SISTEMA HOSPEDEIRO-PARASITOIDE ASSOCIADO À Piper Glabratum Künth E P

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SISTEMA HOSPEDEIRO-PARASITOIDE ASSOCIADO À Piper Glabratum Künth E P UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E RECURSOS NATURAIS SISTEMA HOSPEDEIRO-PARASITOIDE ASSOCIADO À Piper glabratum Künth e P. mollicomum Künth (PIPERACEAE) EM FRAGMENTOS DE MATA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO CARLOS, SP. Eduardo Mitio Shimbori Orientação: Profa. Dra. Angélica Maria Penteado Martins Dias - São Carlos - 2009 ii UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E RECURSOS NATURAIS SISTEMA HOSPEDEIRO-PARASITOIDE ASSOCIADO À Piper glabratum Künth e P. mollicomum Künth (PIPERACEAE) EM FRAGMENTOS DE MATA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO CARLOS, SP. Eduardo Mitio Shimbori Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de Concentração: Ecologia e Recursos Naturais. - São Carlos - 2009 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo DePT da Biblioteca Comunitária/UFSCar Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio. S588sh Sistema hospedeiro-parasitoide associado à Piper glabratum Künth e P. mollicomum Künth (Piperaceae) em fragmentos de mata no município de São Carlos, SP / Eduardo Mitio Shimbori. -- São Carlos : UFSCar, 2010. 167 f. Tese (Doutorado) -- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. 1. Entomologia. 2. Hymenoptera parasítica. 3. Interações tritróficas. 4. Lepidoptera. 5. Tachinidae. 6. Ecologia. I. Título. CDD: 595.7 (20a) Eduardo Mitio Shimbori SISTEMA HOSPEDEIKO-PARASITOIDE ASSOCIADO A Piper glnbratzrm Kiinth e P. mollico~rruntKiinth (PIPERACIEAE)EM FRAGh4ENTOS DE MATA NO MUNICIPIO DE SAO CARLOS, SP Tehe aprc5zntnda h Universidade Federal de S5o Carlos, como parte dos requisites para ohtenq8o do titulo de Doutor em CiCncias. Aprovada em 04 de maio de 2009 B ANCA EXAMINADORA Presidente 1. DL~.LLL, biofa. Dra. AngClica M. P. M. Dias (Orientadora) 1" Examinador ., Profa. Dra. Odete Rocha PPGERNIUFSCar 2" Examinador Profa. Dra. Dalva Maria da Silva Matos PPGERNJUFSCar 3" Examinador .-- ~dr.\dey AU~OConde Godoy Prof. Dr. Valmir Antonio Costa Instituto Biol6gico/Campinas-SP J - Profa. Dra. Dahra Maria da Silva Matos Coordenadwa PPGERN/UFSCar iii Orientação: _________________________ Profa. Dra. Angélica Maria Penteado Martins Dias Co-Orientação: _________________________ Prof. Dr. Manoel Martins Dias Filho iv Dedicatória Esta tese é dedicada à memória de Toshiyaki Shimbori v "É um paradoxo a Terra se mover ao redor do Sol e a água ser constituída por dois gases altamente inflamáveis. A verdade científica é sempre um paradoxo, se julgada pela experiência cotidiana que se agarra à aparência efêmera das coisas." Karl Marx vi AGRADECIMENTOS A Capes – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – pela bolsa de estudos fundamental para realização deste. À Profa. Dra. Angélica Maria Penteado Martins Dias pelos anos de orientação. Ao Prof. Dr. Manoel