Cymmrodor, the Magazine of the Honourable Society Of

M M R D R C Y O O ,

T H E M AGAZ I N E

OF THE HONOU R ABLE

OCIETY OF CYMMB OD S OR I ON.

EDITED B Y

H O M A S P OWE L T ,

OL VII V . .

PR INTED FOR THE SOCIET Y

WHITING 85 SA D T W C CO. R IN A EE . , I STR , .

1 J/ 886 .

a a r l pmm unar.

F C O N T E N T S O V O L. V I I .

An erchia d a ba rotoisid a n Y DIWE DDA R B R C H WI LI M R EE S g A . L A , D D Gwil m Hir a etho i dn b r n r h dedd a osodw d . . a od a ( y g), gy y y y a rn o ga n Gym deitha s An rhydeddu s y C ym m r odorion dr wy ’ ’ gyﬂwyn ia d iddo o i Ba thodyn C yn ta f fel cydn a byddia e th o i wa sa n a eth a rben ig i L en yddia eth Gym r eig

B he R ev Com a rison of som n s r it n d eltic Words t . A p e Sa k a C . y M A O N D I E S . Ca m b . J H AV , . ( ) A M . . W KI NS . T he Le en d of Ll n Ll n cl s B the R ev W . g y y y . y AT ,

- L r Hi hl n d r l Welsh Po u la r T a les a n d other Fol o e . a Pa a l els to k g p , Jottin gs

— h ith n d the I . Welsh a n d Ga elic Fa iries T e Sm a h I I . The T ree C a u seless Blows

I II . Witchcr a ft

I Pa sa e in the Al a bin o ion —T he Wr en —R a in with V . A s g g — — S u n shi n e Horses ridden by Goblin s Fa iry

N otes a n d Q u eries

LI E — h l h i h — m ric R em a in s in R EP S Au t or of We s Dist c . Cy the C rim ea — ower the Poet a Welshm a n . G , , — ’ — E R I E S z Dr Mo r a n s R evised New T esta m en t Dr . Q U . g ’ Da vid P wel s M S —Gwil m Hira etho o S . y g

Notes on C eltic Phon olo B P R O F E S SO R R YS gy . y H

T h R o a l m bria n m f Ar t B H . T H O M S R C A. e C a Aca de o T . y y . y . A , .

Fra m n t fr om n 2 2 E GE R ON G B . e He rt MS . No B . w 0 . A g g . y T

L I I r hic Fa csim iles. P B I L M OB E . ( llu stra ted by three Photog ap )

A . N en n iu s a n d Ge oﬁr e of M on m ou th B LL R E YN O S B . y . y . LD ,

T he N a tion a l Eisteddfod of 1884 iv CONTENTS .

Historica l Poem s by I orwerth Vyn glwyd

I C w dd to R h s a Sion when he wa s com elled to . A y y y p p lea ve his hom e

II C w dd to R h s a Sion . A y y y p

I II Pa lin ode to Sir Ma tthew C ra doc . A k

- r l l -l r e ic ed u n ea r An glese a Folk lo re . Fa i y T a es a n d Fo k o p k p

H ol hea d Se te m ber 1885. B W W C OB B M . A. y , p y . . , G B F im il f l ic l h Ma n r i B E GE R TON . . a cs es o C a ss a l We s u sc p ts. y P H ILLI M O R E

“ t n fr C orrection s of a n d Addition s o A Fra gm e t om Hen gwr t M S . ” N o . 202

C orr esp on den ce

l W l h - Mil n itera tu r B r f R E E a r e s a ese L e P o F. T PA G y . y . . L AV

R e views

Histor of Pow s Fa do V ol. v B Y . W L LOY y y g ( ). y J . . D ,

M A K S G . . . , . . Old Ston e C r osses of the V a le of Clwyd a n d n eighbou rin g ri h h R e v E LI A E N M A es B t e S O W . s . p a . y , .

’ Ha n es M ethodistia eth Corris a r Am lchoedd Ga n R I F gy . G F I E E LLI S M A T , .

M h l ie a u lois r H E E tu des de t o o G e . Pa N R Y AI DO Z y g G , M e m br e de la Société des An ti u a ires de Fra n ce Dir ec q , ’ tou r a l ecole des H a u te s- E tu des

Keltische St u dien von H ein rich Zim m er Z i , . we tes H eft U eber Altirische B eton u n g u n d Versku n st Y Gom er dd da s ist Gra m m a tik des K m ra e y , y g Oder der

' Kelto- Wa lischen S ra che von E rn l p , st Sa tt er

5 N otices of B ooks

ld Welsh T ts O e . B . GWE N O GFR YN E N x y J VA S . Edited a n d r evised b Pr ofessor O N R HYS M A y J H , . . ’ Step hen s s Essa y on Ma doc

N otes a n d Q u erie s

— ’ NO E S Prin ter s of Welsh B ookS R a in with u n shin T . S e — E R I E S z B a s u e Tr oo s in Wa le —Sa i n t T dfil —The Q U q p s y . Na m e of C a rdifi —Sa in t M ll . e on — R E P LI E S The Na m e of C a rdifi St M ell . . on fi rnnsa rtinus1

Ethe m agn u m

3 501114 nf mrnhnrinn 2 i n

EDITE D BY

TH OMAS OWE MA 5 P L , . . (0 mm)

ER I NTED FOR T HE SOCIETY

WR I TING co . LIMITED 0 a : SARDI ( ), 3 3 NIA STR EET.

LINCOLN’ N I S IN F ELDS, w. c. m hu D Epm ro r.

T E AR ‘ I ENTS O T V L . V . C ON P . ( O II )

An erchia d a ba rotoisid a n Y DIWEDDAR B AR UII WI IAM R EE g LL s,

' D.D wil H ira etho i dn a bod r a n rh dedd a osodw d . (G ym g), gy y y y

’ ' gyﬂwyn ia d iddo o i B a thodyn Cyn ta f fel cydn a byddia eth o i wa sa n a eth a rbe n ig i Len yddia eth Gym reig

skr ic h y f A C om p a rison of som e S a n it an d Celt Wor ds. B y t eB o

J OH N DA I E S M .A . Ca m b V , ( )

The L e e of Ll n Ll n cl s. B the ev W. S g n d y y y y R WAT KIN , M .A.

- l e i h r We h T e r . Fo k L or . H la n dPa allels to ls Po u la r les d oth g p a , a n

W lsh n d F — 1 . e a Ga elic airies The Sm ith a n d the Fa irie s

‘ he T hre usele s B lo s II . T e Ca s w

I II . Witchcr af t

P sa e in t e Ma in o ion The Wren i I V. A a s g h g Ra in w th — b — Su n shin e Horses r idden by Go blin s Fa iry Legen d

N ote s a n d Q u eries

— - REPLI E S Au thor of Welsh Distich . C m ric R em a in s in the . , y

r i - o er t e oe a We shm a n C m ea . G w , h P t, l

’ E R I S - D Mor s R evise d New e ta m en t - D E r . a T s r . Da vi d Q U g n .

