DOCSLIB.ORG

Research and Development of Ganoderma Lucidum Cultivated in Thailand P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research and Development of Ganoderma Lucidum Cultivated in Thailand P Original Article Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013; 40 (3), 1-7 Research and Development of Ganoderma lucidum Cultivated in Thailand P. Poomsing1, K. Pattanapanyasat2, P. Wongsinkongman3, and N. Soonthornchareonnon1* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University 2 Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University 3 Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health Abstract Polysaccharides and triterpenes are the major pharmacologically active components in Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi, a medicinal mushroom well known for its immunomodulating activity. The Ganoderma lucidum used for this experiment were cultivars (MG1, MG2, and MG5) cultivated in Thailand collected from Muang Ngai Special Agricultural Project under the Patronage of Her Majesty Queen Sirikit, Chiang Mai province. The objectives of this study were to select the appropriate Lingzhi cultivars for cultivation, to investigate suitable wood logs as well as to study the appropriate harvest time. Quantitative determinations were performed using colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of this study indicated that the optimal harvest time of Lingzhi was 110 days after cultivation, the wood logs suitable for Lingzhi growth were paper mulberry, and longan wood logs, and the appropriate Lingzhi cultivar for cultivation in Thailand was MG2 since it produced the highest total polysaccharide content. The broken spore walls provide the highest percentage yield of major chemical compounds, especially triterpenoids. Keyword: Ganoderma lucidum, Lingzhi, Triterpenes, Polysaccharides, Qualitative and quantitative analyses. INTRODUCTION for a long time, but the information for their activities and chemical components were Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. insufficient. So it is interesting to study in (belonging to Polyporaceae family)1 known terms of qualitative and quantitative analyses as Lingzhi in China, one of the most famous for determining the chemical compounds mushroom, has been widely used for promoting from Lingzhi to select the Lingzhi cultivars, health and longevity in China and other examine the suitable wood logs for cultivation Asian countries for over 2,000 years. Evidence and determine the appropriate harvest time. has accumulated concerning the medical The samples that used for these application of Lingzhi in the treatment of experiments including Muang Ngai-1 (MG1), various kinds of ailments such as bronchitis, Muang Ngai-2 (MG2), and Muang Ngai-5 anorexia, gastritis, hepatitis, nephritis, (MG5). From the scientific reports, it was haemorrhoid, dysmenorrhoea, constipation, found that triterpenes and polysaccharides lupus erythematosis, and chronic diseases were the major pharmacologically active such as migraine, hypertension, arthritis, components in Lingzhi. asthma, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, The triterpenes were bitter components cardiovascular problems including cancers1-7. that caused G. lucidum had remarkably strong In Thailand, Lingzhi was cultivated bitter taste. Since ganoderic acids A and B *Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University. 447 Sri Ayuthaya Road, Rajthevi, Bankok 10400, Thailand. E-mail address: [email protected] Tel.: +662644-8677 ext. 5527; Fax: +662644-8701 2 P. Poomsing et al. were firstly discovered, more than 130 methods for analyzing chemical compounds types of triterpenes had been isolated from both qualitatively and quantitatively by using the fruity bodies, mycelia, cultured media colorimetric and high performance liquid and spores of G. lucidum and they had been chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. The received considerable attention owing to their objective of this study was to study the conspicuous pharmacological activities. The condition for cultivation Lingzhi in Thailand activities of their triterpenes were reported such as the appropriate harvest time of spore as anticholesterol, anti-complement, anti- and fruity body, the suitable wood logs for hepatitis B, anti-histamine, anti-HIV-1, cultivation and the appropriate Lingzhi cultivar. anti-HIV-1 protease, anti-hypertension, antinociceptive, and cytotoxic effect1,8-12. MATERIALS AND METHODS The polysaccharides also show an Plant materials: important role as functional food ingredients, because the alternative and complementary The Lingzhi cultivars including medicines are now paid increasing attention. Muang Ngai-1 (MG1), Muang Ngai-2 (MG2), The scientific elucidation of the role of the and Muang Ngai-5 (MG5) were collected polysaccharides in phytomedicines is very from Muang Ngai Special Agricultural