Contents

Acknowledgements vii Preface ix Table of Cases xxv Table of Legislation xlix

PART ONE: THE FORMATION OF A CONTRACT

1. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 3 1. Introduction 3 (1) What is a Contract? 3 (2) Offer and Acceptance 4 2. Offers and Invitations to Treat 4 (1) Two General Illustrative Cases 5 Harvey v Facey 5 Gibson v Manchester City Council 5 (2) Display of Goods for Sale 7 Fisher v Bell 7 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd 8 (3) Advertisements 10 Partridge v Crittenden 10 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 11 (4) Auction Sales http://www.pbookshop.com 16 Barry v Davies 16 (5) Tenders 19 Spencer v Harding 19 Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Company of Canada (CI) Ltd 20 Blackpool and Fylde Aeroclub Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council 22 3. Acceptance 26 (1) Acceptance by Conduct 26 Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co 26 (2) ‘Battle of the Forms’ 27 Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd 27 (3) Communication of Acceptance 33 (a) The General Rule: Acceptance must be Received by Offeror 33 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation 33 Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH 36 xii Contents

(b) Acceptance by Post 38 Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant 38 Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 40 (c) Waiver by Offeror of the Need for Communication of Acceptance 42 Felthouse v Bindley 42 (4) Prescribed Mode of Acceptance 44 Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd 44 (5) Acceptance in Ignorance of an Offer 45 R v Clarke 45 (6) Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts 48 Errington v Errington 48 Soulsbury v Soulsbury 49 4. Termination of an Offer 50 (1) Revocation 51 Byrne & Co v Van Tienhoven & Co 51 Dickinson v Dodds 52 (2) Rejection 55 Hyde v Wrench 55 Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean 55 5. Problematic Offer and Acceptance 56 The Satanita 57 Additional Reading 59

2. CERTAINTY AND INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL RELATIONS 61 1. Certainty 61 (1) Vagueness 61 Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd 61 Scammell and Nephew Ltd v Ouston 64 (2) Price Not Fixedhttp://www.pbookshop.com 66 May and Butcher Ltd v R 66 Sudbrook Trading Estate Ltd v Eggleton 69 (3) Agreements to Negotiate 71 Walford v Miles 71 (4) A Non-contractual Solution 76 British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd 76 2. Intention to Create Legal Relations 79 (1) Social and Domestic Agreements 79 Balfour v Balfour 79 Jones v Padavatton 81 (2) Commercial Agreements 83 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise 83 Additional Reading 86 Contents xiii

3. CONSIDERATION AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 89 1. Consideration 89 (1) The Consideration Need Not Be Adequate 90 Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestlé Co Ltd 90 (2) Past Consideration Does Not Count 94 Eastwood v Kenyon 94 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 95 (3) Consideration and the Promise to Perform, or Performance of, a Pre-existing Duty 98 (a) Pre-existing Duty Imposed by the General Law (ie a Non-contractual Duty) 98 Collins v Godefroy 98 Glasbrook Brothers Ltd v Glamorgan County Council 98 Ward v Byham 100 Williams v Williams 101 (b) Pre-existing Duty under a Contract with a Third Party 102 Shadwell v Shadwell 102 Scotson v Pegg 104 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 105 (c) Pre-existing Duty under a Contract with the Promisor 106 Stilk v Myrick 106 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd 108 Foakes v Beer 114 Re Selectmove Ltd 117 2. Promissory Estoppel 120 (1) The Emergence of Promissory Estoppel 120 Hughes v Metropolitan Rly Co 120 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd 121 Collier v P & MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd 123 (2) Promissory Estoppel Not a Cause of Action 125 Combe v Combe 125 Crabb v Arunhttp://www.pbookshop.com District Council 128 Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd v Texas Commerce International Bank Ltd 132 Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher 134 Baird Textiles Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc 139 (3) Promissory Estoppel Requires a Clear and Unequivocal Promise 143 Woodhouse AC Israel Cocoa SA v Nigerian Produce Marketing Co Ltd 143 (4) Does Promissory Estoppel Require Reliance or Detrimental Reliance? 145 WJ Alan & Co Ltd v El Nasr Export and Import Co 145 Société Italo-Belge pour le Commerce et l’Industrie SA v Palm and Vegetable Oils (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, The Post Chaser 147 (5) Promissory Estoppel Cannot be Founded on a Promise Induced by the Promisee’s Inequitable Conduct 149 D & C Builders Ltd v Rees 149 (6) Does Promissory Estoppel Extinguish or Suspend Rights? 152 xiv Contents

Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd 152 Additional Reading 155

PART TWO: THE TERMS OF A CONTRACT

4. IDENTIFYING THE TERMS 159 1. Terms or Mere Representations? 159 Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams 160 Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd 164 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon 166 2. Incorporation of a Party’s Written Terms 168 (1) Signature 169 L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd 169 Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co 170 (2) Reasonable Notice 172 Parker v The South Eastern Railway Company 172 Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council 175 Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd 176 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd 177 Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd 181 AEG (UK) Ltd v Logic Resource Ltd 184 O’Brien v MGN Ltd 189 (3) Course of Dealing 191 McCutcheon v David MacBrayne Ltd 191 Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd 193 (4) The Parties’ Trade Practice 195 British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd 195 3. Implied Terms 197 (1) Terms Implied by the Courts 197 (a) Terms Impliedhttp://www.pbookshop.com by Fact 197 The Moorcock 197 Attorney-General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd 201 (b) Terms Implied by Law 204 Liverpool City Council v Irwin 204 Shell UK Ltd v Lostock Garage Ltd 210 Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board 213 (2) Terms Implied by Statute 217 (a) Contracts for the Sale of Goods 217 Sale of Goods Act 1979, sections 12–15 217 (b) Contracts for Services 220 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, sections 13–15 220 Additional Reading 221 Contents xv

5. INTERPRETING THE TERMS 223 1. The Modern Approach to Construction 223 Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society 223 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd 226 2. Construction of Exemption Clauses 231 (1) Excluding or Limiting Liability for Negligence 231 Alderslade v Hendon Laundry Ltd 231 Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R 233 Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd 236 (2) Excluding or Limiting Liability for Fundamental Breach 239 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 239 (3) Construing Limitation Clauses 244 Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd 244 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd 246 Additional Reading 249

6. STATUTORY CONTROL OF UNFAIR TERMS 251 1. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 252 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, sections 1–14, 26–27, 29, Schedules 1 and 2 252 (1) Overview of the Central Scheme of UCTA 1977 260 (2) Excluding Liability for Breach of the Statutory Implied Terms in Contracts for the Sale of Goods and Analogous Contracts 261 (3) Cases on UCTA 1977 262 (a) What is Meant by ‘Dealing as Consumer’? 262 R & B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd 262 (b) What Counts as an Exclusion of Liability, or as Equivalent to such an Exclusion, so as to Fall within the Act? 266 Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland 266 Thompson v T Lohan (Plant Hire) Ltd 268 Smith v Eric http://www.pbookshop.comS Bush 271 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd 273 Tudor Grange Holdings Ltd v Citibank NA 274 (c) Does the Clause Pass, or Fail, the Reasonableness Test? 277 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd 277 Phillips Products Ltd v Hyland 279 Smith v Eric S Bush 283 Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd 285 St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd 287 Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd 290 2. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 293 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 294 (1) Overview of the Central Scheme of the 1999 Regulations 300 (2) What is the Relationship Between the 1999 Regulations and UCTA 1977? 301 (3) Case-law on the 1999 Regulations 302 xvi Contents

Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank Plc 303 (4) A Note on Good Faith 307 3. Reform of the Legislation on Unfair Terms 308 Additional Reading 310