’ — wil m ira e tho Powel s MSS . G y H g

The p r esen t n u m ber i s con sider a bly sm a ller tha n it wa s i n ten ded

be a s t o a r ticles re a r ed or i t ha ve been wi thheld on a ccou n t to , w p p f ,

b r s T ll a a r i the n e t a r t ll ess o the con tr i u to . e wi e n x qf the i n f h y p p p , t a p or tion of which is a lre a dy in yp e. B T Qt y m m r o s o r .

V OL V I . I AR . C ED DOETH YR ENOILION PAR T 1 . .

A N E R C H I A D

A B AB O TO I SI D GAN

Y DI WE DDAR B AR C H WI LLIAM R E ES . ,

Gwil m H ir a etho ( y g) ,

I gydn a bod yr a n rhydedd a oso dwyd a r n o ga n Gym deitha s An rhydeddu s ' y C ym m r odorion dr wy gyﬁwyn ia d iddo O i B a thodyn Cyn ta f ’ fel cydn a byddia e th o i w a sa n a eth a rbe n ig i l L w ddia e th G m rei y y g .

LLYWYDD F NEDDIGE A A B DDI — LI R . O S U ONE GION Y m a e er , , , p

' thyn a s a gos y cyfa rfod hw n a m i fy hu n yn ber son ol yn peri i m i deim lo n w la idd a hr de r u s a n n m dda n os er y y p y , p y y g g e ich bron a r y fa th a chlysu r a chlysu r sydd yn gosod a rn a f fa th

’ O r wym e diga e th i ddweyd rhywbe th ym her thyn a s i r gw a sa n ’ a et hw n w i n cen edl a Lle n ddia eth G m r ei welodd h y y g, y g

’ Cym deitha s a n rhydeddu s y Cym m rodor ion ef yn de ilwn g O i ’ ’ s lw a i ch m er a dw a e th dr w etholia d u n fr dol o r hwn a y y y , y y

ﬂa wn odd c fr w w a sa n a eth fel u n a r l dda i r a n rh d gy y y y , yg y y y e dd a e s d hi a r n o n hoe ddu s en o dr w ﬁw n o i o y y gy h , y gy y dd y — ba thodyn tlw s a gw er thfa wr hwn cyn ta fa n edig ei thlysa u ’ m — f l dn a b ddia eth O i la fu r y n y we dd y a e cy y .

' Dyw ed e i syn wyr cyﬁr e din wrth bob dyn sydd yn ber che n a r n m a i d ledu s a rn o d w bod n n il a w lia dw ru s a r o , y y y y gy g y

’ e i sbr d a i m a dr oddion OS di w dda dd fod a l y y y , byth y g y y g

B wriedid cyflwyn o y B a thody n yn fiu r fiol iddo yn n ghyfa r fod bly n yddol y Gym de itha s yn Llu n da i n .

VOL . VII . ” 2 ANER OIIIAD GWILYM III RAET II O O wa d a rn o i ddywe dyd dim a m da n o e i hu n a n yn gyhoe ddu s

er r on t rfa O bobl n e n we di rha n a ddelo roe ﬁor cli o g b y , y g g t d g ’ ’ drw sbr d a e lwir e otism i r olw a h er i i ha w a i y g y y g g g, p b

’ gwe la n t e i wa twa r a i ddirm ygu a Cll OﬁO n a d gw e dda idd n a ’ goddefol yn n eb ddwyn e i hu n a n i r golwg a r n u a ohlysu r

m li n Fe t im la i Pa u l cyhoeddu s n a byddo a chos a y y . lly y e “ i ch di fel d we d f M i p a n y gyrid e f i ym ffrost o y y g y y e .

‘ ’ a a ethu m n ﬂOl m e dda i on d chwi Gor in tli ia id a I n y , ( )

r a soch a thr a chefn 0 n a ch d- dd e ch a m i ch di n gy , y yg y y g y ” — w m ﬁ Y f hu n a n f ffolin eb e ithr he f d c d dd ch a . r w y , y y yg y y

’ n a e f hu n n c ﬁw r a r roﬁa d h wn en o n fw y c l y y y y p h , y y felly n a g a r u n a deg a c a cli lysu r a r a ll a ddigwyddodd fy n h fa r fod n stod f oe s a n te im la f f m od n se fvll g y y y y , g y y y

n a wr n id n n u i e r ron c fa r fod u r dda sol hwn n y , y g g b y y , y

‘ m hr e se n olde b llu a WS O fla e n ion a ore u w r e in ce n e dl o n d g g y ,

f n l n ffr din ol D a n r h e yd m egis ge r br on y ge e d y gy e . y

st ria etha u h n r w f n ta ﬂu f hu n a r e i h n a wse dd y y y y y y y ch y ,

’ ga n ddeisyf e ich cydoddeﬂa d a ch cydyrn deim la d a m i tr a y n ce iSi ic a n r ch d n c fr w a m lchia d O e h e a y y y gy .

. 0 n d p a be th a ddyw eda f A pha fodd y dyw e da f y r hyn a e wyllysiwn e i ddywe dyd M yn ych y cododd yr ym ofyn ion hyn yn fy m e ddwl w edi i m i dde rbyn gw a hoddia d ca r e dig y ’ G m deitha s i dd fod i r c fa r fo d hw n e n o i dderb n e d y y y h , y y g ’ — w e rthfa wr hon O i lla w pe th n a fe ddylia sw n a c n a fre u dd

’ w dia sw n da e tha i th i m r n y y by h a .

Ni dd w e da f a c n id w eddu s f dda i i m i dd w ed d dim a m y , g y y y ’ ’ f n heil n dod n eu m ha n he il n dod f hu n O r a n r h w y y g y g y yde dd h n . Cym de itha s a n rhyde ddu s y Cym m rodor ion yn n u ig sydd yn f if l ’ ’ gy r o i r cyhoe dd a m y fa r n a r r a ith a roddodd a r yr a chos b wn a m in a u n u n i S dd n frifol a m r h n , y g y y gy y y a ddywe da f m a n e o . Yn n ta f Oll d weda f f m od n u chel br isiO y h gy , y y y

r u rdda s hwn a ddodir a r ma f n f hen a in t n a rbe n i fe y y y , y g lly ,

’ ’ w rth fe ddwl O ba ﬂ n on ell de illiodd se f O 1111 O r se f dlia da u y y , y ’ m w a f u rdda sol a be r th n i h ce n e dl a c e rb n h n n he n y y , y y y I GYMDEIT HAS Y CYM RIO 3 MR ODO N .

se f dlia d n a n ta de u dde n m lw dd a r hu a in oed fe n y , y g g y g , lly y