important. The activities of polysaccharides Project under the Patronage of Her Majesty were reported as anti-tumor, anti-hypertension, Queen Sirikit, Chiang Mai province (Fig. 1). hypoglycemic in diabetes, and immune The samples were identified and kept at modulating1,13-18. the herbarium at the Faculty of Pharmacy, This experiment was composed of the Mahidol University. Figure 1. The sample of Lingzhi cultivars; MG1 = Muang Ngai-1, MG2 = Muang Ngai-2, MG5 = Muang Ngai-5 Extraction procedures: hour and drying by lyophilization to give a Extraction method for the determi- water extract of Lingzhi. nation of total triterpenes was performed by sonicating 1 g of powder of Lingzhi with 20 Quantitative analysis by using colorimetric ml of 95% methanol in an ultrasonic bath method at 60ºC for 30 minutes, then filtered, the Total polysaccharides and uronic residue was washed with methanol for 3 acids contents were determined by forming 19 times and adjusted volume with methanol. color with phenol-H2SO4 reagent and For the determination of polysaccharides m-hydroxybiphenyl reagent20, respectively, and uronic acid was prepared by extraction and examined under colorimeter, using glucose with hot water (95-100ºC) three times for 1 and glucuronic acid as reference standards. Research and Development of Ganoderma lucidum Cultivated in Thailand 3 Triterpenes content was measured by Preparation of ganoderic acids colorimetric method by reacting with 5% reference standard (GA, GF and GH) for vanillin/glacial acetic acid and perchloric HPLC: Every standard compound was acid, using ursolic acid as reference standard21. accurately weight and dissolved in 95% methanol to prepare a concentration of 2.5 mg/5 ml. The internal standard (cortisone Quantitative analysis of ganoderic acids 21-acetate) solution was prepared at a final 22 using HPLC method concentration of 20 µg/ml in 95% methanol Condition for HPLC analysis: The Preparation of samples for HPLC: ® A 50.0 mg of dried powder was extracted method uses a Inertsil ODS-3 (250×4.0 mm, 5 µm) column as the stationary phase, with 1.0 ml 95% methanol in ultrasonic a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile bath for 1 hr. This solution was centrifuged (CH CN), perchloric acid (HClO ), ammonium at 14,000 rpm. The supernatant liquid was 3 4 acetate (CH3COONH4), deionized water, collected, filtered with nylon filter and kept and methanol, and UV detection at 252 nm. in a well-closed injection vial. as described in Table 1. Table 1. HPLC conditions for the analysis of ganoderic acids content Analytical column : Inertsil® ODS-3 (250×4.0 mm, 5 µm) Guard column : Inertsil® ODS-3 (10×4.0 mm, 5 µm) Flow rate : 1 ml/min Temperature : 55 °C Detector : UV 252 nm Injection volume : 10 µl Mobile phase : CH3CN HClO4 CH3COONH4 DI-H2O CH3OH Mobile phase (ml) (M) (M) (ml) (ml) A 150 0.019 0.020 250 1.50 B 60 0.019 0.020 250 1.50 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION content of polysaccharides (% w/w) in broken spores, non-broken spores, fruity 1. Selection of Lingzhi cultivars bodies and stalk in MG2 were 4.77, 4.21, The Lingzhi cultivars including 3.06 and 1.72 %w/w, respectively, and Muang Ngai-1 (MG1), Muang Ngai-2 (MG2), the stalks of MG2 contained the highest and Muang Ngai-5 (MG5) were determined content of uronic acid (% w/w). The highest the contents of total polysaccharides, total content of uronic acid in Chinese cultivars uronic acids and total triterpenes by using was broken spore of G5 (Table 4). colorimetric method and the content of total ganoderic acids was performed by using 2. Studying of suitable wood logs for Lingzhi high performance liquid chromatographic cultivation (HPLC) method compared with Chinese To evaluate the triterpenes content cultivars (G5 and G9). The result in Table 2 and composition among the fruity bodies showed that Chinese cultivars composed of cultivated on different mushroom-growing total triterpenes content more than cultivars logs, a single strain of G. lucidum (MG5) cultivated in Thailand. Comparing to Thai was cultivated on Rain tree, Paper mulberry, cultivars, MG5 (stalk) contained the highest Tamarind, Mango, Longan, and Neem content of total triterpenes and total ganoderic wood logs. The result showed that MG5 acids. The result in Table 3 showed that the cultivated on the paper mulberry wood log 4 P. Poomsing et al. contained the highest triterpenes content, showed that the contents of total triterpenes and longan wood log was suitable for the and total polysaccharides were the highest production of polysaccharides (Table 5). in fruity bodies at 110 days, the content of polysaccharides in spores was higher than 3. Determination of optimal harvest fruity bodies about two times. Therefore, time The fruity bodies and spores of MG5 the optimal harvest time for fruity bodies were studied at different period of harvest
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FDA OTC Reviews Summary of Back Issues
