DOCSLIB.ORG

The Technologies Behind the Internet Lecture 1 – April 7, 2016 “Lincoln Towers University” April 2016 Thursdays 7:30-9 Pm, 150 WEA Community Room

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Technologies Behind the Internet Lecture 1 – April 7, 2016 “Lincoln Towers University” April 2016 Thursdays 7:30-9 Pm, 150 WEA Community Room The Technologies Behind the Internet Lecture 1 – April 7, 2016 “Lincoln Towers University” April 2016 Thursdays 7:30-9 pm, 150 WEA Community Room Instructor: Stephen Weinstein [email protected], (646) 267-5904 Lecture notes posting site: projectopenlincolntowers.org/lincolntowersuniversity Your instructor A mostly retired engineer living in Lincoln Towers, with a PhD in electrical engineering from U.C. Berkeley and extensive experience in the communications industry. I am a member of the Boards of the 150WEA Owners Corp. and of Project Open*. My consulting website, cttcservices.com, has further personal background information. *I maintain the Project Open web site, projectopenlincolntowers.org Goals of this course 1. Provide an intuitive explanation, not requiring an engineering or computer science background, of -Internet history -The technical foundations of the Internet -Relevant basic concepts of communications and information technology. 2. Answer your questions. Don’t be afraid to ask! Topics Covered in Four Lectures Lecture 1: Internet background and Digital Media -Definitions of a few basic terms. -Internet definition, history and organizations. -What "analog" and "digital" mean for media (images, audio and video, and why the world has gone digital. -Analog to Digital (A/D conversion) and digital compression to reduce the size of media files and streams. Lecture 2: Communications I will explain: -Frequency, wavelength, bandwidth and data rate. -Modulation, modems and networks. -Protocol stacks. -Access (telephone, cable, optical, cellular mobile) networks. Cellular mobile history and techniques. -Local (Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, infrared) networks. -Line switching, packet switching and virtual circuits. Lecture 3: Internet architecture & technologies -Internet architecture (routers, DNS, …). -Connection-oriented vs. connectionless (datagram). -The Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), protocols in the transport layer above (TCP, UDP), and some other important protocols (OSPF, DHCP). -Translating URLs to IP addresses. -Avoiding address depletion (local addresses and IPv6). Lecture 4: Internet applications -The original application level protocols: ftp, smtp, telnet -The World Wide Web: History, browsers, and web pages HTML web pages and HTTP retrieval. -Audio and video streaming, VoIP (e.g., Skype). -Cloud computing. -Security attacks (e.g., denial of service) and defenses. -The Internet of Things. Lecture 1: Internet background and digital media Basic terms. Internet definition, history and organizations. A few introductory definitions: Bit: A unit of information, equivalent to the information generated by the toss of an unbiased coin (head or tail). (Byte: 8 bits.) Computer scientists like to say “1” or “0” rather than “head” or “tail”. It’s just a name, not a count! We will, in today’s class, explain how a speech or video signal can be represented by a data sequence of bits. Analog to digital conversion …01110000110101000 ... Network (for data communications): A set of originating and terminating nodes, forwarding nodes, and the transport links connecting them, for conveying data (information) traffic. Packet: A data package conveying (in its payload), through a network, bits representing part or all of a message. Complete message A series of packets, each carrying part of the message It’s a lot like packing a large shipment into a series of trucks that may possibly be of different sizes. A network link may carry a mixed stream of packets from different sources represented by 1, 2, 3, 4 2-voice 3-keyboard 1-video 1-video 1-video 1-video (Communication) protocol: A formal description of the format and rules for a message exchange. Several layers of protocols are usually needed to completely specify an information exchange. A packet protocol, for example, will specify elements such as sending and receiving addresses, size, and information type. Header Information field (payload) Source & destination addresses, etc. Decimal and binary numbers We have ten fingers and that is why we use decimal numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 We represent an integer by multiples of powers of 10. Example: 14 = 1x10 + 4x1 If we had two fingers, like electronic memories, we would use binary numbers to represent an integer by multiples of powers of 2. Example: 14 (decimal) = 1110 (binary) = 1x8 + 1x4 + 1x2 + 0x1 Definitions of an internet and the Internet An internet (not the Internet) is a combination of several distinct communication networks capable of conveying