KUMAMOTO, KYUSHU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKES OF Mw 6.0 April 14, 2016 Mw 7.0 April 16, 2016 LIFELINE PERFORMANCE By ALEX K TANG and JOHN M EIDINGER The Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering TCLEE No. 2 and Yokohama National University May 7 2017 http://www.geEngineeringSystems.com Kumamoto Earthquakes April 2016 Rev. 0 April 16 2017 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... 1 PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 5 ENDORSEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 TCLEE AND ASCE ............................................................................................................................. 18 1.3 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 18 1.4 UNITS ................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.5 LICENSE, COPYRIGHT AND CREATE COMMONS DEED ......................................................................... 20 1.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.0 SEISMIC HAZARDS ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 LOCATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE ......................................................................................................... 22 2.2 SEISMICITY AND GROUND MOTIONS ................................................................................................... 28 2.3 LANDSLIDES ........................................................................................................................................ 41 2.4 SURFACE FAULTING ............................................................................................................................. 48 2.5 LIQUEFACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 53 2.6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 58 3.0 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 59 3.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 60 3.2 THE POWER GRID ................................................................................................................................ 63 3.3 LANDSLIDE DAMAGE TO TRANSMISSION TOWERS .............................................................................. 65 3.4 SUBSTATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 91 3.5 GENERATION ...................................................................................................................................... 105 3.6 DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................................................... 107 3.7 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 115 4.0 TELECOMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................ 116 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 116 4.2 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................. 117 4.3 LANDLINE NETWORK DAMAGE ......................................................................................................... 117 4.4 WIRELESS SYSTEM DAMAGE ............................................................................................................ 122 4.5 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 132 4.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 135 4.7 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 135 5.0 WATER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 136 5.1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 136 5.2 PIPE INVENTORY ................................................................................................................................ 140 5.3 PIPE DAMAGE .................................................................................................................................... 142 5.4 RESTORATION OF WATER SERVICE .................................................................................................... 144 5.5 PIPE REPLACEMENT FOR US AND CANADIAN WATER UTILITIES ....................................................... 151 5.6 PIPE AND FACILITY PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................... 156 5.7 REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 172 Page i Kumamoto Earthquakes April 2016 Rev. 0 April 16 2017 6.0 SEAPORTS .......................................................................................................................................... 173 6.1 KUMAMOTO PORT ............................................................................................................................. 174 6.2 YATSUSHIRO PORT ............................................................................................................................ 176 6.3 BEPPU PORT ....................................................................................................................................... 178 6.4 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 179 6.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 179 6.6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 179 7.0 AIRPORTS ........................................................................................................................................... 180 7.1 PERFORMANCE OF KUMAMOTO AIRPORT .......................................................................................... 182 7.2 DOMESTIC TERMINAL ........................................................................................................................ 183 7.3 INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL ............................................................................................................... 188 7.4 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................ 190 7.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 192 8.0 GAS SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................... 193 8.1 OVERVIEW OF THE GAS SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 193 8.2 GAS OUTAGES ................................................................................................................................... 194 8.3 GAS FACILITIES ................................................................................................................................. 198 8.4 GAS PIPES .......................................................................................................................................... 199 8.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE ..................................................................................................................... 204 8.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................