Martins Dias Filho pela co-orientação e identificação dos lepidópteros. Ao técnico Ayrton Soares pela disposição e prontidão nas atividades de campo. Ao Prof. Silvio Shigeo Nihei pela identificação dos Tachinidae. Ao Prof. Rodolfo Figueiredo pela identificação das principais espécies de Piper. Ao MS. Giordano Ciocheti pelo auxílio no geoprocessamento. Aos amigos Juliano e Clóvis pelo intensivo trabalho de campo. A Dra. Magda V. Yamada pelo apoio e discussões ao longo da realização deste trabalho. Ao amigo Mateus pelas fotos dos parasitóides. Aos amigos do laboratório pelo convívio, discussões, auxílio na realização deste trabalho e amizade. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais da Universidade Federal de São Carlos pela oportunidade de realizar este estudo. Aos membros que participaram da banca de qualificação, Profa. Dra. Susana Trivinho-Strixino, Profa. Dra. Alaíde Fonseca Gessner e Dra. Magda Viviane Yamada pelas sugestões e correções. Aos professores do PPG-ERN pelos ensinamentos. Aos professores que compuseram a banca de doutorado: Profa. Dra., Odete Rocha, Profa. Dra. Dalva M. S. Matos, Prof. Dr. Valmir A. Costa e Prof. Dr. Wesley A. C. Godoy. À Soraya, minha companheira de vida. Aos amigos de república, pelo companheirismo e cumplicidade ao longo de tantos anos. Ao Bola e à Peteca pela alegria e brincadeiras. Aos meus pais, A todos que direta ou indiretamente contribuíram para a realização deste projeto. Muito Obrigado! 1 SUMÁRIO Dedicatória iv Epígrafe v Agradecimentos vi Sumário 1 Elenco de figuras 7 Elenco de tabelas 9 Resumo 10 Abstract 11 1. INTRODUÇÃO 13 1.1 Planta nutridora 13 1.1.1 Diagnose das espécies de Piper estudadas 17 1.2 Herbívoros sobre Piper 17 1.2.1 HerbÍvoros: larvas de Lepidoptera 20 1.3 Comunidade de parasitoides 21 1.3.1 História Natural dos Parasitoides 22 1.3.2 Ordem Hymenoptera 24 1.3.2.1 Superfamília Ichneumonoidea 25 1.3.2.1.1 Braconidae 27 1.3.2.1.2 Ichneumonidae 28 1.3.2.2 Superfamília Chalcidoidea 29 1.3.2.3 Ordem Diptera: Tachinidae 30 1.3.3 Importância da biologia dos parasitoides 32 1.4 Estudos de relações tritróficos 33 1.5 Dinâmica Populacional Hospedeiro‐Parasitoide 37 1.6 Ecologia de paisagem e o processo de fragmentação de habitats 39 1.6.1 Fragmentação e interações hospedeiro‐parasitoide 43 2. JUSTIFICATIVAS 47 2 3. OBJETIVO 48 3.1 Objetivos Específicos 48 4. HIPÓTESES 49 5. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS 50 5.1 Área de Estudo 50 5.1.1 Seleção dos fragmentos 50 5.1.2 Caracterização das localidades de estudo 51 5.1.2.1 Bosque de São Carlos‐ BS (21°57'41”S e 47°53'4”W) 52 5.1.2.2 Mata Canchim – CA (21°58'10”S e 47°50'29”W) 52 5.1.2.3 Fazenda Invernada – IN (22° 4'7”S e 47°46'13”W) 53 5.1.2.4 Fazenda Macaúbas – MA (21°50'41”S e 47°53'27W) 53 5.1.2.5 Fazenda do Português – PT (21°48'12”S e 47°48'5”W) 54 5.1.2.6 Fazenda Santa Elisa – ST (21°50'3”S e 47°49'51”W) 54 5.1.2.7 Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) – UF (21°59'9”S e 47°52'43”W) 55 5.1.2.8 Fazenda