’ hyn O la w er O ﬂyn ydda u n a r rha n fwy a f O Gym deitha sa u

w i n in wl d H m a r o e g a . a e dda ba r ch e in cen e dl a r y cyfrif hw n w n sta l a c a r frif w a sa n a e th r h a orol a , y gy gy y g g gyﬂa w n odd dr wy ge fn ogi lle n or ion a chyfoe thogi lle n yddia e th

G m r e i a ch da h n he f d a r frif e i tha da u a n rh y g y y y y , gy y

’ d e ddu s ci se f dlw r c n ta f w r b dd e u he n w a u a u , y y y , g y y y c o ffa dw r ia e th n a r os m e w n u che lfri tra f ddo C n i r u C m r y y y , y y a h m r n ha n fodi Ll w dd c n ta f G m de itha s oedd C y a eg y . y y y y y

Willia m V a u ha n AS 0 Gors - - e dol a N a n n a u C m r o g , , y g , y t w m n - a on n oddwr w r eso ia ith lle n ddion a lle n ddia e th y g l , g g , y y

i wl d Yr I S - l w dd c n ta f o edd R isia rt M or ri 0 sw ddfa c a . y y y s y

’ n w h i r h w ol d Ll n es bo e dd r u c el e a a i dd la n a d. Gr o d y y g , b c v yg

’ dda u a rgra fﬁa d o r Bibl Cym r a eg ; y cyn ta f a ddygwyd a lla n

’ l 1 B r w i i r n 1 46 a r lla l n 52 . a d i R t M orr i o dd W 7 s a s e . y 7 , y

M orris 0 Ga e r bi wr e n wo n e i dd dd d s e di n gy , g g y y , y g g y ia ith e i wla d a rha i ie ithoe dd e r eill he f d n ll sie u dd w ch , y , y y y g y a c hyn a ﬁa e thydd cyfa r wydd a gy y bedy dd lla wer o wybod

’ f c n n f a e tha u . Yn O a a be a O r tr i che d rn fr od r Le w is l y y y , ” M orris L e w m a w r MOII s a lw a i Goron w Ow a in ef , l y g y ’ h e n a i i r Le w is M or ris r e sen ol s dd n f w a c n d d p , y y y y

’ b re sen ol gyda u i ym a he n o a r hwn hefyd sydd yn debyg o

’ d a ﬂu n n od e i h e n a i a llu o a c a thr lith a r a i hyd y d d g g y g , ’ e w throd R iSia rt a Wi ia m i r c s od a n ci fod eisoe s w e i y ll y g , g d

ﬂ fel u h O br if fe irdd Se isn i e i dd dd e n ill e i sa e g y . ” Yr oe dd lla w a r be n ig ga n Lle w m a w r M on yn se fydlia d

d u o Y ba r n c yn ta f y Gym de itha s a n rhy e dd s h n . dd cy ta f a

th olw d a n G m de itha s a t ei w a sa n a eth doedd r e y g y y g , y y

’ w o l Gor on w Owa in r hw n a i ha n er chodd m e w n a n fa r y , y

Odido lle d w ed a wdl g, y y ,

r dd a f dd w f ebr w dd u fu ddol Ba y y y , , ’ ’ I r G m deitha s w r wiw u m dethol y , y g , O fri ein hen ia ith wiw fren hin l , o ’ l a wn ia ith ein m w in i th a n m ol , g yg, y g . ” 4 ANERCHIAD GWILYM HI R AETHOG

’ O ch a rfedd d w ch wir fu ddio] y y , , E r n ef f th ol w r n a fethoch , y , y , . Mi r Of e n d a m r w fa n ol y y , Ddiw d ra sol w eddi dr soch y , , o M ew n ser ch bra wdol , iwa ha n ol D ,

H o w - w r don iol y y , Hir dyu n och ’ C ym ru n hollol O dd w eddol ysg , Lin ol n ol a la w n len woch y , .

Fel yn a y tywa lltodd Goron wy p hiol be n dith e i a w e n a r ben G m deitha s n e i ba ba n dod a c m a e er a r o l r e n a in t y y y , p g y hw n w n a rO a r n i h dd w y S hyd e y .

’ ’ Yn y cyfn od n e sa f O i ha n es yr oedd yn p erthyn i r Gym de itha s w r ced rn a n rh de ddu s ia w n ra i a fu on t a c a f dda n t y y , y , y

n e n w o n a n es ein llen ddia eth en he dla ethol byth y g y h y g ,

’ m i i m w n P w ir i r u e s D r. Gw O e u Ge a du wr a r rh l dd s g ly , y , yg y

Owe n M f r a c ere ill fu dwe ithw r a hw n t rba i y y , gy y y , y

’ dr wy fa wr la fu r a diwydr wydd a gloddia sa n t a lla n O u cu dd feydd dirgel dora eth fa wr O drysora u yr he n Le n yddia e th

Gelta idd rba i c n h n on d Odid a fu s sen w e i m n e d i , y y y , , t d y “ eba r oﬁa n t a c e ba r ollia n t b thol on d d n t tr w w a i a g g y , y y y th ” lla fu ru s a ria d w r h n n a wr a r a e a c a r a dw a t g yg y y y , y g l g w a sa n a eth en edl G m re i a che n hedloe dd ereill he f d n y g y g, y y y ” M yvyria n Ar cha iology a gweithia u ereill a gyhoeddwyd

n dd n hw t or hwn bu odido rii - fa rdd a t . Yn m g y y y y , y g g b

Da i s N a n n n m d ith dd a dro n ddin s R . e e m a v , tgly , y y y y y

’ f r i h hon a c n a dd i r G m de t a s. Yn ei w dd cein w ch O , y y gy y y a n e r chia d i i d wed ba rdd N a n n dd y tgly ,

“ ’ ’ N i cha i n hia ith ser ch n a i p her chi ’ N a b w chwa ith on i b i chwi y , a .

Da lier e ich e n wa u dilwfr Hyd y dydd y r hedo d wi r ; Hyd tr y llu tr o ella u a wyr ’ ’ A hyd : Pa gy d P wy a i gwyr I GYMDEITHAS Y CYMMR ODORION .