    Number 23 The Journal of the AMERICAN BOTANI CAL COUNCIL and the HERB RESEARCH FOUNDATION Chinese Medicinals -A Comprehensive Review of Chinese Materia Medica Legal and Regulatory- FDA OTC Reviews Summary of Back Issues Ongoing Market Report, Research Reviews (glimpses of studies published in over a dozen scientific and technical journals), Access, Book Reviews, Calendar, Legal and Regulatory, Herb Blurbs and Potpourri columns. #1 -Summer 83 (4 pp.) Eucalyptus Repels Reas, Stones Koalas; FDA OTC tiveness; Fungal Studies; More Polysaccharides; Recent Research on Ginseng; Heart Panel Reviews Menstrual & Aphrodisiac Herbs; Tabasco Toxicity?; Garlic Odor Peppers; Yew Continues to Amaze; Licorice O.D. Prevention; Ginseng in Perspec­ Repels Deer; and more. tive; Poisonous Plants Update; Medicinal Plant Conservation Project; 1989 Oberly #2- Fall/Winter 83-84 (8 pp.) Appeals Court Overrules FDA on Food Safety; Award Nominations; Trends in Self-Care Conference; License Plates to Fund Native FDA Magazine Pans Herbs; Beware of Bay Leaves; Tiny Tree: Cancer Cure?; Plant Manual; and more. Comfrey Tea Recall; plus. #17-Summer 88. (24 pp.) Sarsaparilla, A Literature Review by Christopher #3-Spring 84 (8 pp.) Celestial Sells to Kraft; Rowers and Dinosaurs Demise?; Hobbs; Hops May Help Metabolize Toxins; Herbal Roach Killer; Epazote Getting Citrus Peels for Kitty Litter; Saffron; Antibacterial Sassafras; WHO Studies Anti· More Popular, Aloe Market Levels Off; Herbal Tick Repellent?; Chinese Herb fertility Plants; Chinese Herbal Drugs; Feverfew Migraines;
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi) on Hematological Parameters
    Available online at www.ijmrhs.com cal R edi ese M ar of c l h a & n r H u e o a J l l t h International Journal of Medical Research & a S n ISSN No: 2319-5886 o c i t i Health Sciences, 2018, 7(3): 151-157 e a n n c r e e t s n I • • IJ M R H S Effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) on Hematological Parameters in Wistar Rats Hammad Ahmed and Muhammad Aslam* Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan *Corresponding e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for 5000 years or more. In China and Japan Ganoderma lucidum has been used in folk medicine, commonly in the treatment of neurasthenia, insomnia, hepatopathy, nephritis, gastric ulcers, asthma, and hypertension. In this study we have evaluated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum on hematological parameters in Wistar rats. The extract was given orally by gavage at the dose of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight. The result of our study shows extremely significant increase in the hemoglobin level, platelet count and leukocyte count more specifically at a dose of 150 mg/kg of Ganoderma lucidum extract when compare with normal control group. However, at a dose of 300 mg/kg of GLE, significant increase in hemoglobin level and extremely significant increase in leukocyte count were observed. Whereas, insignificant result was observed at both the doses of GLE in case of hematocrit level, MCV, MCHC, MCH and RBC count.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural Path Herbal Guide
    Paul Kramer Table of Contents Nature’s Secrets: Herbs ............................................................................................4 Alfalfa .............................................................................................................................5 Aloe Vera .......................................................................................................................6 Astragalus Root ..........................................................................................................7 Bee Pollen .....................................................................................................................8 Capsicum Fruit ............................................................................................................9 Cascara Bark ............................................................................................................. 10 Celery Seed ............................................................................................................... 11 Chinese Pearl Barley .............................................................................................. 12 Chinese Rose Hips .................................................................................................. 13 Chicory Root ............................................................................................................. 14 Dandelion Root ....................................................................................................... 15 Fenugreek ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mycelial Growth of Ganoderma Curtissii in Locally Indigenous Media Arce D