PART THREE: REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

7. TERMINATION 315 1. The Meaning of Termination for Breach 316 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd 316 2. Conditions, Warranties and Innominate Terms 318 Sale of Goods Act 1979, sections 12–15 318 Hongkong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd 319 Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau – Handel GmbH, The Mihalis Angelos 323 L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd 325 Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbH, The Hansa Nord 328 Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA 331 Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 15A 334 3. Termination Clauses 335 Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth 335 Rice v Great Yarmouth Borough Council 338 4. Anticipatory Breach 342 Hochster v De La Tour 342 5. Restitution after Termination for Breach 344 Additional Reading 345

8. DAMAGES 347 1. Compensatory Damageshttp://www.pbookshop.com 347 (1) Basic Issues in Applying the Compensatory Aim 348 (a) The Precise Aim of Contractual Compensation: Protecting the Expectation Interest 348 Robinson v Harman 348 (b) Difference in the Value of Property or Cost of Cure? 349 Radford v de Froberville 349 Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth 352 (c) Assessment According to the Chances 357 Chaplin v Hicks 357 (d) Contractual Damages Protecting the Reliance Interest? 360 Anglia TV v Reed 360 C & P Haulage v Middleton 362 CCC Films (London) Ltd v Impact Quadrant Films Ltd 364 Contents xvii

Omak Maritime Ltd v Mamola Challenger Shipping Co, The Mamola Challenger 367 (e) The Date for Assessment of Damages 370 Golden Strait Corp v Nippon Yusen Kubishika Kaisha, The Golden Victory 370 (2) Limitations on Compensation 375 (a) Remoteness 375 Hadley v Baxendale 375 Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd 376 Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd, The Heron II 379 Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd 383 Brown v KMR Services Ltd 388 Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc 391 Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc, The Achilleas 392 (b) Intervening Cause 404 Quinn v Burch Bros (Builders) Ltd 405 Galoo Ltd v Bright Grahame Murray 405 (c) The Duty to Mitigate and Mitigation 407 British Westinghouse Electric v Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd 407 (d) Contributory Negligence 409 Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 sections 1(1) and 4 409 Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v Butcher 410 Barclays Bank Plc v Fairclough Building Ltd 412 (e) Mental Distress 416 Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd 416 Jarvis v Swan’s Tours Ltd 418 Watts v Morrow 419 Farley v Skinner 420 (f) Loss of Reputation 427 Mahmud v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA 427 2. Restitutionary Damages/Anhttp://www.pbookshop.com Account of Profits 430 Attorney-General v Blake 430 Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc 436 3. Agreed/Liquidated Damages 442 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd 442 Philips Hong Kong Ltd v Attorney General of Hong Kong 444 Additional Reading 447

9. DIRECT ENFORCEMENT 453 1. The Award of an Agreed Sum 453 White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor 454 Clea Shipping Corporation v Bulk Oil International Ltd, The Alaskan Trader 458 Reichman v Beveridge 460 2. Specific Performance 462 xviii Contents

(1) The Primary Restriction—Adequacy of Damages 462 Falcke v Gray 462 Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd 463 Beswick v Beswick 465 (2) The Constant Supervision Objection 466 Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd 466 (3) Contracts for Personal Service 472 Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, section 236 472 Powell v Brent London Borough Council 472 (4) Want of Mutuality 474 Price v Strange 474 3. Injunctions 477 Lumley v Wagner 478 Warner Bros Pictures Inc v Nelson 479 Page One Records v Britton 481 Warren v Mendy 481 LauritzenCool AB v Lady Navigation Inc 485 Additional Reading 487

PART FOUR: PRIVITY OF CONTRACT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

10. PRIVITY OF CONTRACT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS 491 1. Introduction 491 2. Four Cases Establishing or Confirming the Privity Doctrine (on its Benefit Side) 492 Tweddle v Atkinson 492 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge 493 Scruttonshttp://www.pbookshop.com v Midland Silicones Ltd 496 Beswick v Beswick 498 3. Exceptions to Privity (on its Benefit Side) 503 (1) Agency 505 (2) Assignment 505 (3) Trusts of the Promise 505 (4) Statutory Exceptions 506 (5) Covenants Concerning Land 506 (6) The Tort of Negligence 507 (7) Enforcement by Third Parties of Exemption Clauses 507 New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v AM Satterthwaite & Co Ltd, The Eurymedon 507 4. The Promisee’s Remedies in a Contract made for the Benefit of a Third Party 512 (1) Specific Performance and Injunctions 512 Beswick v Beswick 512 Contents xix

