Le Système De Santé En Thaïlande Et L'origine Des Inégalités En Matière De Santé: Une Analyse Politico-Économique

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Le Système De Santé En Thaïlande Et L'origine Des Inégalités En Matière De Santé: Une Analyse Politico-Économique Le système de santé en Thaïlande et l’origine des inégalités en matière de santé : une analyse politico-économique Pakpoom Saengkanokkul To cite this version: Pakpoom Saengkanokkul. Le système de santé en Thaïlande et l’origine des inégalités en matière de santé : une analyse politico-économique. Economies et finances. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018USPCF013. tel-01893193 HAL Id: tel-01893193 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01893193 Submitted on 11 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale N°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Asies THÈSE présentée par Pakpoom SAENGKANOKKUL soutenue le 23 mai 2018 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO Discipline : Economie et Société Le système de santé en Thaïlande et l'origine des inégalités en matière de santé: une analyse politico- économique Thèse dirigée par : Marie-Sybille DE VIENNE Professeur des universités, INALCO RAPPORTEURS : Audrey BOCHATON Maître de conférences, Université de Paris Nanterre Vishnu VARUNYOU Vice-président de la Cour administrative suprême de Thaïlande MEMBRES DU JURY : Marie-Sybille DE VIENNE Professeur des universités, INALCO Audrey BOCHATON Maître de conférences, Université de Paris Nanterre Sébastien LECHEVALIER Directeur d'études, EHESS Vishnu VARUNYOU Vice-président de la Cour administrative suprême de Thaïlande Julien VERCUEIL Maître de conférences, INALCO 1 LE SYSTÈME DE SANTÉ EN THAÏLANDE ET L’ORIGINE DES INÉGALITÉS EN MATIÈRE DE SANTÉ : UNE ANALYSE POLITICO-ÉCONOMIQUE Pakpoom SAENGKANOKKUL 2 3 REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse a été menée à bien grâce à l’aide de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens à exprimer ma plus profonde gratitude à ma directrice de thèse, Madame la professeur Marie-Sybille de Vienne, qui a accepté de dirigé ma thèse et a consacré beaucoup de son temps à lire, relire, corriger, formuler des critiques et donner des conseils. Sans elle, cette thèse n'aurait pas pu être terminée. Je remercie les membres de jury: Madame la professeur Audrey Bochaton et Messieurs les professeurs Julien Vercueil, Sébastien Lechevalier, Vishnu Varunyou, qui ont utilisé leur précieux temps pour examiner cette recherche. Je remercie aussi le soutien financier du Gouvernement Thaïlandais de m'avoir accordé une allocation d'étude. Je remercie tous mes informateurs qui m'ont donné une excellente coopération et de précieuses informations. Je remercie également Fabrice et tous les amis à Paris qui m'ont aidé et soutenu pendant mes études en France. Finalement, je remercie mes parents et mes grands frères pour leur soutien et leurs encouragements. 4 5 INTRODUCTION 6 7 « Être en bonne santé est la meilleure des fortunes» proverbe thaï I. L’interrogation initiale Au point de vue socio-économique, la santé n'est pas un domaine isolé. Elle n'est pas seulement issue de la médecine, mais la santé est liée aux facteurs socio-économiques et politiques. La santé élargit continuellement son territoire et devient de plus en plus complexe. Elle s'étend de la santé individuelle au niveau collectif, international et mondial. Pour guérir les maladies, les individus ont besoin de spécialistes, comme les médecins, qui ont été formés par l'État. Pour répartir les services de soins, les professionnels de santé et les ressources médicales, l’intervention de l’état, voir un système de santé publique sont nécessaires. L'émergence de l'économie de la santé dans les années 1970 a montré que la santé n'était pas seulement une affaire de techniques médicales, mais aussi une problématique économique. Le système de santé, notamment l'État providence, a besoin d'un financement étatique. La santé prend une place centrale dans le plan national de développement. La croissance économique est liée à l'amélioration de la santé de la population. À l'inverse, la santé est un capital humain important, qui intervient dans la croissance économique. La création de l'OMS et la mondialisation ont élargi le champ de la santé au niveau international. La santé est devenue une question importante pour le développement international. Au point de vue éthique, les inégalités sociales sont liées aux inégalités de santé et d'accès aux soins. Les actions individuelles ne sont pas assez fortes pour éliminer les inégalités dans le domaine de santé. Les inégalités dans le domaine de santé sont une question de justice sociale que les institutions politiques et socio-économiques ont le devoir de réaliser. Ces inégalités ne sont pas des événements normaux dans la vie quotidienne, que tout le monde ignore et tolère. Parce que la santé est essentielle pour tous, tout le monde a besoin d'une bonne santé pour faire toutes les activités de la vie quotidienne. La santé est considérée comme l’un des paramètres du bien-être. La santé est un élément important pour générer des opportunités humaines et des moyens de production. Les soins de santé peuvent protéger et améliorer directement le fonctionnement normal de la santé. 