data between endpoints on different networks. Access Core Networks Local Area networks Networks Bluetooth Satellite Personal Area Networks Cellular Infrared mobile WiFi Optical Core Network, (IEEE 802.11) Cable (HFC) Bluetooth metropolitan & long haul DSL Ethernet Optical fiber The Internet is the publicly available combination of multiple distinct communication networks augmented by the Internet Protocol (IP) and subscribing to Internet standards in order to convey data between endpoints on different networks. IP Domain Name The Internet is one example of Server an internet Router Cellular mobile WiFi Cable (HFC) Optical Core Network, Bluetooth Wireless router metropolitan & long haul IP Ethernet Optical fiber History of the Internet Donald Davies Lawrence Roberts Paul Baran Leonard Kleinrock Robert Vinton Kahn J.C.R. Licklider Cerf 1961-62: MIT Prof. J.C.R. Licklider envisioned a "Galactic Network" as a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. Leonard Kleinrock published first paper on relevant packet switching theory. Mid 60s: Publications on packet switching from RAND (Paul Baran) and the National Physical Lab in the U.K. (Donald Davies). Ref: https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief- history-internet FUNCTIONS OF A PACKET SWITCH (or Router) -Routing (which output line is part of the best path to destination?) -Forwarding (place packet in the waiting line (queue) for the desired output line. Incoming packets on several lines Outgoing packets on several lines Ref: https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief- history-internet 1968: Lawrence Roberts and colleagues at the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) developed specifications and a Request for Proposals for the ARPANET, in particular for development of packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMPs). The RFQ was won by Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). Bob Kahn playing a major role in the design. The first IMP was installed at UCLA in 1969. Early ARPANET Architecture HOST - A computer serving as an originating/terminating node. IMP- Interface Message Processor, a packet switch handling up to four Hosts and four communications lines, implemented in a Honeywell DDP-516 minicomputer. TIP- Terminal Interface Processor, an IMP supporting 64 terminals. T - Terminal (“dumb” personal computer, just keyboard and screen). Ref: http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html IMP Why did they want a packet-switching data network rather than a line switching network like the telephone network? Resilience : Ability to reroute packets if a link or node goes down. This was a major motivation for military networks. Burst traffic: Ability to convey brief data bursts (like a keyboard entry) without the delay and complexity of setting up new switched lines. Flexibility: Ability to mix different kinds of traffic (computer bursts, voice, video) at different data rates. 1971-72: Host-to-Host (computer to computer) Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCP provided connections and flow control between processes (computer programs) running on different ARPANET host computers but did not guarantee end-to-end reliability. NCP ran on top of packet forwarding supplied by the IMP. Fall 1972: Bob Kahn demonstrates ARPANET services at International Conference on Computer Communications (Washington). 1973: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn develop TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), a protocol pair supporting routing and reliable end-to-end connections built on IP’s “best effort” (datagram) service. Introduced internetworking across dissimilar networks (Kahn wanted to add a satellite network). Originally tightly integrated, TCP and IP were later separated to allow alternative transport-level protocols. These protocols will be described in later lectures. Cerf and Kahn receiving Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2006 This paper largely focused on the TCP part, process-to-process connections. 1980: TCP/IP adopted as a defense standard. 1981: Original DARPA protocol standard for IP (RFC 791). Jan. 1983: ARPANET cutover from NCP to TCP/IP. 1983: MILNET (Military Network) split off from ARPANET. 1986: NSFnet launched by the National Science Foundation, initially to interconnect supercomputers. Connection to ARPANET makes packet network more generally available to all academic users. Ref: https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/launch.htm http://207.75.117.26/research/nsfnet.php 1987: NSF upgrade solicitation, foreseeing commercial users. IBM, MCI and a consortium of Michigan universities win contract. July, 1988: New backbone becomes operational, using 1.5 Mbps (megabit per second) links. This may be considered the beginning of the Internet. Demand surges, leading to replacement by 45 Mbps links in 1991. Did Al Gore have a role in realization of the Internet? Yes, indirectly, of part of the modern Internet. He was prime sponsor of the 1991 High-Performance Computing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • North American Company Profiles 8X8