(2) Damages 512 Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd 512 Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd 514 Darlington Borough Council v Wiltshier Northern Ltd 518 Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd 521 5. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 531 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 532 (1) The Tests of Enforceability 536 Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd 538 Laemthong International Lines Company Ltd v Artis, The Laemthong Glory (No 2) 545 (2) Variation and Rescission by the Contracting Parties 550 (3) Defences Available to the Promisor 550 (4) Promisee’s Rights 551 (5) Exclusions from the Act 552 (6) Existing Exceptions 553 (7) The Relationship with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 553 (8) The Meaning of ‘Contract’ under the 1999 Act 553 6. Exceptions to the Privity Doctrine on its Burden Side 554 (1) Bailment or Sub-bailment on Terms 554 Morris v C W Martin & Sons Ltd 554 KH Enterprise v Pioneer Container, The Pioneer Container 556 (2) Burden Running with Goods 557 Lord Strathcona Steamship Company Ltd v Dominion Coal Company Ltd 557 Swiss Bank Corporation v Lloyds Bank Ltd 560 Additional Reading 563

PART FIVE: FACTORS ALLOWING ESCAPE FROM A http://www.pbookshop.comCONTRACT

11. 569 1. Requirements of Misrepresentation 570 (1) False Statement of Fact or Law 570 (a) Statements of Opinion 571 Smith v Land and House Property Corporation 571 Bisset v Wilkinson 572 (b) Statements of Intention 573 573 (c) Silence: No Duty of Disclosure 574 With v O’Flanagan 575 (2) Reliance 576 576 Edgington v Fitzmaurice 579 xx Contents

2. Rescission for Misrepresentation 580 (1) What Does Rescission Mean? 581 Whittington v Seale-Hayne 581 (2) Bars to Rescission 582 Leaf v International Galleries 583 Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co 585 (3) How Does One Rescind? 587 Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell 587 3. Damages for Misrepresentation 589 (1) Fraudulent Misrepresentation: the Tort of Deceit 590 Derry v Peek 590 Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd 591 Smith New Court Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd 593 (2) Negligent Misrepresentation Actionable in the Tort of Negligence 596 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd 596 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon 597 (3) Negligent and Purely Innocent Misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 598 Misrepresentation Act 1967, section 2 598 (a) Overview of Section 2 599 (b) Cases on Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 599 Howard Marine and Dredging Co Ltd v A Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd 599 Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson 601 (c) Cases on Section 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 605 William Sindall Plc v Cambridgeshire County Council 605 Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd 609 4. Exclusion of Liability for Misrepresentation: Misrepresentation Act 1967, section 3 612 Misrepresentation Act 1967, section 3 612 (1) What Counts as an Exemption Clause Falling Within Section 3? 613 Overbrookehttp://www.pbookshop.com Estates Ltd v Glencombe Properties Ltd 613 Cremdean Properties Ltd v Nash 614 Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd 615 (2) Does the Clause Pass or Fail the Reasonableness Test? 617 Howard Marine & Dredging Co v A Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd 617 618 Additional Reading 620

12. MISTAKE 623 1. Unilateral Mistake 624 (1) The General Position: No Escape for Unilateral Mistake 624 Smith v Hughes 624 (2) Exceptions where Unilateral Mistake Invalidates the Contract 627 (a) Objective Ambiguity 627 Raffles v Wichelhaus 627 Contents xxi

