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KUMAMOTO, KYUSHU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKES of Mw 6.0 April 14, 2016 Mw 7.0 April 16, 2016 LIFELINE PERFORMANCE

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KUMAMOTO, KYUSHU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKES of Mw 6.0 April 14, 2016 Mw 7.0 April 16, 2016 LIFELINE PERFORMANCE KUMAMOTO, KYUSHU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKES OF Mw 6.0 April 14, 2016 Mw 7.0 April 16, 2016 LIFELINE PERFORMANCE By ALEX K TANG and JOHN M EIDINGER The Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering TCLEE No. 2 and Yokohama National University May 7 2017 http://www.geEngineeringSystems.com Kumamoto Earthquakes April 2016 Rev. 0 April 16 2017 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... 1 PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5 ENDORSEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 TCLEE AND ASCE ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.3 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4 UNITS ................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.5 LICENSE, COPYRIGHT AND CREATE COMMONS DEED ......................................................................... 20 1.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.0 SEISMIC HAZARDS ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 LOCATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE ......................................................................................................... 22 2.2 SEISMICITY AND GROUND MOTIONS ................................................................................................... 28 2.3 LANDSLIDES ........................................................................................................................................ 41 2.4 SURFACE FAULTING ............................................................................................................................. 48 2.5 LIQUEFACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 53 2.6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 58 3.0 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 59 3.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 60 3.2 THE POWER GRID ................................................................................................................................ 63 3.3 LANDSLIDE DAMAGE TO TRANSMISSION TOWERS .............................................................................. 65 3.4 SUBSTATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 91 3.5 GENERATION ...................................................................................................................................... 105 3.6 DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................................................... 107 3.7 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 115 4.0 TELECOMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................ 116 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 116 4.2 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................. 117 4.3 LANDLINE NETWORK DAMAGE ......................................................................................................... 117 4.4 WIRELESS SYSTEM DAMAGE ............................................................................................................ 122 4.5 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 132 4.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 135 4.7 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 135 5.0 WATER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 136 5.1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 136 5.2 PIPE INVENTORY ................................................................................................................................ 140 5.3 PIPE DAMAGE .................................................................................................................................... 142 5.4 RESTORATION OF WATER SERVICE .................................................................................................... 144 5.5 PIPE REPLACEMENT FOR US AND CANADIAN WATER UTILITIES ....................................................... 151 5.6 PIPE AND FACILITY PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................... 156 5.7 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 172 Page i Kumamoto Earthquakes April 2016 Rev. 0 April 16 2017 6.0 SEAPORTS .......................................................................................................................................... 173 6.1 KUMAMOTO PORT ............................................................................................................................. 174 6.2 YATSUSHIRO PORT ............................................................................................................................ 176 6.3 BEPPU PORT ....................................................................................................................................... 178 6.4 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 179 6.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 179 6.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 179 7.0 AIRPORTS ........................................................................................................................................... 180 7.1 PERFORMANCE OF KUMAMOTO AIRPORT .......................................................................................... 182 7.2 DOMESTIC TERMINAL ........................................................................................................................ 183 7.3 INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL ............................................................................................................... 188 7.4 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................ 190 7.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 192 8.0 GAS SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................... 193 8.1 OVERVIEW OF THE GAS SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 193 8.2 GAS OUTAGES ................................................................................................................................... 194 8.3 GAS FACILITIES ................................................................................................................................. 198 8.4 GAS PIPES .......................................................................................................................................... 199 8.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE ..................................................................................................................... 204 8.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................
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