    North American Company Profiles 8x8 8X8 8x8, Inc. 2445 Mission College Boulevard Santa Clara, California 95054 Telephone: (408) 727-1885 Fax: (408) 980-0432 Web Site: www.8x8.com Email: [email protected] Fabless IC Supplier Regional Headquarters/Representative Locations Europe: 8x8, Inc. • Bucks, England U.K. Telephone: (44) (1628) 402800 • Fax: (44) (1628) 402829 Financial History ($M), Fiscal Year Ends March 31 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Sales 36 31 34 20 29 19 50 Net Income 5 (1) (0.3) (6) (3) (14) 4 R&D Expenditures 7 7 7 8 8 11 12 Capital Expenditures — — — — 1 1 1 Employees 114 100 105 110 81 100 100 Ownership: Publicly held. NASDAQ: EGHT. Company Overview and Strategy 8x8, Inc. is a worldwide leader in the development, manufacture and deployment of an advanced Visual Information Architecture (VIA) encompassing A/V compression/decompression silicon, software, subsystems, and consumer appliances for video telephony, videoconferencing, and video multimedia applications. 8x8, Inc. was founded in 1987. The “8x8” refers to the company’s core technology, which is based upon Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) image compression and decompression. In DCT, 8-pixel by 8-pixel blocks of image data form the fundamental processing unit. 2-1 8x8 North American Company Profiles Management Paul Voois Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Keith Barraclough President and Chief Operating Officer Bryan Martin Vice President, Engineering and Chief Technical Officer Sandra Abbott Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer Chris McNiffe Vice President, Marketing and Sales Chris Peters Vice President, Sales Michael Noonen Vice President, Business Development Samuel Wang Vice President, Process Technology David Harper Vice President, European Operations Brett Byers Vice President, General Counsel and Investor Relations Products and Processes 8x8 has developed a Video Information Architecture (VIA) incorporating programmable integrated circuits (ICs) and compression/decompression algorithms (codecs) for audio/video communications.
    [Show full text]
  • B-1 APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION of SELECTED COMPETITORS This
    APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED COMPETITORS This Appendix provides general descriptions of selected competitors for telecommunications services in a number of categories: ILECs/IXCs (other than BellSouth and AT&T); other network providers; CLECs; wireless carriers (other than Cingular); cable providers; system integrators; equipment vendors and value-added resellers; other VoIP service providers; fixed wireless broadband providers; and foreign-based carriers. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) / Inter-Exchange Carriers (IXCs) With its acquisition of MCI, Verizon is an even stronger competitor for telecommunications services both for enterprise and mass market customers, combining MCI’s robust national and international IP network with one of the nation’s largest cellular and broadband networks. Verizon Business became the company’s new business unit combining the operations of the former Verizon Enterprise Solutions Group and MCI to provide a comprehensive portfolio of end-to-end communications and IP solutions to business and government customers.1 Verizon Business has one of the largest and most interconnected IP 1 Press Release, Verizon, Verizon Business, New Global Communications Provider, Opens for Business Worldwide; Launches Integrated Product Portfolio and Advertising Campaign (Jan. 23, 2006), available at http://newscenter.verizon.com/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=93195; Press Release, Verizon, Verizon Business, New Global Communications Provider, Opens for Business Worldwide; Launches Integrated Product Portfolio and Advertising Campaign (Jan. 23, 2006), available at http://newscenter.verizon.com/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=93195 (“Verizon Business' Fortune 500 customers include Boeing, CSX, and McDonald's among others. The company manages some of the world's most complex and sophisticated networks with some of the highest performance commitments available today for customers including NASDAQ and the Federal Aviation Administration .
    [Show full text]
  • U N * ^ Ms International
    INFORMATION TO USERS Til is reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure com plete co n tin u ity. 2 . When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. ,V When a map, drawing or chart, etc.. is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. It' necessary, sectioning is continued again beginning below the first row and continuing 011 until complete.
