FY98 Support for Programs in Sudan, as of September 30, its war effort. 1998.” “BHR/FFP FY99 Support for Programs in Sudan, June 2, 1999.” v security. With more information about what people eat nity discussions. The Workshop on the Potential of and when, donor agencies will have a better idea of Indigenous Food Plants, held in Diana, Kenya, 22-26 nutrition needs. In southern Sudan, the IWFPs study January 2001, was an effort to extend lessons and in- included field surveys, data collection, and commu- formation from the Sudan experience and to assess similar work in the region. Map 1: Southern Sudan 1992 vi Map 2: Southern Sudan 1994 vii Map 3: Southern Sudan 1998 viii Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations AETFAT Association for the Taxonomic Study of the Tropical African Flora ATI Appropriate Technology International AVDRC Asian Vegetable Development Research Centre CARPE Central African Regional Program for the Environment CFCU Coastal Forest Conservation Unit CIKSAP Centre Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Products CRS Catholic Relief Services CRTA Crop Resources of Tropical Agriculture CTA Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation DfID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EFC Ethiopian Food Corporation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FSAU Food Security Assessment Unit ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICT Information and communication technology IDEAS Institute for Development, Environmental and Agricultural Studies, south Sudan IDRC International Development Research Centre (Canada) IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute IPR Intellectual property rights IRSAT Insitut de Recherches en Sciences Appliquees et Technologiques, Burkina Faso ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group IWFP World Food Programme KENRICK Kenya Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge KSE Kenya Society of Ethnoecology MINEF Ministry of Environment and Forests, Cameroon NAPRECA Network on Natural Product Research for East and Central Africa NARO National Agricultural Research Organization, Uganda NGO Non-governmental
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