Vale do Quilombo – VQ (21°51'3”S e 47°47'5”W) 56 5.2 Plantas hospedeiras –P. glabratum e P. mollicomum 56 5.3 Coleta e manutenção das larvas de Lepidoptera 57 5.4 Coleta de parasitoides adultos 60 5.5 Avaliação ambiental dos pontos amostrais 60 5.5.1 Variáveis bióticas e abióticas 61 5.5.1.1 Luminosidade ‐ cobertura de dossel 61 5.5.1.2 Altura aproximada do dossel 61 3 5.5.1.3 Presença de corpos de água nas proximidades dos pontos 62 5.5.1.4 Número de árvores com diâmetro entre 30 cm a 1,5m de altura 62 5.5.1.5 Riqueza de espécies de Piper presentes nos pontos de coleta 62 5.5.1.6 Densidade de P. glabratum e P. mollicomum nos pontos amostrais 63 5.6 Análise dos Dados 63 6. RESULTADOS 67 6.1 Espécies de Lepidoptera obtidas 67 6.2 Parasitoides 71 6.2.1 Mortalidade de herbívoros pelos parasitoides 72 6.2.2 Parasitoides da ordem Hymenoptera 73 6.2.2.1 Chalcidoidea 74 6.2.2.1.1Chalcididae 74 6.2.2.1.2 Encyrtidae 75 6.2.2.1.3 Eulophidae 76 6.2.2.1.4 Perilampidae 78 6.2.2.1.5 Pteromalidae 79 6.2.2.2 Ichneumonoidea 80 6.2.2.2.1 Braconidae 80 6.2.2.2.1.1Doryctinae 80 6.2.2.2.1.2Macrocentrinae 81 6.2.2.2.1.3 Meteorinae 81 6.2.2.2.1.4 Microgastrinae 82 6.2.2.2.1.5 Orgilinae 84 6.2.2.2.1.6 Rogadinae 85 6.2.2.2.2 Ichneumonidae 85 6.2.2.2.2.1 Anomaloninae 86 4 6.2.2.2.2.2 Banchinae 86 6.2.2.2.2.3 Campopleginae 87 6.2.2.2.2.4 Cremastinae 91 6.2.2.2.2.5 Cryptinae 92 6.2.2.2.2.6 Ichneumoninae 93 6.2.2.2.2.7 Mesochorinae 93 6.2.2.2.2.8 Ophioninae 94 6.2.2.2.2.9 Pimplinae 94 6.2.2.2.2.10 Tryphoninae 95 6.2.2.3 Diptera: Tachinidae 95 6.2.2.3.1 Exoristinae 97 6.2.2.3.1.1 Blondeliini 97 6.2.2.3.1.2 Eryciini 99 6.2.2.3.1.3 Goniini 100 6.2.2.3.2 Tachininae 101 6.2.2.3.2.1 Polideini 101 6.2.2.3.2.2 Siphonini 101 6.2.2.2.2.3 Tachinini 102 6.3. Fauna de Ichneumonoidea obtida por Malaise 103 6.4 Variáveis ambientais 108 6.5 Larvas de Lepidoptera sobre Piper glabratum e P. mollicomum 111 6.5.1 Herbívoros especialistas, generalistas e raros 115 6.6 Redes alimentares 116 6.6.1 Hiperparasitoides 121 6.7 Distribuição temporal 122 6.7.1Herbívoros 122 6.7.2Parasitoides 126 6.8 Guildas de parasitoides sobre E. tegularia 127 5 6.9 Fenologia de Ichneumonoidea adultos obtidos por armadilhas Malaise 129 6.10Distribuição espacial 129 7. DISCUSSÃO 133 7.1 Rede alimentar de parasitoides 133 7.2 Riqueza de espécies de parasitoides e esforço amostral 135 7.3 Especifidade dos parasitoides pelos hospedeiros 137 7.4 Distribuição temporal 138 7.5 Interações tritróficas e distribuição espacial 139 8. CONCLUSÕES 144 8.1 Teste de hipótese 145 9. PROPOSTAS PARA FUTUROS ESTUDOS 147 10. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 148 11. ANEXOS Anexo I. Figuras 1 a 8. 1, Glyptapanteles (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) ♀; 2, Casinaria sp (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae)♂; 3, casulo de Casinaria sp; 4, Distatrix solanae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Micrgastrinae) ♀; 5, casulo de D.
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