Contents Contents Contents

Acknowledgements vii Preface ix Table of Cases xxv Table of Legislation li

PART ONE: THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT

1. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 3 1. Introduction 3 (1) What is a Contract? 3 (2) Offer and Acceptance 4 2. Offers and Invitations to Treat 4 (1) Two General Illustrative Cases 5 Harvey v Facey 5 Gibson v Manchester City Council 5 (2) Display of Goods for Sale 7 Fisher v Bell 7 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd 8 (3) Advertisements 10 Partridge v Crittenden 10 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 11 (4) Auction Sales 15 Barry v Davies 15 (5) Tenders http://www.pbookshop.com 19 Spencer v Harding 19 Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Company of Canada (CI) Ltd 20 Blackpool and Fylde Aeroclub Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council 22 3. Acceptance 25 (1) Acceptance by Conduct 26 Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co 26 (2) ‘Battle of the Forms’ 27 Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd 27 (3) Communication of Acceptance 33 (a) The General Rule: Acceptance Must Be Received by Offeror 33 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation 33 Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH 35 (b) Acceptance by Post 37 Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant 37 xii Contents

Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 39 (c) Waiver by Offeror of the Need for Communication of Acceptance 41 Felthouse v Bindley 41 (4) Prescribed Mode of Acceptance 43 Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd 43 (5) Acceptance in Ignorance of an Offer 45 R v Clarke 45 (6) Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts 47 Errington v Errington 47 Soulsbury v Soulsbury 48 4. Termination of an Offer 49 (1) Revocation 50 Byrne & Co v Van Tienhoven & Co 50 Dickinson v Dodds 51 (2) Rejection 54 Hyde v Wrench 54 Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean 54 5. Problematic Offer and Acceptance 55 The Satanita 56 Additional Reading 57

2. CERTAINTY AND INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 61 1. Certainty 61 (1) Vagueness 61 Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd 61 Scammell and Nephew Ltd v Ouston 64 (2) Price Not Fixed 66 May and Butcher Ltd v R 66 Sudbrook Trading Estate Ltd v Eggleton 68 (3) Agreements http://www.pbookshop.comto Negotiate 71 Walford v Miles 71 (4) A Non-contractual Solution 75 British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd 75 2. Intention to Create Legal Relations 78 (1) Social and Domestic Agreements 79 Balfour v Balfour 79 Jones v Padavatton 81 (2) Commercial Agreements 82 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise 82 Additional Reading 86

3. CONSIDERATION AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 87 1. Consideration 87 Contents xiii

(1) The Consideration Need Not Be Adequate 88 Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestlé Co Ltd 88 (2) Past Consideration Does Not Count 91 Eastwood v Kenyon 91 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 93 (3) Consideration and the Promise to Perform, or Performance of, a Pre-existing Duty 95 Collins v Godefroy 95 Glasbrook Brothers Ltd v Glamorgan County Council 96 Ward v Byham 98 Williams v Williams 99 (b) Pre-existing Duty under a Contract with a Third Party 100 Shadwell v Shadwell 100 Scotson v Pegg 102 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 103 (c) Pre-existing Duty under a Contract with the Promisor 104 Stilk v Myrick 104 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd 105 Foakes v Beer 112 Re Selectmove Ltd 115 2. Promissory Estoppel 117 (1) The Emergence of Promissory Estoppel 118 Hughes v Metropolitan Rly Co 118 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd 119 Collier v P & MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd 121 (2) Promissory Estoppel Not a Cause of Action 123 Combe v Combe 123 Crabb v Arun District Council 125 Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd v Texas Commerce International Bank Ltd 129 Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher 132 Baird Textiles Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc 137 (3) Promissory Estoppelhttp://www.pbookshop.com Requires a Clear and Unequivocal Promise 141 Woodhouse AC Israel Cocoa SA v Nigerian Produce Marketing Co Ltd 141 (4) Does Promissory Estoppel Require Reliance or Detrimental Reliance? 143 WJ Alan & Co Ltd v El Nasr Export and Import Co 143 Société Italo-Belge pour le Commerce et l’Industrie SA v Palm and Vegetable Oils (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, The Post Chaser 145 (5) Promissory Estoppel Cannot be Founded on a Promise Induced by the Promisee’s Inequitable Conduct 147 D & C Builders Ltd v Rees 147 (6) Does Promissory Estoppel Extinguish or Suspend Rights? 149 Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd 149 Additional Reading 152 xiv Contents