’ Da e thu m in a u m egis i gyffyrddia d a r Gym deitha s a n rhy

’ ’ de ddu s hon u n wa ith O r bla e n m ewn cysylltia d a r Eiste dd fod frei n iol n Din 1 828 C n h ia sa i G m deitha s y bych , . y yg y y a r ia n dlws wer th u m in i a m w oreu a r Orllif , g p g , y cy ydd g ” ia d y m Or tr os Ga n tr ef y Gwa elod fel n u O destyn a u yr ’ Eis e fo a c i m r a n i di w ddodd Wohr Gwis w d t dd d ; h y g y y . g y ’ ﬁ a r tlws a n r Ar lw ddes Sia rlot W n n e O W n n s a g y g y y y t y , m a m e in Syr Wa tkin p resen ol ; a c yn a wr bu m then g m lyn e dd a de u a in we i h n we e G m de itha s n c ﬁw n o i m i g d y y , l y y y y y

’ ’ dlw s werthfa wroca ch n a hwn w a r wa i hon O i lla w e i hu n g , th

’ n f r i w y u n ion gyr chol. Yr oedd y Wohr gyn ta f yn we r th a w de rb n dd ieu a n c fel a n o a eth a cha lon did i o f n e d y y , g dd y

m la e n a w n e d E x e sior n a rw dda ir ei f w d a r e i y , g y c l y y y y gychwyn ia d a lla n 0 n d y m a e y sel hon a r oddodd y

’ ’ Gym deitha s o i chym era dwya eth O i ym dr echion i wa sa n a ethu lle n yddia eth e i gen e dl a m ystod O u w chla w p u m the n g m l n e dd a de u a in O u w wer th n ci Olw n a wr a r y g , ch g y g y ,

’ n i i fu der fy dydd e oes a la r .

Ga lla f a n tu rio d wed d c m a in t a h n dda rfod i m i y y y y ,

. m dr e chu n Ol h n o dda wn a a u a feddwn i w a sa n a ethu y , y y y g ll , a chos ein lle n yddia e th ge n hedla e thol m e wn a m rywiol ga n g h Y m en a u O wyboda eth . a e y swm a gyn hyrchwyd a c a

hoe ddw d tr w wa s n wir n fa wr on d a m s lwedd gy y y y g y y , y y

i Yr oe dd n a n m ba rn e d e r e ll. y t g wya f Oll yn gyn hyr chion f m e ddwl wer in ol a Ch m r oa idd f hu n n id n ﬁe ith y g y y , y gy ia a n O we ithia u a wdw r e stron ol 0 n d a ddefn ddid n d y , y y f w a chl su rol fel r oﬁon e tc. el n a ob s rife n dd Yr y p , , y g p y g y .

’ oedd y llyfra u Cym reig a gyhoe ddid y rha n gyn ta f O r ga n rif ’ br ese n ol a n m w a f n ﬁeithia da u o r Sa e son e a c r oedd , g y y gy g ; y hyn y yn dodi gwe dd estr on ia e thu s a r wyn eb llen yddia e th y ’ d dd a c n w is o ei chorff ET ddiw Seisn i a idd breth n y , y g g yg g y

” ‘ Sio s d w eda i r he n bobl n lle r stw ﬁ ca r tr e f p , y y y , y y y cl d a the w r f a a r fe ra sa i hi wis o n B a rdd Cws a y g y g , y y g

’ ’ llythyra u Gor on wy Ow a i n a Le wis M or ris a c ereill O r oe s O r ” 6 ANER C IIIAD GWILYM HIRAETHOG

a e i i i bl e n . Yr oedd ein llen yddia eth felly y n ca el dod ’ er dded a r a n m e is a r m eddwl C m rei m ewn g M g , y g ’ er l ol p yg o golli ei yn i a i a n ia n a wd cyn hwyn . Yr oedd yn of swydd i fod yn lle n or er yn bu r ieu a n c ; a c

we i d fod i oedra n a eddfeta ch a dechr eu m e ddwl a m r d y , y

s a oedd ein llen ddia eth n ddi a r r d e n der f n a is y t d yr y y y p y , p y

m a i llen or C m rei c fa n wbl a f ddwn n e u ddim ca s lw n y g y g y , y g y defn yddia u a c y ber w n hwyn t yn fy n ghrocha n a c a r fy

n an a n f hu n h bych y . Teim lwn yn ddwys Oher wydd u n fa n ta is fa wr yr oe ddym

fe l cen edl n a m ddifa d O hon i n t m or hwn w sef N ew y y y y , ydd

i du it Gwn a ethid a r C m r i Nid oe dd u n n r ia h . y e g. y y

c n ddw wa ith n eu a ir i sef dlu u n the a SOl o n d y yg y d y p y ,

’ ’ s rthia sa i n a i n a r lla ll i r lla wr n fu a n Oher w dd y y ll gy yg y , y

' diﬂ cefn o th We i f s m u dia d i Li ve r oo n M a i yg ga e . d y y p l y

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r a wf a m tu a e we m is wclodd M r . on es Oi fo d n co i p h , g J y ll I GYMDEIT HAS Y CYMM R ODOR ION .

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n c n n ddu 0 n d ch di a he n de r f n odd roddi r a n u r y y y y y g, p y y t ia e th i f n n a c a r chodd i m i ba r otoi e rth l erb n rhif n y , yg y y y ’ “ ” n e sa f i w OSOd n n en a u r Am ser a u fe l e i e n a d O a f a t , g y g y g l

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w h h n n t n a ros n Liv e r oo a m r a i m iso dd n e u ch e c o o y y y p l e .

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tu n dd r m n oddw r h n n Li r oo K ossu . C o e th y y y y y y y v p l ,

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’ Mr ga r wch gwr esoca f drostyn t e u hu n a in a u gw la d i . " 8 ANER C IIIAD GWILYM HI RAETHOG

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ll n r a ho Pa n o ddwn a r m w lia d a a e fe ddea c s. e e a g ll i , y y y

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ddir r w a eth H u n a r a idd n Ceri - - ru i ion a d wedodd y p y g y g y d d , y

u r ill n da i w ddu i m i u h r wr be tha e e a byd yn e s e a d odd yn a .

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d rf d m n n u m o T i r m h r n . d a o a da t . f y e m la i M . JOh e s e yd y dd Wedi blyn yddocdd o la fu r a p hryde r dygwyd ba rn yr I 9 GYMDEITHAS Y CYMMRODOR ION .

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‘ a bod a a u eu ﬂordd a rh fe dd w w a ha n ia eth hw n n , th l , y y y g y

' ll r o e in olw n i . Er h n m a e a we O br ﬁw do fod r he n g g y y y y , y

’ i m r f a ith a r dyn u ei thra ed i r gwely a m a rw . U y e dd ydyw

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D oe R hu fein w r d r f u n wa ith y , o , ’ ’ I dolia w n bedd dile n hia ith , u .