8 Cependant, les inégalités dans le système de santé se rencontrent partout, dans les pays développés, les pays en développement et les pays les moins avancés. La santé et les services de soins peuvent être distribués de façon inégale selon les ethnies, la différence de statut socioéconomique, le sexe, etc. Bien que l'avancement des technologies médicales et l’amélioration des conditions de vie nous aient aidé à prolonger l'espérance de la vie, en particulier depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, certains groupes favorisés en ont bénéficié davantage que les autres. Même si l'OMS, des organisations internationales et des ONG ont collaboré pour faire du droit à la santé un droit fondamental de l'homme, les inégalités d'accès aux soins et de santé persistent. Selon l'OMS 1, les enfants des ménages les plus pauvres (20% des ménages) ont près de deux fois plus de risques de mourir avant leur cinquième anniversaire que ceux des 20% les plus riches. Le taux de mortalité maternelle chez les femmes afghanes est environ 1618 fois plus grand que celui des femmes irlandaises. L'espérance de vie moyenne à la naissance dans les pays à faible revenu est de 57 ans, mais elle est de 80 ans dans les pays à revenu élevé. Ces inégalités se trouvent non seulement au niveau international, mais aussi entre catégories sociales à l'intérieur des pays. Pareillement, les inégalités existent dans le système de santé en Thaïlande depuis longtemps. Les exemples suivants décrivent explicitement: ...Jinda, un homme âgé de 22 ans, a reçu un coup de feu tiré dans l'abdomen et le bras gauche. Après son opération chirurgicale, Jinda a annulé plusieurs consultations avec son médecin à cause de sa pauvreté. Il a annulé une opération chirurgicale pour réinsérer l'intestin dans l'abdomen. Il ne pouvait pas travailler. Par conséquent, il a dû mendier pour acheter du matériel pour soutenir l'intestin... ...Sri, travailleuse âgée de 26 ans dans le textile, a subi un accident de travail et a été amputée du pouce et de l’index. Elle était non-assurée. Par conséquent, tous les établissements publics de santé ont refusé de lui fournir les services de soins... ...Amorn, une femme enceinte âgée de 31 ans. Son travail pendant la grosse a entraîné un avortement involontaire. Puis, elle a été diagnostiquée une maladie psychiatrique. Cependant, les prestations médicales du régime de la sécurité sociale n'incluaient pas les services de soins pour les maladies psychiatriques... 2 1 Extrait du site de l'OMS: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/health_inequities/fr/ 2 Health System Research Institute, ข้อเสนอระบบประกันสุขภาพถ้วนหน้า [Conseils pour la couverture universelle de santé] , Thaïlande, Health System Research Institute of Thailand, 2001, p.1. 9 Avant la réforme de 2001, le système de santé en Thaïlande était un système mixte public-privé. Le ministère de la Santé publique était le régulateur et le fournisseur des services de soins. Il avait la responsabilité de la promotion, la protection et la restauration de la santé des citoyens. Il s'est composé d'une part, de l’administration centrale et d'autre part, de l’administration locale. L’administration centrale avait pour mission de définir la politique centrale de la santé pour l’amélioration de la santé publique et des services. L’administration locale avait pour mission de fournir les soins au niveau local. Avec la coopération du préfet, elle élaborait la politique de la santé au niveau local pour répondre aux besoins de la population. Les établissements publics de santé fournissaient majoritairement les services de soins. Le coût d’une partie des soins dans les établissements publics était subventionné par l'État. Les professionnels de santé des établissements publics étaient des fonctionnaires, dont la rémunération était définie par le gouvernement. Pour augmenter la densité de professionnels de santé dans les campagnes, le ministère de la Santé publique a obligé les professionnels de santé à travailler dans les hôpitaux publics des zones rurales (pendant 3 ans pour les médecins). En 1998, on comptait 22.730 médecins (1 médecin pour 3.136 habitant) 3. Environ 80% des médecins travaillaient dans les établissements publics. Cependant, les efforts du secteur public n'étaient pas suffisantes pour fournir les services de soins à tous. Il existait des établissements privés de santé tels que les cliniques, les hôpitaux et les pharmacies privés qui était une alternative pour les patients.
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