PART TWO: THE TERMS OF A CONTRACT

4. IDENTIFYING THE TERMS 157 1. Terms or Mere Representations? 157 Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams 158 Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd 162 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon 164 2. Incorporation of a Party’s Written Terms 166 (1) Signature 166 L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd 166 Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co 168 (2) Reasonable Notice 170 Parker v The South Eastern Railway Company 170 Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council 172 Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd 173 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd 175 Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd 178 AEG (UK) Ltd v Logic Resource Ltd 181 O’Brien v MGN Ltd 186 (3) Course of Dealing 188 McCutcheon v David MacBrayne Ltd 188 Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd 190 (4) The Parties’ Trade Practice 192 British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd 192 3. Implied Terms 194 (1) Terms Implied by the Courts 194 (a) Terms Implied by Fact 195 The Moorcock 195 Attorney-General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd 199 Yam Seng Pte Limited v International Trade Corporation Limited 203 (b) Terms Implied by Law 211 Liverpoolhttp://www.pbookshop.com City Council v Irwin 211 Shell UK Ltd v Lostock Garage Ltd 216 Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board 218 (2) Terms Implied by Statute 222 (a) Contracts for the Sale of Goods 222 Sale of Goods Act 1979, sections 12–15 222 (b) Contracts for Services 226 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, sections 13–15 226 Additional Reading 226

5. INTERPRETING THE TERMS 229 1. The Modern Approach to Construction 229 Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society 229 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd 232 Contents xv

2. Construction of Exemption Clauses 238 (1) Excluding or Limiting Liability for Negligence 238 Alderslade v Hendon Laundry Ltd 238 Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R 240 Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd 243 (2) Excluding or Limiting Liability for Fundamental Breach 246 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 246 (3) Construing Limitation Clauses 251 Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd 251 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd 253 Additional Reading 256

6. STATUTORY CONTROL OF UNFAIR TERMS 259 1. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 260 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, sections 1–14, 26–27, 29, Schedules 1 and 2 260 (1) Overview of the Central Scheme of UCTA 1977 267 (2) Excluding Liability for Breach of the Statutory Implied Terms in Contracts for the Sale of Goods and Analogous Contracts 269 (3) Cases on UCTA 1977 269 (a) What is Meant by ‘Dealing as Consumer’? 270 R & B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd 270 (b) What Counts as an Exclusion of Liability, or as Equivalent to such an Exclusion, so as to Fall within the Act? 273 Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland 273 Thompson v T Lohan (Plant Hire) Ltd 276 Smith v Eric S Bush 278 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd 280 Tudor Grange Holdings Ltd v Citibank NA 282 (c) Does the Clause Pass, or Fail, the Reasonableness Test? 284 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd 284 Phillips Productshttp://www.pbookshop.com Ltd v Hyland 287 Smith v Eric S Bush 290 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd 292 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd 294 Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd 297 2. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 301 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 301 (1) Overview of the Central Scheme of the 1999 Regulations 308 (2) What is the Relationship Between the 1999 Regulations and UCTA 1977? 308 (3) Case-law on the 1999 Regulations 309 Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank Plc 309 (4) A Note on Good Faith 315 3. Reform of the Legislation on Unfair Terms 316 Additional Reading 317 xvi Contents

PART THREE: REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

7. TERMINATION 321 1. The Meaning of Termination for Breach 321 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 322 2. Conditions, Warranties and Innominate Terms 324 Sale of Goods Act 1979, sections 12–15 324 Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd 324 Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau – Handel GmbH, The Mihalis Angelos 328 L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd 331 Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH, The Hansa Nord 334 Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA 336 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 15A 339 3. Termination Clauses 340 Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth 340 Rice v Great Yarmouth Borough Council 343 4. Anticipatory Breach 347 Hochster v De La Tour 347 5. Restitution after Termination for Breach 349 Additional Reading 350