’ Dilewyd y R hu fe in wyr hyn y e u hu n a in yn llwyr O n gwla d ’ ’ er s dros dde u dde a n O ﬂ n ddoedd e a c a u hia ith g c t y y b ll h , a r

’ e n 1161 on d m a e r hen ia ith G m r a e n a ro ; y y g y s. Ce n ir yr hen dOn N OS Ga a n r hon a a n a i e in a da n In odd tra l y g t ,

’ ddodia d wrth ia rfod u iu s Ca e sa r a r fa e s ad a n e r ca n , gy J l y g , h ” 10 AN ER OIIIAD O wn A' M II I R AETHO Ii

m l n e dd c n Cr ist—ce n ir on o n a w r n N h m r u n y y h y y g y , y

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’ or thrym u s y Sa cson ia id a r N or m a n ia id a m ge n hedla e tha u

a wer n ce iSiO e i dien eidio h d l y , y

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’ ” O r da lia d wa r ed e ilwa ith

n es n ia d H a rr i Seithfe d w r Ow e n Tu du r O B e n m n y gy y , y y

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’ ’ H a rri yr Wythfe d a i wyt e s Eliz a be th ca fo dd yr he n ia ith a r

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Odid i n u e n e dl a ra ll da n a u a c In a e en m a ch os m a wr g h l ; y g y ,

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’ ’ a dw ein hia ith e in ﬂ dd a heth O n m e ddia n a u hef d heb g , y , p y

n wa e th a f idd n t 0 11 : a obeithio a rha w n fe u s y y g y p lly, hyd ” r m w 10 0 a m se y . ’ On d er diddym u a m ryw o r de ddfa u tra w s a gor thrym u s a

’ ’ osoda sa i y Sa cson ia id a r N orm a n ia id er dile u e in hia ith a n d foda u cen he dla ethol fel w n a eth e in cer a in t Tu du ria id e , y g y

’ a n dda etha n t hw i r or se dd r oe dd weddillio n n a r cs a p y , y g y ,

' he n le la in ccn ﬁge n ce n hcdla e thol yn p a r ha n i su r o m yn w e sa u

” ANER OHI AD GWILYM IIIRAETIIOG

G m r ei n wer ci la fu rio a c e llid wn e d elw o hon o a y g y th , y g g y ,

ri n u n bu t e bedwa r O hon y t yn lla fu rio a r n o a m ﬁyn ydda u . Dyga sa n t a lla n lu a ws O gyfrola u Cym r eig dr u dfa w r a r y w e oreu a wn a etha n t fa rchn a d dda o on i e a m e n u i dd ; g h , p g bu a sa i cotia id n a ros u o n hir f l N I y S y y y e y gw n a e tha n t. d elfe n a u m a rw ola eth d w r elfe n a u m a n h tra ch elfe n a u y y y y , y y b w a b w y yd y .

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w f Pw o dd R i a r I e C m ro tr a dl a Ch m r e i dd he d. e y y , y gy y y ch d

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’ llysoedd bren hin oedd y dda e a r a r holl fyd gwa reiddiedig ?

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da r a n n h i u a n D n a be dwa r . i yn d e p n oe dd y e et e c . y

’

w n th d h n a m tr hwn Y m a rha or i w a e . G a sa a e e y y y o . g g c l Y m a e n u pe th y dym u n wn e i gyﬁwyn o yn ba r chu s i sylw a c st r ia eth C m de itha s An rh de ddu s C m m rodor ion se f y y y y y y , ,

’ a i u i e llid se fydlu ca n ghe n a u i r fa in Gym de itha s y n Llu n da in n m ho b r e f n N h m ru a c n n hre ti Lloe r He ru n s , y t y g y , y g I GYMDEIT HAS CYMMRODOR IO 1 v N . 3

llu a ws O Gym ry yn p r eswylio Cr e du yr wyf i y gellid : p e y r a n fon a i y fa m Gym deitha s ge n a d a r ym welia d i wn eyd ’ m chwilia d i r m a e r ca i dderb n ia d a a chroesa wu s y t , y y p rod

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h ll l ddifeddwl a di t r n u a wer o hon n t n o o s e e e . l y , y y y y yl h ’ D e u a i y cyfryw gym deitha sa u yn fu a n yn golofn a u cryﬁon i n ' ’ n orthw on ﬂeithiol i n ll n di h Y m hia ith a c yn gy y e e yd a e t . a e y n chwith i fe ddwl fod dysgedigion a gwyr ieu a in c yn

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~ e ha u h n N i dd la i h n fod fell . p t y . y y y

O n d a m r hen ia ith wrth de rf n u d wedwn n n eiria u y , y , y y g

diw edda r I eu a n G a n Geirion dd y l y ,

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B Y T H E R E V O HN DAV IE S . J ,

S o m etim e R ctor of Wa lsoken N orfolk e , .

T HE rea der s o f YUym m r odor will ge n era lly kn ow tha t Sa n skr it is the la n gu a ge in which the Olde st books of the Hin dﬁs the V e a s— w e re wr i te n or su n a n d a in so m e Orie n ta d t g, th t l re ion in to the n or Of I n ia ere e is e in a r e g ly g th d th x t d, p

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h An er Pu n a is m a be a e t e Sa n s r i i r a n c . o j b . Th y c ll d k t c b h th

a r ou r n e e d to the We st bu t a t tw o su essive e rio s p t j y , cc p d ,

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a n u a es n o wi s a n in the a n e s w hi im e the l g g , t th t d g ch g ch t , a a n e of i i isa ion a n d on a wi o he r r a es m u st dv c c v l t , c t ct th t c

v r u i c n n ion h n in e ita bly p od ce . Th s o ect a s bee pr ov e d to be a fa the a ou r s of B o e u ss E e a n d Win isc ct by l b pp, Z , b l, d h a m on the Germ a n s a n d of Pri a r a n d W i e S o es on g , ch d h tl y t k

i h r o n o u r O wn s e . O e s t o a e a ou r e in is ﬁe d a d d t , , h v l b d th l ,

of ese the I a ia n s ho a r s As o i a n d Ni r a a n d the a e th , t l c l c l g , l t

Pr ofessor Pi e of Gen e a a r e the m ost em in n The e . ct t v , t

re a w or O f the a s - n a m e sc o a r Les Or i i n es I n do g t k l t d h l , g

E u r o éen n es is a n in u ir i n o the e a osi ion of the p , q y t x ct p t

r im i i e Ar a n r a e in the a r s Of ivi isa ion a com p t v y c t c l t , by E S T D W R D I5 A COMPAR IS ON OF SOM ANSKR I AN CELTIC O S . p a rison Of w or ds tha t a re com m on to the Sa n skrit a n d othe r

d - o n o i a rea w or h o f the I n O Eu r ea st . I t s b r a n c e s p ck g t k , t h o u gh the schola r ship Of the a u thor is n ot a lwa ys e xa ct . S om e r e sea r ches ha ve been m a de in this dire ction by Profe ssor

