Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan Kasus: Kota – Kota Sungai Ibu Kota Propinsi Kalimantan

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Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan Kasus: Kota – Kota Sungai Ibu Kota Propinsi Kalimantan Perjanjian No: 17020038 LAPORAN PENELITIAN HIBAH MONODISIPLIN Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan Kasus: Kota – Kota Sungai Ibu Kota Propinsi Kalimantan Pengusul: Peneliti Utama: Dr. Ir. Karyadi Kusliansjah,MT,IAI NIK: 19890058 NIDN: 0420125401 Anggota Peneliti 1: Dr.Ir.Yasmin Suriansyah,MSP,IAI NIK: 19890185 NIDN: 0409075701 Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Bandung, Nopember 2017 i PENGANTAR Melalui tulisan ini kami sampaikan laporan capaian penelitian monodisiplin LPPM UNPAR dalam bidang arsitektur kota, sebagai bagian dari penelitian Hibah Ristek Dikti tahun ke tiga yang berjudul utama: “Prospek Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan; Kasus: Kota–Kota Sungai Ibu Kota Propinsi, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Utara, Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Penelitian monodisiplin ini memuat capaian pelaksanaan bagian dari target penelitian pada tahun 2017 tersebut, yang berjudul: Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan Kasus: Kota–Kota Sungai Ibu Kota Propinsi Kalimantan Fokus penelitian ini berupa Komperasi Model Konsep Kota-Kota Sungai Kalimantan yang merupakan informasi penting untuk umumnya melakukan evaluasi penataan pembangunan pengembangan perencanaan/perancangan arsitektur kota-kota sungai lainnya di Indonesia yang jumlahnya cukup dominan, dan khususnya evaluasi bagi pembangunan secara berkelanjutan ke lima ibukota Propinsi di Kalimantan; serta sangat diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat memperkaya wawasan keilmuan arsitektur kota tepi air (urban waterfront) di Indonesia. Kami menghaturkan banyak terimakasih atas dukungan, rekomendasi dan dorongan motivasi dari semua pihak dalam pengajuan dan penyusunan proposal penelitian ini, khususnya kepada: 1. Rektor, dan Wakil Rektor IV UNPAR; 2. LPPM UNPAR 3.Dekan Fakultas Teknik UNPAR; 4. Ketua Prodi Arsitektur UNPAR; dan 5. KBI Arsitektur Kota dan Desain Perkotaan (ARKODEKO) – Prodi Arsitektur UNPAR. Semoga laporan penelitian monodisiplin ini dapat didukung dalam pendanaan dan dapat terlaksana dengan baik serta bermanfaat sesuai sasaran penelitian. Terimakasih. Bandung, November 2017 Pengusul/Peneliti Utama Dr.Ir. Y.Karyadi Kusliansjah,MT.,IAI vi DAFTAR ISI Lembar pengesahan ii Pengantar vi Daftar Isi vii Abstrak viii BAB 1: PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1. Latar Belakang 1 1.2. Permasalahan 3 1.3. Tujuan Khusus 3 1.4. Urgensi (Keutamaan) 4 1.5. Sasaran Penelitian 5 1.6. Manfaat 5 1.7 Batasan Istilah 5 BAB 2: TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 7 2.1 State of the art 7 2.2 Studi Pendahuluan 8 2.3. Penelitian Terdahulu Arsitektur Kota 13 BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN 14 3.1 Bagan Alir Konsep Penelitian Dan Metodologi 14 3.2 Metode Analisis 14 3.3 Metode Pengumpulan Data 17 3.4 Lokasi Penelitian 17 3.5 Tahapan Penelitian 18 3.6 Luaran 19 3.7 Indikator Capaian 20 3.8 Ketersediaan Sarana dan Prasarana Penelitian 20 BAB IV. JADWAL PELAKSANAAN 21 4.1 Jangka Waktu Penelitian 21 4.2 Barchart Penelitian Tahun 2017 21 4.3 Susunan Organisasi Tim Peneliti dan Pembagian Tugas 22 BAB V. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 23 5.1 Pengumpulan Data dan Materi isi buku ( 5 kota Sungai Kalimantan) 23 5,1.1 Adaptasi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2015 28 5.1.2 Adaptasi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2016 31 5.1.3 Adaptasi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2017 34 5.2.1 Integrasi Resiliensi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2015 35 5.2.2 Integrasi Resiliensi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2016 47 5.2.3 Integrasi Resiliensi Kota Sungai Hasil Penelitian 2017 51 BAB VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 54 DAFTAR PUSTAKA vii LAMPIRAN ix L.1. Biodata Peneliti Utama ix L.1. Biodata Anggota Peneliti 1 xvi L.2. Daftar Isi Dummy Buku xx L.3. Draf Sampul Buku xxi vii ABSTRAK Tata ruang arsitektur kota sungai umumnya terbentuk mengikuti pola sungainya, yang menjadi struktur ruang perkotaannya. Sejak embrio kota konteks sungai telah mempengaruhi kehidupan nilai- nilai sosial budaya yang berciri khas lokal pada fisik spasial kotanya. Hingga era sekarang dinamika perkembangan kota sungai telah mengalami perubahan dan bertransformasi. Fenomena perkembangan percepatan pembangunan tersebut pada era Reformasi ini memperlihatkan kota-kota sungai di Negara kita, cenderung mengkuatirkan, karena dampak pembangunan tidak selalu sinergi terhadap konteks fisik spasial lingkungan sungai maupun kehidupan lokal sosial budayanya. Pembangunan kota sungai kebanyakan tidak ekosistem dan berbasis darat yang memarjinalkan ruang air tepi sungainya menjadi lingkungan padat kota,serta berdampak menjauhkan kehidupan sosial kota dari sungainya.Ada 3 permasalahan tata ruang kota yang dihadapi kota-kota