8. DAMAGES 353 1. Compensatory Damages 353 (1) Basic Issues in Applying the Compensatory Aim 354 (a) The Precise Aim of Contractual Compensation: Protecting the Expectation Interest 354 Robinson v Harman 354 (b) Difference in the Value of Property or Cost of Cure? 355 Radford v de Froberville 355 Ruxley Electronicshttp://www.pbookshop.com and Construction Ltd v Forsyth 358 (c) Assessment According to the Chances 363 Chaplin v Hicks 363 (d) Contractual Damages Protecting the Reliance Interest? 366 Anglia TV v Reed 366 C & P Haulage v Middleton 368 CCC Films (London) Ltd v Impact Quadrant Films Ltd 370 Omak Maritime Ltd v Mamola Challenger Shipping Co, The Mamola Challenger 372 (e) The Date for Assessment of Damages 376 Golden Strait Corp v Nippon Yusen Kubishika Kaisha, The Golden Victory 376 (2) Limitations on Compensation 381 (a) Remoteness 381 Hadley v Baxendale 381 Contents xvii

Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd 382 Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd, The Heron II 385 Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd 388 Brown v KMR Services Ltd 393 Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc 396 Transfi eld Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc, The Achilleas 398 (b) Intervening Cause 410 Quinn v Burch Bros (Builders) Ltd 410 Galoo Ltd v Bright Grahame Murray 411 (c) The Duty to Mitigate and Mitigation 413 British Westinghouse Electric v Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd 413 (d) Contributory Negligence 415 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 sections 1(1) and 4 415 Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v Butcher 416 Barclays Bank Plc v Fairclough Building Ltd 418 (e) Mental Distress 421 Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd 421 Jarvis v Swan’s Tours Ltd 423 Watts v Morrow 424 Farley v Skinner 426 (f) Loss of Reputation 433 Mahmud v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA 433 2. Restitutionary Damages/An Account of Profi ts 436 Attorney General v Blake 436 Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc 442 3. Agreed/Liquidated Damages 448 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd 448 Philips Hong Kong Ltd v Attorney General of Hong Kong 450 Additional Reading 453

9. DIRECT ENFORCEMENThttp://www.pbookshop.com 459 1. The Award of an Agreed Sum 459 White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor 460 Clea Shipping Corporation v Bulk Oil International Ltd, The Alaskan Trader 464 Reichman v Beveridge 466 2. Specifi c Performance 468 (1) The Primary Restriction—Adequacy of Damages 468 Falcke v Gray 468 Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd 469 Beswick v Beswick 471 (2) The Constant Supervision Objection 472 Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd 472 (3) Contracts for Personal Service 477 xviii Contents

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, section 236 477 Powell v Brent London Borough Council 478 (4) Want of Mutuality 479 Price v Strange 479 3. Injunctions 483 Lumley v Wagner 484 Warner Bros Pictures Inc v Nelson 485 Page One Records v Britton 486 Warren v Mendy 487 LauritzenCool AB v Lady Navigation Inc 491 Additional Reading 493

PART FOUR: PRIVITY OF CONTRACT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

10. PRIVITY OF CONTRACT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS 497 1. Introduction 497 2. Four Cases Establishing or Confi rming the Privity Doctrine (on its Benefi t Side) 498 Tweddle v Atkinson 498 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge 499 Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd 501 Beswick v Beswick 504 3. Exceptions to Privity (on its Benefi t Side) 509 (1) Agency 510 (2) Assignment 511 (3) Trusts of the Promise 511 (4) Statutory Exceptions 511 (5) Covenants Concerninghttp://www.pbookshop.com Land 512 (6) The Tort of Negligence 512 (7) Enforcement by Third Parties of Exemption Clauses 512 New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v AM Satterthwaite & Co Ltd, The Eurymedon 512 4. The Promisee’s Remedies in a Contract Made for the Benefi t of a Third Party 517 (1) Specifi c Performance and Injunctions 517 Beswick v Beswick 517 (2) Damages 517 Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd 517 Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd 519 Darlington Borough Council v Wiltshier Northern Ltd 523 Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd 526 Contents xix

5. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 536 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 536 (1) The Tests of Enforceability 541 Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd 543 Laemthong International Lines Company Ltd v Artis, The Laemthong Glory (No 2) 550 (2) Variation and Rescission by the Contracting Parties 554 (3) Defences Available to the Promisor 555 (4) Promisee’s Rights 556 (5) Exclusions from the Act 557 (6) Existing Exceptions 557 (7) The Relationship with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 558 (8) The Meaning of ‘Contract’ under the 1999 Act 558 6. Exceptions to the Privity Doctrine on its Burden Side 558 (1) Bailment or Sub-bailment on Terms 559 Morris v C W Martin & Sons Ltd 559 KH Enterprise v Pioneer Container, The Pioneer Container 560 (2) Burden Running with Goods 561 Lord Strathcona Steamship Company Ltd v Dominion Coal Company Ltd 561 Swiss Bank Corporation v Lloyds Bank Ltd 564 Additional Reading 567

PART FIVE: FACTORS ALLOWING ESCAPE FROM A CONTRACT

11. 573 1. Requirements of Misrepresentation 574 (1) False Statement of Fact or Law 574 (a) Statements of Opinion 574 Smith v Landhttp://www.pbookshop.com and House Property Corporation 574 Bisset v Wilkinson 576 (b) Statements of Intention 577 Edgington v Fitzmaurice 577 (c) Silence: No Duty of Disclosure 578 With v O’Flanagan 579 (2) Reliance 580 580 Edgington v Fitzmaurice 583 2. Rescission for Misrepresentation 584 (1) What Does Rescission Mean? 584 Whittington v Seale-Hayne 585 (2) Bars to Rescission 586 Leaf v International Galleries 586 Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co 589 xx Contents

(3) How Does One Rescind? 590 Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell 590 3. Damages for Misrepresentation 593 (1) Fraudulent Misrepresentation: the Tort of Deceit 593 Derry v Peek 593 Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd 595 Smith New Court Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd 596 (2) Negligent Misrepresentation Actionable in the Tort of Negligence 599 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd 599 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon 600 (3) Negligent and Purely Innocent Misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 602 Misrepresentation Act 1967, section 2 602 (a) Overview of Section 2 602 (b) Cases on Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 603 Howard Marine and Dredging Co Ltd v A Ogden & Sons ( Excavations) Ltd 603 Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson 604 (c) Cases on Section 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 608 William Sindall Plc v Cambridgeshire County Council 608 Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd 612 4. Exclusion of Liability for Misrepresentation: Misrepresentation Act 1967, Section 3 614 Misrepresentation Act 1967, section 3 615 (1) What Counts as an Exemption Clause Falling Within Section 3? 615 Overbrooke Estates Ltd v Glencombe Properties Ltd 615 Cremdean Properties Ltd v Nash 617 Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd 618 (2) Does the Clause Pass or Fail the Reasonableness Test? 620 Howard Marine & Dredging Co v A Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd 620 Walker vhttp://www.pbookshop.com Boyle 621 Cleaver v Schyde Investments Ltd 622 Additional Reading 625

12. MISTAKE 629 1. Unilateral Mistake 630 (1) The General Position: No Escape for Unilateral Mistake 630 Smith v Hughes 630 (2) Exceptions where Unilateral Mistake Invalidates the Contract 632 (a) Objective Ambiguity 632 Raffl es v Wichelhaus 632 Scriven Brothers & Co v Hindley & Co 633 (b) Unilateral Mistake as to Terms or Identity Known to the Other Party 635 Hartog v Colin & Shields 635 Contents xxi