    [Show full text]
  • 8X8, Inc. 2020 Annual Report
    Annual Report Fiscal 2020 Dear 8x8 Shareholders, I am writing to you about our company’s achievements and experiences over the last year, but the starting point has to be that, in early 2020, the world began to truly embrace what we at 8x8 have been planning for and enabling over the last 30+ years. Since the invention of the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication in the 1830s and 1840s, human beings have applied their creativity to improving peoples’ ability to interact with each other without being in the same physical location. We recognized that advancing digital capabilities have the potential to enable great leaps forward in this progression. Just as importantly, we have worked to turn this potential into a real-world, seamless, affordable, dependable, and valuable set of services. The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn incredible attention and new urgency to these advances. The world’s ever-growing population means we simply must plan on the risks of pathogens spreading rapidly and globally more regularly. This risk puts a premium on every businesses’ ability to function without in-person events that increasingly put lives at risk. Our unified, cloud-based voice, video, chat, contact-center, and enterprise-class API solutions enable work-from- anywhere and work-from-any device. We are therefore pleased, both as global citizens and as executives of 8x8, that the services we provide are at the top of CIOs buying agendas. These purchases are predicted to increase demand in our sector by double-digit growth annually.1 We accomplished a lot in our fiscal 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • How Three Savvy Small Businesses Are Growing and Improving Productivity with Cloud Communications
    How Three Savvy Small Businesses Are Growing and Improving Productivity with Cloud Communications With today’s fast-paced, competitive environment, business leaders know that utilizing technology efficiently is the key to success. Applying technology effectively is even more important for small businesses that are competing with the big guys and require services that project an image as big as their ambitions. Critical to the success of any business is an outstanding communications system. Not only must it be reliable, but also easy to use and cost-effective. That’s why more and more businesses are turning to cloud-based unified communications. 8x8 has worked with over 40,000 organizations of all sizes. Let’s look at three examples of savvy, forward-thinking companies that are growing their businesses and improving challenges with 8x8 unified communications. Financial Services Company Switches to 8x8 to Make Customer Service a Priority Customer: Beamalife Financial Beamalife Services In 2007 when Neil Jesani founded BeamaLife, an online life insurance and financial planning firm, he did not intend to become an expert in voice over IP (VoIP) phone Industry: Financial services and systems. But as a hands-on CEO with 30 employees in his Piscataway, New Jersey, insurance office, he has learned the ins and outs of various VoIP solutions while running Location: BeamaLife’s online business. Piscataway, New Jersey Challenge: Website: www.beamalifeinsurance.com In December 2011, just as he was about to move into new offices, Jesani’s Internet provider informed him at the last minute that his new office would not have high- 8x8 Products: Virtual Office speed Internet access for four to six weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Formulating a New Communications Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model
    Federal Communications Law Journal Volume 56 Issue 3 Article 5 5-2004 A Horizontal Leap Forward: Formulating a New Communications Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model Richard S. Whitt MCI Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons, Communications Law Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Whitt, Richard S. (2004) "A Horizontal Leap Forward: Formulating a New Communications Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model," Federal Communications Law Journal: Vol. 56 : Iss. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj/vol56/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Federal Communications Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Horizontal Leap Forward: Formulating a New Communications Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model Richard S. Whitt EXECUTIVE SUM M ARY ........................................................................... 589 I. OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY ......................................................... 594 II. B ACKGROUND .............................................................................. 595 A. The World of Legacy Communications Regulation .............. 595 B. The Network Engineering Concept
    [Show full text]
  • Key Specifications Key Features