P o who u ish e som e a e r s o n the His or of C u u r e tt , p bl d p p t y lt

’ ' ( Cu ltwrgeschi chte) in Kiihn s B eitr age z wr Verglei che n de n

Sp r a chf or schu n g (Con tribu tion s to Com pa ra tive Philology) . As the Celtic people s w e re a m on g the ﬁr st who se p a r a ted

om the a r e n - r a e w e m i in fe r a the i er e n ie s of fr p t c , ght th t d v g c l a n gu a ge w ou ld be gr ea ter in their ca se tha n a m on g those

n h w r n u r i he se w h o se t for th o t e ir este co se a t a la ter t m e . T d i ve rge n cie s wer e in dee d so grea t tha t for a lon g tim e the

w n id r w e re C e ltic la n gu a ge s er e co s e e d to be ba r ba r ic . They h e d to be u n wor of a n a r e fu r e sea r e in m a de l thy y c l ch , b g u of or row e w or s to a r ea e en o n e a f Of he ir p b d d g t xt t, h l t

o a bu a ries ein of Germ a n ori in a n d a a r e a r Of the v c l b g g , l g p t

in r r a wn fr om a La in ou r Le i n i z in hi r e m a e s e . s d d t c b t ,

C ollecta n ea E t m olo i ca u ish e in 1 1 7 S o we d t a er e y g , p bl d 7 , h h t th

w a s a re a io n s i e we en som e Ge rm a n a n d Ce i w or s l t h p b t lt c d , b u t a s Sa n s ri wa s t en u n kn o wn it wa s im ossi e to sa k t h , p bl v

ow i r ion s i ha d a rise n Ge rm a n s ho a r s n r h th s ela t h p . c l ge e a lly

s o e of e er thin C e i w i h s orn a n d e ven a f er Sa n s p k v y g lt c t c , t

ri ha d e en m a e n ow n to Eu r o e Sir Wi ia m on es k t b d k p by ll J ,

W i in s Co e r oo e a n d ot er s a n d Sir Wi ia m ha d a sser e d lk , l b k , h , ll t

th a the Ce i a n u a e s w ere r e a e to it t e wer e sti t lt c l g g l t d , h y ll

b o i e the I n o - Eu r o e a n a At n h e to e u s e . e how h ld t d d p p l l gt ,

1 Dr Pricha r u i h hi E a ster n ri i n o e ve r in 183 . s e s O , , d p bl d g f

the Celti c N a tion s ein a s he s a e on the i e - a e a , b g, t t d t tl p g ,

o m a rison of e ir dia e s wit the Sa n s ri Gr e e La tin c p th l ct h k t, k , ,

n i n u a Af r w r in 1 8 P f r a n d e u o a es. e a s 3 r o e sso T t c l g g t d , 7 , Picte t pu blishe d his wor k on the Afﬁn ity O f the Celtic La n

’ gu a ge s with the Sa n skr it (De l Aﬁ n ité ales L a n gn es Celtiqu es

a vec le Sa n scr i t a w or w i h w a s a n a va n e in the e a r ) , k h c d c d p t

m e n of co m a r a ive i o o a n d wa s crow n e b the R o a t p t p h l l gy , d y y l A COMPAR ISO N O F S OME

Aca e m of I n s on s in P r i u d y cripti a s. This work ha s s bsta n tia l m eri ou a s in the Or i i n es I m lo-E u r O ée m ws the s o a r t, th gh, g p , ch l s i of a n n a wa s be re ie u n It ha d on e n h p it c ot l y l d po . e xcelle t resu : it led the fa m ou s Ger a n o is Bo to rea lt m phil log t, pp, d be fore the Scien tiﬁc Aca dem y of Be rlin a pa per on the Celtic la n gu a ges from the view - poin t of com pa ra tive philology ( Uher die Celtischen Sp r a chen c om Gesichtsp u n kte der verglei chen den

S r a h c orschu n . is wa s re a in De em er 183 8 e n p f y) Th d c b . Th , a t a a e a e a m e th f m wo O a ou f . e s C . e u ss l t r d t c rk J Z , the Gr a m m a tica Celtica a w or w i ﬁn a se e th , k h ch lly ttl d e qu estion of the position of the Celtic la n gu a ges with rega rd

- r n to the I n do Eu op ea ra n ge . An en la rged e dition of this

li H E e in 1 1 in u s e . 8 S e a i wor k wa s p b h d by b l 7 . c th t t m e Win disch a n d others ha ve ca rr ie d on resea rche s in diffe ren t

a rts Of t s ﬁe som e e en in ou r n ow e e of the p hi ld , xt d g k l dg re a ion s i e w e en the Ce i a n ua e s a n d Sa n s ri a n d l t h p b t lt c l g g k t, others poin tin g ou t the fa cts tha t a re im plied in the r ela ted

or s I u r ose to on ri u e som e in to o e w d . p p c t b t th g b th thes

e a r m en s a n d to on ﬁn e m se f a s fa r a s ossi e n ew d p t t , c y l , p bl , to gr ou n d . It m u st be born e in m in d tha t in a n exa m in a tion of this

i on su re rou n If a re a ion shi ca n kin d we a re trea d n g g d . l t p b ru l es a is e e w een a Sa n s i a n d a Ce i w d e t y t bl h d b t kr t lt c or ,

f in f ren es fr m M a x Miill r f r we m a ra w sa e e . e a te y d c o it , m en tion in g m a n y fa cts tha t ha ve been deter m in e d con cern in g the rim e A a n ra e oe s on to sa Al l is ca n be p itiv ry c , g y th

n f a n u For if ou ﬁn prove d by the evide ce O l g a ge . y d tha t

a n u a es i e Gree La in Go i Ce or S a von i w i l g g l k k , t , th c, ltic, l c, h ch a fter their ﬁrst sepa ra tion ha ve ha d bu t little con ta ct with

a n s a e the sa me word for n s a n e for i r on w S krit, h v , i t c , hich

is s in a n s ri is is roof a so u e a iron wa s n own e x t S k t, th p b l t th t k ,

n s a ra i n N ow ir on i is in Go i v th r a e o . s a pre iou s to e A y p t , th c a n d a a s in Sa n s ri a w or w i as it ou n ot a e y k t, d h ch , c ld h v

n or o we the I n ia n s from the Ge rm a n s or the be e b r d by d , by SANS RIT AND CELTIC WOR D K S .

G erm a n s from the I n ia n s m u s a e e iste re d , t h v x d p viou s to t r ion I n is m a n n er a his of h eir sepa a t . th tory Arya n civili

sa ion ha s e en wri en f om the a r es Of a n u a e t b tt r chiv l g g , st retchin g ba ck to tim es fa r beyon d the rea ch of a n y docu ” 1 It i a so n e m m en ta ry history. s l cessa ry to re em ber tha t w ha tever w e a lth of la n gu a ge the Arya n ra ce possesse d a t the

tim e of the m i ra ion Of a n a r of it m u s a e ee n the g t y p t , t h v b p r oper ty of the m igr a tin g people a s m u ch a s Of those who

m n h a n hi s se f- e i e n fa is for o n or r e a i e d in t e l d . T l v d t ct g tte den ie d by a ll who refu se to a llow to the Celtic la n gu a ges a n y

w or a e a s a i e n ess to a Germ a n or a La in w r d th t b r l k t o d . M u ch perverse in gen u ity ha s been show n in ﬁn din g a Germ a n

o r La in s u r e for Ce i w or s hou the or es on in t o c lt c d , t gh c r p d g S a n skrit words Show tha t they form e d pa rt of the prim itive a n d com m on in herita n ce of the r a ce while it wa s still u n

ro e n a n d a s m u the ro er ere fore Of a n on e b k , ch p p ty, th , y

or ion f th r s p t a s o e e t.