sungai kita, yaitu: pertama Pembangunan arsitektur kota sungai cenderung kurang memperhatikan konteks lingkungan air; kedua Kepadatan ruang pusat kota khususnya cenderung mengganggu DAS (daerah aliran sungai); ketiga Ancaman kebanjiran, karena drainase kota cenderung tidak tersistem baik dan adanya pengaruh peningkatan muka air sungai akibat curah hujan tinggi yang tidak terserap lagi oleh hutan di hulu sungai maupun adanya peningkatan pasang muka laut (rob). Permasalahan itu timbul karena kecenderungan kota-kota sungai Negara kita kurang spesifik menggali prospek lingkungan dan arsitektur lokal tepi airnya. Dalam semangat Otonomi Daerah era sekarang, kebijakan tata ruang pembangunan kota sungai umumnya mengikuti trend membentuk arsitektur kota universal, akibat kebijakan peraturan terpusat (superimposed). Fenomena serupa terjadi pula di Kalimantan. Kota-kota sungai Kalimantan banyak dikenal sebagai kota air, karena memiliki sungai besar sebagai struktur ruang kotanya yang kebanyakan berawa-rawa serta mendapat pengaruh pasang surut sungainya. Selanjutnya pembangunan kota-kota sungai ini sangat memerlukan evaluasi serta acuan pembangunan tata ruang berbasis kontekstual ekosistem lingkungan air. Untuk pengembangan pembangunan kota berbasis teknologi dan kearifan lokal serta mengatasi permasalahan tersebut di atas, maka diperlukan masukan naskah akademik hasil dari penelitian kota sungai; berupa perumusan model konseptual kota sungai yang dapat memaparkan suatu ide khas tata ruang arsitekturnya. Tujuan penelitian ini melakukan studi intensitas dan integritas perkembangan bentuk struktur tata ruang arsitektur kota-kota sungai akibat pengaruh transformasi Lingkungan; guna mengurangi upaya adaptasi yang berlebihan, yang berdampak makin menghilangkan eksistensi lingkungan binaan tepi air. Manfaat penelitian ini sebagai landasan pedoman penyusunan (umum dan teknis) bagi penyelenggaraan pembangunan tata ruang di kawasan tepi airnya. Penelitian ini bagian dari road map 3 tahun penelitian kota-kota air di Indonesia, dengan fokus kota-kota sungai yang menjadi ibu kota ke lima Propinsi di Kalimantan, yaitu (Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Utara, Kalimantan Timur, dan Kalimantan Selatan). Fokus penelitian tahun 2017 ini, pada kota Banjarmasin ibukota Kalimantan Selatan disertai penyusunan Komperasi Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota-Kota Sungai Kalimantan. Lokasi penelitian ini dipilih pada kawasan sentra kekuasaan dan kegiatan kota yang berpengaruh signifikan pada akumulasi perkembangan tata ruang kota, seperti: struktur dan pola ruang kota pada tepian sungai yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan lingkungan sungai maupun kehidupan air masyarakatnya. Metoda penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan tissue, pendekatan arsitektur dan ekologi dengan metoda konstruktivis-interpretatif untuk mengkaji arsitektur kota dan perkembangan transformasi tata ruang kota. Variable penelitian ini mencakup aspek figure-ground: linkage dan, place yang mempertahankan eksistensi kota sungai. Diharapkan hasil penelitian komperasi ke lima kota sungai ibu kota Propinsi Kalimantan ini, dapat menjadi substansi penyusunan Model Konseptual Arsitektur Kota Tepi Air Kalimantan. Hasil penelitian ini berguna bagi pengembangan wawasan keilmuan arsitektur kota sungai di Indonesia, serta khususnya sebagai naskah akademik bagi penyusunan program pengembangan pembangunan Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah; Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan kota sungai Banjarmasin maupun kota sungai lainnya di Kalimantan. Kata kunci: Arsitektur Kota, Kota Sungai, ibukota Propinsi di Kalimantan Selatan viii BAB 1: PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Kondisi bentang alam menentukan letak dan kondisi tata ruang suatu kota, serta pembentukan arsitektur kotanya. Tata ruang arsitektur kota sungai umumnya terbentuk dari relasi dengan konteks sungainya, yang menjadi struktur lingkungan perkotaannya. Sungai1 merupakan salah satu elemen alami yang sejak awal peradapan manusia telah dimanfaatkan sebagai ruang akses dan tempat aktivitas kehidupan. Sejak awal embrio kota, sungai telah menjadi wadah adaptasi masyarakat membentuk nilai- nilai sosial budaya kehidupan khas lokal, yang mengalami perubahan dari pengaruh dinamika perkembangan kota hingga era sekarang. Sebagai bagian sistem transportasi2 kota, sungai memiiliki peran sangat penting dalam ekonomi dan dan kehidupan sosial manusia. Sebuah kota bukanlah lingkungan binaan yang dibangun dalam waktu singkat, tetapi mengalami pembentukan dalam rentang waktu yang panjang, secara fisik spasial mengalami transformasi serta tidak terlepas pula dari akumulasi setiap tahapan proses perkembangannya3. Formasi transformasi ini dapat digambarkan dalam kajian morfologi arsitektur kota, yang mengakumulasikan dinamika pembentukan tata ruang kota dalam periodisasi perkembangannya. Kota- kota di Indonesia dikenali tumbuh dan berkembang sebagai produk dalam proses pengaruh sejarah kotanya. Kostof4. membedakan kota berdasarkan bentuk geometrinya
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