Scriven Brothers & Co v Hindley & Co 627 (b) Unilateral Mistake as to Terms or Identity Known to the Other Party 629 Hartog v Colin & Shields 629 Cundy v Lindsay 630 632 Ingram v Little 634 Lewis v Averay 636 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson 638 (c) Non Est Factum 648 Saunders v Anglia Building Society (sub nom Gallie v Lee) 648 (d) Equitable Rectification for Unilateral Mistake 652 Thomas Bates & Son Ltd v Wyndham’s (Lingerie) Ltd 652 Commission for the New Towns v Cooper (GB) Ltd 654 2. Common Mistake 657 (1) The Narrow Scope of Common Mistake Rendering a Contract Void 657 Couturier v Hastie 657 Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd 658 McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission 662 Associated Japanese Bank International Ltd v Credit du Nord SA 664 Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, The Great Peace 666 Brennan v Bolt Burdon 670 (2) A Wider Equitable Doctrine of Common Mistake Rejected 672 672 Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, The Great Peace 675 (3) Equitable Rectification for Common Mistake 677 Rose (Frederick E) (London) v Pim (William H) Junior & Co 677 Joscelyn v Nissen 679 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd 681 Additional Reading 683 http://www.pbookshop.com 13. FRUSTRATION 687 1. The Early Approach of Absolute Liability 688 Paradine v Jane 688 2. The Kinds of Events that Amount to Frustration 688 (1) Physical Impossibility 688 Taylor v Caldwell 688 Jackson v Union Marine Insurance Co Ltd 690 (2) Legal Impossibility (ie Subsequent Illegality) 691 Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr and Co Ltd 691 (3) Cancellation of Events 693 Krell v Henry 693 Herne Bay Steam Boat Company v Hutton 694 (4) No Frustration merely because Performance made more Onerous/ Expensive 696 xxii Contents

Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council 696 Ocean Tramp Tankers Corporation v V/O Sovfracht, The Eugenia 700 3. Factors Excluding Frustration 702 (1) Self-induced Frustration 702 Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd 702 J Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller BV, 703 (2) Express Provision 706 Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr and Co Ltd 706 4. The Juristic Basis of Frustration 708 National Carriers v Panalpina (Northern) Ltd 708 5. The Effects of Frustration 711 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 712 (1) Overview of the Act 714 (2) Cases on the 1943 Act 715 BP Exploration Co (Libya) v Hunt (No 2) 715 Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd 722 6. The Relationship between Common Mistake and Frustration 724 Amalgamated Investment & Property Co v John Walker & Sons Ltd 725 Additional Reading 727

14. DURESS 731 1. Duress of the Person 732 Barton v Armstrong 732 2. Economic Duress 735 (1) Threats to Break (or to Induce Another to Break) a Contract 735 North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Hyundai Construction Co Ltd, The Atlantic Baron 735 PaO On v Lau Yiu Long 737 Universe Tankships of Monrovia v International Transport Workers Federation, The Universe Sentinel 738 B & S Contractshttp://www.pbookshop.com & Design Ltd v Victor Green Publications Ltd 741 Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd 744 Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd 745 Dimskal Shipping Co SA v International Transport Workers Federation, The Evia Luck 746 Huyton SA v Peter Cremer GmbH & Co 747 (2) ‘Lawful Act’ Duress 753 CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd 753 R v Attorney General for England and Wales 756 Additional Reading 759 Contents xxiii

15. UNDUE INFLUENCE AND EXPLOITATION OF WEAKNESS 761 1. Undue Influence 761 Allcard v Skinner 762 Barclays Bank plc v O’ Brien 765 Cheese v Thomas 769 Credit Lyonnais Nederland NV v Burch 771 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2) 773 R v Attorney General for England and Wales 789 2. Exploitation Of Weakness 792 (1) Exploitation of Mental Weakness 793 Earl of Aylesford v Morris 793 Fry v Lane 794 Cresswell v Potter 796 Boustany v Pigott 798 Portman Building Society v Dusangh 800 (2) Exploitation of the Claimant’s Circumstantial Weakness 802 The Medina 802 Alec Lobb Garages Ltd v Total Oil (GB) Ltd 804 (3) Rejection of a Principle of ‘Inequality of Bargaining Power’ 807 Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy 807 National Westminster Bank v Morgan 809 Additional Reading 811

Index 815

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