    C-250 Tri radio, 8X8 5GHz - 4X4 2.4GHz - 2x2 Dual-band scan radio Wi-Fi 6 access point Data Sheet Key Specifications • Full featured Wi-Fi 6, 12 Stream AP Aesthetic Design and High Performance • 8x8:8 5GHz Radio + 4x4:4 2.4 GHz Radio Arista C-250 is an enterprise-grade, 12 stream Wi-Fi 6 AP with dual concurrent 5 GHz and 2.4 GHz band radios supporting 8 stream 802.11a/n/ac/ax, 4 stream • Up to 1.1 Gbps throughput for 2.4 GHz radio 802.11b/g/n/ax and data rates of up to 4.8 Gbps and 1.4 Gbps, respectively. • Up to 4.8 Gbps throughput for 5 GHz radio C-250 Capabilities • Additional 2x2 dual band radio for dedicated RF and WIPS scanning C-250 provides Gen 2 Wi-Fi 6 performance improvements to deliver higher capacity and more efficient use of the available spectrum. It provides industry • Integrated BLE 4.1 leading user experience and throughput in high density environments. Uplink/ • Integrated omnidirectional antennas Downlink OFDMA channelization allocates bandwidth more efficiently across • 20/40/80/80+80/160 MHz channel width client devices to provide a better user experience. The ability to serve multiple support clients simultaneously through UL/DL MU-MIMO further improves system • 2x 2.5 Gigabit Ethernet ports capacity and user experience. With support for eight spatial streams in 5GHz, the • Support for UL/DL MU-MIMO C250 delivers truly unprecedented throughput and client capacity. C-250 is ideal • Support for UL/DL OFDMA for critical, high-density networks serving a high volume of diverse clients and applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 28 September 2006  Submarine Telecoms Forum Is Published Bi-Monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C
    Offshore Oil & Gas Issue 28 September 2006 Submarine Telecoms Forum is published bi-monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C. The publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without the Welcome to the September 2006, 28th issue of Submarine Telecoms Forum, our Oil & permission of the publishers. Gas edition. Submarine Telecoms Forum is an independent com- mercial publication, serving as a freely accessible forum for Last year at this time we were just beginning to appreciate the magnitude of Hurricane professionals in industries connected with submarine optical Katrina, and its impact on this very significant industry. Since then we have fibre technologies and techniques. experienced the most expensive oil the world has seen, due to political, economic and Liability: while every care is taken in preparation of this natural causes. We have also witnessed a potentially incredible find in the Gulf of publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may Mexico, which poses interesting implications for the future. It is clear that the oil & gas occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence industry will only grow in importance in the years to come. arising from any errors or omissions. We have some exceptional articles for your consideration. The publisher cannot be held responsible for any views expressed by contributors, and the editor reserves the right Karl Jeffery provides an outstanding overview of the worldwide oil & gas industry, while to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for Mark Davidson describes a future Gulf of Mexico inter-platform cable system.
    [Show full text]
  • 8X8 Virtual Office Reliable, Scalable and Affordable
    8x8 Virtual Office Reliable, Scalable and Affordable 8x8 Virtual Office is a complete business phone system that delivers outrageously affordable, incredibly advanced business phone service over your Internet connection. The Champion For Business Communications Cloud-based Business Phone Service 8x8 Virtual Office When was the last time you were excited about your phone system? With 8x8 you will be! Move up to the cost and performance advantages of 8x8 Virtual Office business phone service. Virtual Office answers the call for your small or mid-sized company to save serious money on business phone service—all while delivering enterprise- class features to your fingertips. With Virtual Office, you get all the business features that Fortune 500 companies have come to know and appreciate, including an auto attendant, corporate directory, music-on-hold, conference bridge and more. Local, long distance and international calls are more cost effective because we leverage the power of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to reduce costs for you. We deliver our phone services and features right over your Internet connection. Because it’s all in the cloud, customers typically save up to 90% off the start-up costs of traditional premises-based PBX systems and up to 50% off monthly phone bills. Find a perfect fit with Virtual Get down to business with Virtual Office phone Office calling plans advanced features service includes: 8x8 Virtual Office provides flexible, The Virtual Office solution delivers all the BUSINESS FEATURES affordable service plans that you can mix “big business” calling features you will likely and match to suit the calling needs of your ever need.
    [Show full text]
  • Which Wi-Fi 6 Features Define the New Premium Tier?