The in s a n e i en M a x M u ll er is n ot u i e sa isfa r t c g v by q t t cto y,

for the Go hi a is m e a n s br a ss bu t the n a m es of the m e a s t c ; t l ,

r a ss a n d iron were f e n in er a n e . I wil i e a n b , o t t ch g d l g v

i i Pi et ha n t n i in s a n e from Sa n s r w s o e . t c k t, h ch ct ot c d

Sa n s l6ha loha s 2 ir on I rish lotha r a ca u ldr on . , , ,

n l ha i a a ria n Of r ha a n d m n The Sa s. o s o ea s re d o er v t , , c pp

I r r n a r lotha a in o u r e . t e e se s n e os the t or d c lo d p t old , h v g l t ,

h r u dh r a W r h n i a n d e s u d d . r e ta i n e d in t e Sa s. l h Prim a rily it

w a s a n a m e for o er a n d is s ows a o e r w a c pp , th h th t c pp s u se d

f r e iron From loha s lotha s i for m d la u h l e . s e ds a n tha s b o ( ) ( ) ,

w a is m a e of ir n a n iron oo in - ot or e e a n d h t d o , c k g p k ttl , by

the a n e o f the a u s a u 3 in o r w e a e the I ris lotha r ch g l t t h v h ,

1 L ectu res on the S cie n ce o La n u a e i 23 6 I n vol ii 23 1 this f g g , , . . , p . , Op in ion of the gen era l u se of iron befor e the sepa ra tion is a ba n don ed bu t the rin ci le her e la id down is sou d T he u estion is wh th p p n . q , e e r the sa m e word for iron is r ea ll fou n d in Sa n skrit a n d other la n u a y g ges. 2 B the se con d for m the w ord is u t in the n om in a tive ca se y p .

VOL . VII . C 1 8 A COMPAR IS ON OF SOME

r e r a n ir on a u ron It a bee n ri m a ri f . m a e o p op ly, c ld y h v p ly

o er bu t in ou se of im e loha ou som e im es u se to c pp , c r t , , th gh t d

e n o e m e a in en e a a m e to m ea n iron on w en a ied d t t l g r l, c ly h ppl to a specia l kin d I n a Sa n skr it voca bu la ry pu blishe d by

Au fr loha i 1 e s ex a in e a s 1 m e a 2 iron . I t seem s cht, pl d ( ) t l, ( ) m or e proba ble tha t the cha n ge of m ea n in g fr om copper to iron wa s m a de be fore the sepa ra tion Of the Celtic ra ces tha n tha t tw o ra ces r em ote from ea ch other shou ld ha ve form ed

in e en en is u riou a r ia ion If i s ou n ot be d p d tly th c s v t . th s h ld

a m i h e e n th a . a ha r w n l ro v e S n s loh a n d Ir . lot i o e d tt d, t ll y p tha t the Arya n ra ce ha d pa sse d be yon d the ston e a ge to the u se

Of m e a s efor e the rio t l b pe d of sep a r a tioii .

Sa n s da r a da r a s ca ve ca vern I r ish da m s d r s hou se ha bita ti on . a , , , , , ,

Pr of sor i on n h r wi dha r tr a da r a s Sa n s . es P e e s t e I . ct t c ct th ,

hou se bu t the a er is a ou fu wor in is sen se a n d if l tt d bt l d th ,

it v r i w a s er i m n I w ou n n e e e e s e a n n ot om o . o x t d , c t ly c ld c ct

h n n I r a a s o di d . d r r a d in f r a a t s m e s t e Sa s. a e e n e o t g th , th t

n i h Ar a n r f i i a er od t e a e or a a r O t w e n a e s. t t p y c , p t , d lt c v This u se of ca vern s a s hou se s ha s n ot bee n u n com m on in th e 2 Ea s n or ha s it e en u n n ow n in t is ou n r bu t ro a t, b k h c t y, p b bly it w a s cu stom a ry here on ly a m on g a ra ce tha t pr e ce ded the

C e i n the I r da r a s we ha e a so the su r i a Of ri es I . lt c t b . v l v v l

a a se - form s owin a is form Of the n ou n w i w e c , h g th t th , h ch

a the n om in a i e a se wa s u se the Ar a n r a ce efor e c ll t v c , d by y b

it i o f rm i a e s sepa r a t on in t differ e n t bodies w a s o ed . Th s c s

i i in i n The e x sted n En gla n d a t the tim e of the Sa xon va s o .

G ou es ers ire wor sa llis a r fa t ro e s is fa for it is l c t h d , l d , , p v th ct,

h I r w n t sa itl i r e r s n s a n r sa lli a d in th n om . e . e e O e e , h ch p t ld ,

a The ro s ir bliss bilis a ou n r n i ca se s llis. S e a i e s h p h ( ) , b d y l ,

" I n Hin du sta n i loh or loha m ea n s iron or ste el on l a n d loha r , , , y , m ea n s a bla cksm ith ; bu t the w ord ha s n ot lost a ll con sciou sn e ss of its

r im m n in f lohit m 1 r d 2 blo d a r ea or ea n s e o . p y g, ( ) , ( ) 3 T h t rriblen e ha th de ce i ved thee a n d the r ide Of thin e hea r t y e ss p , ll t n h cl f O f h r ock — r li 1 dw e es i t e e ts t e Je . 6 thou tha t . . 0 x x,

A COMPAR ISON OF SOME u s a e n e w the a rt of wea i n a n d Of m a in a n d th t th y k v g, k g u in i i s g threa d. We kn ow tha t their threa d wa s a n a rt ﬁc a l

ro u a n d n t a n a u ra ﬁ r for th n n tu or o e e Sa s. ta p d ct, t l b , , c d,

t re a Wir the wa r of a i ta n t e web s the sa m e a s the W. h d, , p , ,

or s rin fr m a ro ta n w i in Sa n s r i m ea n s n ot c d, t g, o ot , h ch k t on to s re ou t bu t a so in u s o t wea e . ly t tch , l to p , to v

The Ar a n ra e w a s owe er fu r er a a n ce in i i i y c , h v , th dv d c v l sa ion a n the a rt of w ea n w u in i e ha d t th vi g o ld d ca te . Th y m on e a a re n s a m e oin or a t e a s m e a s were y, pp tly t p d c , , l t, t l u se a s re r esen a i es of a u e I a e e er en d p t t v v l . pl c tog th , th

’ ’ Sa n s su lva co er su lka ta x I rish cul in . , p p ; , , , co m o n e ea lth y, w