    IRCHE 2017 4th International Research Conference on Higher Education Volume 2018 Conference Paper Mycelial Growth of Ganoderma curtissii in Locally Indigenous Media Arce D. Bellere Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Sipocot, Philippines Abstract Fungal study requires culture medium for evaluation of its mycelial form and storing viable cell lines. In this study innovative media such as coconut water from matured nuts (CW), corn grit (CG) and rice bran (RB) decoction was evaluated. The ideal media for luxuriant growth of Ganoderma curtissii was coconut water media at physical condition of 26.40 푂C and 81.29% relative humidity respectively. Keywords: Ganoderma curtissii, coconut water, corn grit, rice bran, mycelial form, relative humidity Corresponding Author: Arce D. Bellere [email protected] Received: 23 April 2018 Accepted: 8 May 2018 Published: 4 June 2018 1. Introduction Publishing services provided by Knowledge E Media is a critical aspect in growing mushrooms. It is a way of storing viable cell lines Arce D. Bellere. This article is of microorganism, wherein this cell lines can lead to various breakthrough for the distributed under the terms of benefits of mankind. For instance, the genus Ganoderma species of mushroom contains the Creative Commons bioactive components with antioxidant properties [1]. Since early 2,000 years ago it has Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine which is then extended worldwide redistribution provided that the [2]. Reference [3] claimed that pharmacological properties of Ganoderma have been original author and source are credited. associated with its ability to reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer and stimulate the immune system, Selection and Peer-review under the responsibility of the IRCHE Furthermore, [4] added that its health beneficial properties are attributed to the 2017 Conference Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Central Repository of the Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy (CER) Molecules 2015, 20, 19489-19525; doi:10.3390/molecules201019489 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms Maja Kozarski 1, Anita Klaus 2, Dragica Jakovljevic 3, Nina Todorovic 3, Jovana Vunduk 2, Predrag Petrović 4, Miomir Niksic 2, Miroslav M. Vrvic 3,5 and Leo van Griensven 6,* 1 Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.); [email protected] (M.N.) 3 Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.J.); [email protected] (N.T.); [email protected] (M.M.V.) 4 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11060, Serbia; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia 6 Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +31-748-0992; Fax: +31-741-8094.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinician's Reference Guide to Curanderismo
    Clinician’s Reference Guide to Curanderismo Reference Guide Focus Scope of reference guide – to provide a basic introduc‐ tion to “curanderismo” to enhance the provider’s ability to confidently initiate conversations with patients who practice this form of traditional healing/complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM). This reference guide will 1) demystify common myths about curanderismo by clarifying what it is/is not, 2) review benefits of knowing about curanderismo to improve communication be‐ tween patient and provider; and 3) highlight some use‐ ful terminology for use with patients who practice forms of curanderismo. Goal – To improve health outcomes among Latino/as living with HIV disease, the health care provider and patient/client will collaborate on a more culturally ap‐ propriate treatment plan through a better understand‐ ing of the patient’s 1) core health beliefs and practices, 2) reasons Latino/a patients may use curanderismo and highlights of risks and 3) how the practices may inter‐ fere with conventional medical practices. Target audience – health care providers including: physi‐ cians, physician assistants, advanced practice nurses, nurses, pharmacists, oral health professionals as well as substance abuse counselors and mental health counsel‐ ors. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introduction What Is and What Isn't Curanderismo Benefits to Knowing about Curanderismo Useful Terminology Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, & Other Items Why It Is Important to ask Introduction According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine continues to be used in Latin America, Africa, and Asia to meet primary health care needs. In many developed countries, up to 80% of the population have used some form of traditional healing, complementary or alternative medi‐ cine ‐ TCAM (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • FUNGI Catherine Plaisant – [email protected]