    RF & Wireless The Ultimate Wi-Fi Access Point: Which Wi-Fi 6 Features Define the New Premium Tier? RF & Wireless Components (RFWC)RF & Wireless Components (RFWC) Report Snapshot Strategy Analytics examined features in premium tier, high-performance Wi-Fi 6 access points through discussions with testing labs, OEMs, carriers, and chipset providers. Although marketing messages have typically promoted OFDMA as the main feature of Wi-Fi 6, we found that 8 x 8 MU-MIMO provides the biggest benefit to total system throughput and capacity. June 2019 Christopher Taylor [email protected] www.strategyanalytics.com RF & Wireless Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Analysis 3 2.1.1 Goals 3 2.1.2 Wi-Fi 6 Background 4 2.1.3 Project Statistics 9 2.1.4 Attractive Wi-Fi 6 Features in the Premium Tier 10 2.1.5 Myths Surrounding MU-MIMO 13 2.1.6 The Industry View of Wi-Fi 6 Product Positioning 14 2.1.7 Why Upgrade to Wi-Fi 6 Now? 15 2.1.8 Wi-Fi 6 Forecast 16 3. Implications 18 4. Appendix 20 5. How Can We Help You? 24 Exhibits Exhibit 1 The Wi-Fi Performance Envelope .......................................................................................................... 4 Exhibit 2 MU-MIMO Clients and Stations .............................................................................................................. 6 Exhibit 3 Theoretical System Data Rate vs. Number of Clients with MU-MIMO ................................................... 7 Exhibit 4 Beamforming .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding the Beast: How Mobile Operators Are Racing to Keep Up
    Feeding the Beast How Mobile Operators are Racing to Keep Up with Insatiable Demand for Mobile Broadband WIA Innovation & Technology Council 5/23/2018 Content Abstract Introduction New Standards: the 5G Promise Options Available to Keep Up with Traffic Demands The HetNet Architecture and Efforts to Bring the Network Closer to the End User Critical Role of Fiber Putting the Right Policies in Place Conclusion About the Authors Endnotes Operators Will Need to Use All Tools to Keep Up with Insatiable Traffic Demands This white paper is meant to be an educational tool and does not reflect Wireless Infrastructure Association policy Abstract Traffic on mobile networks has grown every year and shows no sign of abating, as society has become mobile-first. This report will explore how the wireless ecosystem is addressing insatiable traffic demands borne from mobile data adoption through network optimization efforts, densification strategies, policy frameworks and new spectrum and technologies coming to market. Introduction The traffic growth and demand on U.S. operators’ wireless broadband networks continues to explode without any sign of slowing down. Subscriber connections, smartphone penetration rates, and data consumption on fourth-generation LTE (4G) networks have set record highs each year. Just like too many automobiles on a highway leads to congestion, more traffic on a wireless network slows down the network. Even as major nationwide operators tried to keep up with this increased traffic through network optimization and efforts to speed up the network by bringing it closer to the end user, they also launched competing unlimited data plans, which encouraged customers to use more data.
    [Show full text]
  • Video Conferencing: Silicon Valley’S 50-Year History
    Video Conferencing: Silicon Valley’s 50-Year History Dave House, Eric Dorsey & Bryan Martin; Moderator: Ken Pyle Organized by IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee Co-Sponsored by IEEE Consultants’ Network of Silicon Valley (IEEE-CNSV) © 2020 IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee www.SiliconValleyHistory.com 22 July 2020 Today’s Agenda IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee Info: – Tom Coughlin, IEEE-USA Immediate Past President Recent IEEE historical Milestones – Brian A. Berg, IEEE Volunteer Main Event – Dave House, ex-Intel – Eric Dorsey, ex-Compression Labs, Inc. – Bryan Martin, 8x8, Inc. CTO and Chairman – Ken Pyle, Viodi (Moderator) 2 © 2020 IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee Committee members: – Tom Coughlin, Chair – Brian A. Berg, Vice Chair – Tom Gardner, Treasurer – Ken Pyle, Videographer – Francine Bellson – Paul Wesling – Ted Hoff – Alan Weissberger 3 © 2020 IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee Founded in 2013 Our purpose: to hold meetings on the history of a broad range of technologies that were conceived, developed, or progressed in greater Silicon Valley If you are interested in offering your help, contact –Tom Coughlin: [email protected] –Brian Berg: [email protected] 4 © 2020 IEEE Silicon Valley Technology History Committee Some Recent SV Tech History Events October 10, 2019 – A Partial History of Makers in Silicon Valley June 13, 2019 – Challenger Shuttle Disaster:
    [Show full text]