Cundy v Lindsay 636 Phillips v Brooks Ltd 638 Ingram v Little 639 Lewis v Averay 642 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson 644 (c) Non Est Factum 654 Saunders v Anglia Building Society (sub nom Gallie v Lee) 654 (d) Equitable Rectifi cation for Unilateral Mistake 658 Thomas Bates & Son Ltd v Wyndham’s (Lingerie) Ltd 658 Commission for the New Towns v Cooper (GB ) Ltd 660 2. Common Mistake 663 (1) The Narrow Scope of Common Mistake Rendering a Contract Void 663 Couturier v Hastie 663 Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd 664 McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission 668 Associated Japanese Bank International Ltd v Credit du Nord SA 669 Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, The Great Peace 672 Brennan v Bolt Burdon 676 (2) A Wider Equitable Doctrine of Common Mistake Rejected 678 678 Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, The Great Peace 681 (3) Equitable Rectifi cation for Common Mistake 683 Rose (Frederick E) (London) v Pim (William H) Junior & Co 683 Joscelyn v Nissen 685 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd 687 Additional Reading 690

13. FRUSTRATION 695 1. The Early Approach of Absolute Liability 696 Paradine http://www.pbookshop.comv Jane 696 2. The Kinds of Events that Amount to Frustration 696 (1) Physical Impossibility 696 Taylor v Caldwell 696 Jackson v Union Marine Insurance Co Ltd 698 (2) Legal Impossibility (ie Subsequent Illegality) 699 Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr and Co Ltd 699 (3) Cancellation of Events 701 Krell v Henry 701 Herne Bay Steam Boat Company v Hutton 702 (4) No Frustration Merely because Performance Made More Onerous/Expensive 704 Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council 704 Ocean Tramp Tankers Corporation v V/O Sovfracht, The Eugenia 708 3. Factors Excluding Frustration 710 xxii Contents

(1) Self-induced Frustration 710 Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd 710 J Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller BV, 711 (2) Express Provision 714 Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr and Co Ltd 714 4. The Juristic Basis of Frustration 716 National Carriers v Panalpina (Northern) Ltd 716 5. The Effects of Frustration 719 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 720 (1) Overview of the 1943 Act 722 (2) Cases on the 1943 Act 723 BP Exploration Co (Libya) v Hunt (No 2) 723 Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd 730 6. The Relationship between Common Mistake and Frustration 732 Amalgamated Investment & Property Co v John Walker & Sons Ltd 732 Additional Reading 734

14. DURESS 737 1. Duress of the Person 738 Barton v Armstrong 738 2. Economic Duress 741 (1) Threats to Break (or to Induce Another to Break) a Contract 741 North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd, The Atlantic Baron 741 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 743 Universe Tankships of Monrovia v International Transport Workers Federation, The Universe Sentinel 744 B & S Contracts & Design Ltd v Victor Green Publications Ltd 747 Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd 750 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd 751 Dimskalhttp://www.pbookshop.com Shipping Co SA v International Transport Workers Federation, The Evia Luck 752 Huyton SA v Peter Cremer GmbH & Co 753 (2) ‘Lawful Act’ Duress 758 CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd 759 R v Attorney General for England and Wales 762 Progress Bulk Carriers Ltd v Tube City IMS LLC 764 Additional Reading 766

15. UNDUE INFLUENCE AND EXPLOITATION OF WEAKNESS 769 1. Undue Infl uence 769 Allcard v Skinner 770 Barclays Bank plc v O’ Brien 773 Contents xxiii

Cheese v Thomas 777 Credit Lyonnais Nederland NV v Burch 778 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2) 780 R v Attorney General for England and Wales 797 2. Exploitation of Weakness 800 (1) Exploitation of Mental Weakness 801 Earl of Aylesford v Morris 801 Fry v Lane 803 Cresswell v Potter 804 Boustany v Pigott 806 Portman Building Society v Dusangh 808 (2) Exploitation of the Claimant’s Circumstantial Weakness 810 The Medina 810 Alec Lobb Garages Ltd v Total Oil (GB) Ltd 812 (3) Rejection of a Principle of ‘Inequality of Bargaining Power’ 815 Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy 815 National Westminster Bank v Morgan 818 Additional Reading 819

Index 823

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