    FUNGI Catherine Plaisant – [email protected] Summary: Without mushrooms there would be no trees and no forest, but best to just take pictures of them, as mushrooms can kill you. Fungi (plural of fungus) were only identified as a kingdom separate from plants in 1969. They are microorganisms that cannot make their own food. Some are parasitic, but most are either saprophytic (e.g. serving as decomposers in ecological systems by turning matter like dead wood into rich soil), or Mycorrhizal that is forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of plant life (mostly trees) i.e. the exchange of nutrients between the soil and the tress is done through the fungi. Some will only grow with only one kind of tree. Abundant worldwide, most fungi are completely inconspicuous - e.g. as invisible mycelium in the soil - until they fruit and produce what we know best: mushrooms, whose role is to spread spores and start new fungi further away. Nobody knows how many species of mushrooms live in the Greenbelt Preserve but it is probably in the order of several hundreds. The older the forest the more mushrooms can be found. The Greenbelt Preserve forest is not very old yet, but it is diverse and since all trees need fungi to thrive mushrooms can be found everywhere in the forest. Each kind of mushroom reproduces and germinates within a certain humidity range so they appear at Figure 1 Example of different time of year, or not at all. To spread the spores some mushrooms have gills under spore print (obtained their caps, others have tubes, pores or pins.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Mushrooms
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(24), pp. 2598-2604, 18 December, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.565 ISSN 1996-0875©2010 Academic Journals Review Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms Bilal Ahmad Wani*, R. H. Bodha and A. H. Wani Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India. Accepted 27 September, 2010 Mushrooms had long been used for medicinal and food purposes since decades. It is now increasingly recognized that correct diet, controls and modulates many functions of human body and consequently participates in the maintenance of state of good health, necessary to reduce the risk of many diseases. Modern pharmacological research confirms large parts of traditional knowledge regarding the medicinal effects of mushrooms due to their antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral properties, besides being used as functional foods. This paper sums up diverse beneficial health effects of mushrooms to humans, in the form of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, food and drugs, and medicines. Key words: Mushrooms, medicine, food, properties. INTRODUCTION Mushrooms are important constituents of minor forest are used as nutrient supplements to enhance immunity in produce, that grow on the most abundant biomolecule of the form of tablets. Due to low starch content and low this biosphere, that is, cellulose. Presently mushrooms cholesterol, they suit diabetic and heart patients. One are regarded as a macro-fungus with a distinctive fruiting third of the iron in the mushrooms is in available form. body which can be either epigeous or hypogeous and Their polysaccharide content is used as anticancer drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products in International Statistical Systems
    NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 22 ISSN 1020-3370 Non-wood forest products in international statistical systems NON‐WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL SYSTEMS Simona Sorrenti Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2017 Recommended citation: Sorrenti, S. 2017. Non-wood forest products in international statistical systems. Non-wood Forest Products Series no. 22. Rome, FAO. For further information, please contact: [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-109602-4 © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Ganoderma (Reishi)
    Ganoderma (Reishi) kávé Ganoderma lucium gombával és kávékivonattal Az immunrendszer támogatásához Azonnal oldódó kávé Ganoderma gombával étrend-kiegészít ő 15 db Nettó tömeg: 180 g Összetev ők: Ganoderma lucidum (pecsétviaszgomba), kókusz olaj, maltodextrin, porított cukor, tejpor, kávé kivonat (1000 mg). Hatóanyag napi 2 tasakra: szárított pecsétviaszgomba: 5000 mg, koffein: 40 mg. Adagolás: Naponta kétszer 1 tasak kávépor meleg vízben vagy tejben oldva. Min őségét meg őrzi: a csomagolás alján jelzett id őpontig. Tárolás: száraz, h űvös helyen. Származási hely: Kína Forgalmazza: Oriental Herbs Kft, 1106 Budapest, Keresztúri út 176-178. www.DrChenPatika.com OÉTI sz.: 12184/2013 A kávézás élménye és frissít ő hatása mellett er ősíthetjük szervezetünk védekez ő mechanizmusát, az immunrendszert. A Ganoderma gomba a távol-keleti legendák egészség-elixírje. A pecsétviaszgomba (Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum) támogatja a szervezet természetes védekez ő képességét