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Coregonus Albula) FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2020) 28: 91 - 98 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2020-0012 RESEARCH ARTICLE Slaughter yield and dietary value of wild and cultured vendace (Coregonus albula) Zdzis³aw Zakêœ, Renata Pietrzak-Fieæko, Miros³aw Szczepkowski, Monika Modzelewska-Kapitu³a Received – 17 September 2019/Accepted – 20 May 2020. Published online: 30 June 2020; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Zakêœ Z., Pietrzak-Fieæko R., Szczepkowski M., Modzelewska-Kapitu³a M. 2020 – Slaughter yield and dietary value of wild and cul- tured vendace (Coregonus albula) – Fish. Aquat. Life 28: 91-98 Abstract. This study focused on comparing slaughter yield, (tFA)); however, the share of polyunsaturated fatty acids proximate composition, and fatty acid profiles of meat from (PUFA), including n-3 PUFA, was lower at 18.55 vs 24.71% wild vendace, Coregonus albula L. caught in natural tFA and 8.36 vs 14.89% tFA (P £ 0.05), respectively. As conditions (lakes; group W) and from cultured vendace a result of these lipid content values, the levels of the reared on formulated feed in recirculating systems (group C). eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic The slaughter yield of gutted vendace (group C) was (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids and n-3 PUFA and PUFA, expressed in approximately 2% higher that the value determined in group mg 100 g-1 carcass, in cultured vendace carcasses were W(P£ 0.05). Carcasses of cultured fish contained 2.5 times significantly higher than those in the meat of wild vendace. more fat in comparison to fish from group W (11.12 vs 4.86%), which was compensated for by water content. No Keywords: fatty acids, proximate composition, slaughter differences in protein content were noted among groups yield, vendace (P > 0.05). The relative combined share of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in carcasses of fish from group C were significantly higher (49.98 vs 31.53% of total fatty acids Introduction + Z. Zakêœ [ ] Excessive exploitation of natural resources by Department of Aquaculture, Stanis³aw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland fisheries coupled with environmental pollution and Tel.: +48 89 5240171; Fax: +48 89 5240505; water eutrophication have caused substantial de- e-mail: [email protected] creases in harvests of aquatic organisms (FAO R. Pietrzak-Fieæko 2019a). This fact and increasing demand for fish and Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food sea food provide the impetus for the concerted devel- Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland opment of marine and freshwater aquaculture (FAO M. Szczepkowski 2019b). Species that have high environmental re- Department of Sturgeon Fish Breeding, Stanis³aw Sakowicz Inland quirements are particularly sensitive to environmen- Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland tal pollution. These include salmonids, one of which M. Modzelewska-Kapitu³a is vendace (Coregonus albula), a species that inhabits Department of Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food the fresh, cool waters of the northern hemisphere Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland (Bryliñska 2000). The vendace population © Copyright by Stanis³aw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn. © 2020 Author(s). This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Slaughter yield and dietary value of wild and cultured vendace (Coregonus albula)92 abundance in the waters of northern Europe has de- material was obtained through the artificial repro- creased significantly, which is primarily because of duction of vendace obtained from Lake Mamry water pollution and climate change (Elliott and Bell (Masurian Lake District, northeastern Poland). The 2011). fish were cultured in a RAS with a volume of 70 m3 This species is of high culinary value and is in that was equipped with square tanks made of an arti- 3 great demand in areas where is occurs naturally ficial material with a working volume of 1 m (Setälä 1999). Deficits in its harvest provided the im- (Szczepkowska et al. 2014). The initial stocking den- petus to undertake research with the aim of develop- sity of each tank (3 tanks) was 1,000 individuals. ing methods for its active conservation through From day 105 of culture, the fish stock was reduced restocking programs (Wzi¹tek et al. 2009). Fish cul- leaving 400 randomly chosen fish in each tank. ture in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) has During culture until 304 days post-hatch (DPH), developed dynamically in the past few years (Martins the fish were fed Nutra commercial feed (Skretting, et al. 2010). Technologies have been developed to France). These were composed of 52.0% protein, produce both restocking material and commer- 20.0% lipids, 8.5% carbohydrate, 11.0% ash, and the -1 cial-sized fishes of new species to aquaculture digestible energy was 19.9 MJ kg (manufacturer’s (Badiola et al. 2012). Preliminary pilot studies have data). For the subsequent 12 months, the fish were indicated that vendace can also be produced in RAS fed E-Stella 1P feed (Skretting, Norway) composed of (Szczepkowska et al. 2014). 