és segíti a keringés egészségét. Figyelmeztetés: Ne lépje túl az ajánlott napi adagot! Gyermekek el ől elzárva tartandó! Az étrend-kiegészít ő nem helyettesíti a kiegyensúlyozott vegyes étrendet és az egészséges életmódot. Koffein tartalmú készítmény fogyasztása gyermekeknek, várandós és szoptató anyáknak, koffeinre érzékeny személyeknek, szívbetegeknek, magas vérnyomásban szenved őknek nem ajánlott. Ganoderma (Reishi) Coffee extract supporting the immune system Instant Coffee with Ganoderma mushroom food supplement 15 pcs Net weight: 180 g Ingredients: Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), coconut oil, maltodextrin, powdered sugar, milk powder, coffee extract (1000 mg). Active ingredients for daily 2 packets: dried Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): 5000 mg, caffeine: 40 mg. Dosage: Daily 2 packets coffee powder dissolved in warm water or milk. Best before: see on the packaging. Storage: dry, cool place. Distributor: Oriental Herbs Ltd., H-1106 Budapest, Kereszturi ut 176-178.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism (BSM) Policy Implementation on Forest Protection and Sustainable Use of Non-Timber Products at Bach Ma National Park
    Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A and B & Hue University Journal of Science 7 (2017) 68-77 D doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2017.10.009S DAVID PUBLISHING Impacts of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism (BSM) Policy Implementation on Forest Protection and Sustainable Use of Non-timber Products at Bach Ma National Park Nguyen Van Loi1 and Nguyen Vu Linh2 1. Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam 2. Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the benefit sharing mechanism (BSM) pilot policy on sustainable use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and natural resources conservation in co-management forest of Bach Ma National Park. Evaluation methods were route and permanent plot survey, household interview, in-depth interview, village meeting, group discussion and workshop at commune level. Results showed that: (1) the BSM policy had brought favorable conditions for local people in sustainable use and development of the NTFPs, as well as minimised the threats to biodiversity in co-managed forest; (2) the harvest amounts of seven selected NTFPs after two years of the BSM policy implementation were higher than growth rate of every NTFP and the permitted harvest amounts of the benefit sharing plans (BSP); (3) although there was a risk of over-exploitation of the NTFPs, the annual yields in 2013 and 2014 were much lower, but more sustainable than that before the BSM implementation; (4) the forest protection status in the co-management areas was also better than before. Additionally, this study has also defined and recommended that in order to continue the BSM, it is necessary to ensure the sustainable exploitation of NTFPs, as well as implement more enforcement activities inside the co-management forest area.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnomycological Investigation in Serbia: Astonishing Realm of Mycomedicines and Mycofood
    Journal of Fungi Article Ethnomycological Investigation in Serbia: Astonishing Realm of Mycomedicines and Mycofood Jelena Živkovi´c 1 , Marija Ivanov 2 , Dejan Stojkovi´c 2,* and Jasmina Glamoˇclija 2 1 Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr Josif Pancic”, Tadeuša Koš´cuška1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stankovi´c”—NationalInstitute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (J.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +381-112078419 Abstract: This study aims to fill the gaps in ethnomycological knowledge in Serbia by identifying various fungal species that have been used due to their medicinal or nutritional properties. Eth- nomycological information was gathered using semi-structured interviews with participants from different mycological associations in Serbia. A total of 62 participants were involved in this study. Eighty-five species belonging to 28 families were identified. All of the reported fungal species were pointed out as edible, and only 15 of them were declared as medicinal. The family Boletaceae was represented by the highest number of species, followed by Russulaceae, Agaricaceae and Polypo- raceae. We also performed detailed analysis of the literature in order to provide scientific evidence for the recorded medicinal use of fungi in Serbia. The male participants reported a higher level of ethnomycological knowledge compared to women, whereas the highest number of used fungi species was mentioned by participants within the age group of 61–80 years. In addition to preserving Citation: Živkovi´c,J.; Ivanov, M.; ethnomycological knowledge in Serbia, this study can present a good starting point for further Stojkovi´c,D.; Glamoˇclija,J.
    [Show full text]