47.0% protein, 14.0% lipids, 21.0% carbohydrate, Fish culture in RAS is based on high-energy for- 7.5% ash, and 2.9% fiber (granulate size – 2.5 mm). mulated feeds containing fish meal and oils or vege- The feed was delivered using an automatic band table oils (Watanabe 2002). It is known that diet has feeder (FIAP, Germany). The fish were fed for -1 a significant impact on the proximate composition, 12hd (19:00-07:00). The daily feed ration was including the fatty acid (FA) profile, of fish bodies 0.5% of the stock biomass. (Steffens 1997, Lie 2001, Cejas et al. 2004, Steffens The mean water temperature during culture was ° and Wirth 2005, Jankowska et al. 2010). From the 18.0°C (range 13.0-21.5 C). Oxygen concentration viewpoint of the potential consumer, it seems impor- at the culture tank outflows was higher than 6.2 mg -1 tant to determine the impact this type of culture has O2 l , and the water pH range was 7.20-7.67. The + on the slaughter yield and nutritional value. This is level of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN = NH4 -N + all the more important, since, to the best of the pres- NH3-N) at the tanks outflows did not exceed 0.35 mg -1 ent authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to pres- TAN l , and the nitrite content (NO2-N) did not ex- -1 ent these types of results regarding this species. The ceed 0.25 mg NO2-N l . The tanks were cleaned aim of the present study was to determine the slaugh- daily of excrement and unconsumed feed and fish ter yield, proximate composition, and fatty acid pro- mortalities were recorded. file of vendace culture in RAS on formulated feed In September, 12 specimens were collected from and wild specimens of a similar body weight that fed the culture tanks and from the wild. The wild fish on natural feed and were caught in a natural lake. were caught in Lake Harsz (Masurian Lake District, northeastern Poland) using gillnets with mesh size of 22 mm. The fish were selected so that each group Material and methods comprised the same number of males and females (6 specimens each) and the mean body weights were Fish origin similar. The cultured vendace (group C) weighed 73 g, and the wild specimens (group W) weighed 69 g Vendace were cultured in RAS at the Depart- (age of 2+; determined from scale readings; ment of Sturgeon Fish Breeding, Inland Fisheries In- Bryliñska 2000). Immediately following capture, the stitute in Olsztyn (IFI Olsztyn, Poland). Study fish were cooled and held on ice for 24 h. Then they 93 Zdzis³aw Zakêœ et al. were gutted and headed. All of the parts obtained, vendace carcasses with cold extraction with i.e., the gutted fish, the combined viscera (visceral fat, a mixture of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v). The liver, gonads), liver, gonads, gutted and headed fish, procedure used was identical to that used in previous head and pectoral fins, were weighed (± 0.1 g) and investigations (Jankowska et al. 2006). the percentage of total body weight (BW) of these parts was calculated. The ground (3 mm mesh screen openings) gutted and headed fish was the material Statistical analysis used to determine the proximate composition and for The results were analyzed statistically with Statistica the analysis of the fatty acid composition. (StatSoft Inc., USA). Data normality was verified us- ing the Shapiro-Wilk test and the homogeneity of Determining proximate composition variance was verified with Levene’s test. Means were Moisture content was determined by drying samples at compared with one-way analysis of variance a temperature of 105°C to a constant weight. Total pro- (ANOVA). When statistically significant differences tein was determined with the Kjeldahl method using between experimental groups were confirmed £ a multiplier of 6.25. The lipid content was determined (P 0.05), further statistical analysis was performed with the Soxhlet method using a petroleum ether sol- using the Scheffe test. Prior to statistical analyses, all vent. The total content of mineral components was de- values expressed in percentages were transformed termined by mineralizing the samples at temperatures using the arcsin function. of 550-600°C (AOAC 1995). The energy value was cal- culated using individual caloric or energy equivalents, i.e., 4.0 kcal g-1 protein and 9.0 kcal g-1 lipid or 24 kJ Results and discussion g-1 protein and 39 kJ g-1 lipid (Cichoñ 2003).
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