’ The pa la ta l sibila n t s (a soft sh) Often r epr esen ts a n ea rlie r c ls a is ere fo e for ca lm the roo e in ro a . Sa (k) th r , t b g p b bly 1 Pi th I ris a t a ost o cu l to a m a ss. e on n e s e s , ct t c ct h f , f , g ld, wi Sa n s oa stu su sta n e w ea a n d if is on n e ion be th . , b c , lth th c ct a ow e en o m u s a e e en a s a n a r of a u e e for e ll d, th g ld t h v b t d d v l b

h ri i n It is r o a e a o er w a s t e pe od of sepa ra t o . p b bl th t c pp

f n u h I r cu l e n o e s oin e ie u se or oi e a se t e . ch ﬂy d c , b c d t c d m on e wi ou r efere n e to a n a r ti u a r m e a er e is y th t c y p c l t l . Th , 2 ow e er a Sa n s ri wor a n a a wei of er a oin h v , k t d, p , ght copp , c

ri w i w m r h I r ba n e i ow es w i e m a o a e t e . ( ghty c ) , th h ch y c p , 3 o e ba n n a a a f en n bu n n a ie e Of m on e a n d c pp r, , h l p y , , p c y, these wor ds Show tha t copper wa s u sed a s m on e y a t a very 4 r erio I n the I n s titu tes o M a n n we a re a a e a ly p d . f told th t

' p a n a of copper m u st be given a s (da ily) wa ges to the lowest ” H r it a e a rs ro a a m e a su re of w ei ser a n . e e a s v t pp p b bly ght,

u i m a a e e en a oin Th . I ris wo s ba n ba n n a b t t . e y h v b c h rd , ,

1 Or I n i 157 . d , , . 2 i till la n word for m ’ P a n s s a s on e See Ha lliwell s Die t. g y . ( ) 3 — ’ B a n i . u m ba co er . O C ler ( p p ) y .

' 4 dn a va dh r m sastr a ii 12 M a a , v , 6 . SANS RI T AND E T K C L IC WOR DS . 21

1 n o er a n d a oin r i I n a i ion to he de ote c pp c espect vely. dd t t u se of m e a s the Ar a n s n ew how to m a e t o s a n d u se t l , y k k o l to P h them a r tistica lly . icte t a s Shown tha t they were ca r

e n t r fr m th n ta h h f r e s e Sa s. s o m u in ta n ha a x e p , o , to by c tt g, , ,

o r se om a r e wi I r tu a h . a x e . ere a re o e r chi l, c p d th y , Th th

Sa n s . w or s w i h a e a wi e a ica ion a n d a e I r s d h c h v d r ppl t , h v i h

r e r e e n a i e s p s t t v .

n k l f rm in in - r Sa s a a n a o cu tt I r . cu lb a rti n ria m a e . sa ca r e p , g, g ; , , g k ; Sil a a n m a n u a l m echa n ica l cu lba ch s ilfu l p , y , , , k or ﬁn e a r t ; Silp in ; a rtisa n

a in th a i i n r r n n Is I n H ere a e a a s a e ese s a O er . , g , p l t l b l t p t ld

l a rim i i e a ha s e en sof n in i i r st a e e o a s in Sa n s. t i p p t v b t d t , p ,

L t a ter is w or is a i in fa ther ( a . p ) . Th d s d by H dli write r s to

in u e si - fou r iffere n a r s in u in ow e er m e i in e cl d xty d t t , cl d g, h v , d c

a n d oe r I n Ire a n the w or ha s a in e a s e ia m e a n p t y . l d d g d p c l

in r o a e a u se a rria e u i in wa s f rm er con g, p b bly b c c g b ld g o ly

oin f m n u rt sider ed the highest p t o a a l a . The Ar ya n s n ot on ly kn ew how to u se m e ta ls for their

u r oses e su u e a n d ra in e a n im a s for eir u se p p , th y bd d t d l th .

e ha d s ee o en orse s o s a n d ot er a n im a s a s Th y h p, x , h , d g , h l ,

r i a w or i Pictet ha s Show n . The e s d wh ch Shows tha t they

in r w ere a ble to tra ho se s.

Sa n s dhor to ru n well to trot rish so - da r a trottin so -da r a im . , , I , g ; ,

I trot so- da r n a ch stou t stron ; , , g, a ble to trot

- l w r i u Sa n s. n da r s a to s G . eh a d en The so in I T. so e o s q , , d te

i - hea r so ea r a oo m a n Th n a Sa . e e en e s sc . e s xc ll c , f ( f ) , g d

dhor for da r seem s to n ee su a reﬁ for it is con ( ) d ch p x,

n e cte d wi h dhu r to o to m o e . t , g , v

1 M eta ls a s a m ea su r e Of va lu e were wei hed however n ot sta m ed , , g , , p , t ﬁrst T he Welsh tolo a ou n d wei ht is the sa m e word a s the Sa n s a . , p g , .

o la a w ei ht a bou t 105 ou n ces tr o a n d tola is from tu l to ba la n ce t , g ( y) , , , to wei h m a e eve n which is the sa m e a s the W ta l a a n e u iva g , k , . , p y , q im a wei in of m eta l t r . le n h . , p g g ( ) A COMPARISON OF SOME

e were a so a ise in the a r ts of i u s on or e e i Th y l pr ct d ll i d c t, a s w e lea r n fr om

ku t h h illu si n u l hu d Sa n s. a fra u d illu sio n tr icker Wels u d o e , , , y ; , , , j gg ; ‘ Icu t to cu rve to che a t la th a m a ic wa n d , , , g

The i ea of u r in or roo e n e ss in m o i n ha s i e n in d c v g, c k d t o , g v

l vi I n in a l la n ds the idea of de ceit a n d of e l in ge n era l. H

du s a n i ha t m ea n s m im i r u ffoon er a n d a so fra u ri . t , c y , b y, l d, t ck

I n I ris the e n e n ha s een to e en the i e a to i e a n d h, t d cy b xt d d V c ,

- h la m a n in en e we a e cu d a l ba d wi e the Sa n s. u e h c h v , , ck d g

a so a se vi e e i ou it ha s n ot os the i ea of l b , l , v l , th gh l t d

in chea t g.

e ha d ver e a r i e a s of r i a n d w ron n n e e Th y y cl d ght g, co ct d with the idea of a Su prem e R u ler a n d Of pu n i shm en t for the

wi e . Pi e ha s referre to m a n n a m es for God or o s ck d ct t d y , g d ,

To tha t were com m on to the Sa n kritic a n d Celtic pe ople s.

e se m a be a e two n a m e s of the su n w i Of en th y dd d , h ch t

a t in i i Th n is ppea r in he scr pt on s of the Celtic ra ces. e o e

h u n n r i a n or r a n I r . ri a n the su n a s i r ia n a e s g g , g , , l o l ght g , y ,

wa rm h h i n i the su n a so ea ri on n e e wi Sa n s. , b g t, c ct d th g r , , l h t ;

th i h I wi I r teith e o r s t r titki n th su n on n e e . e e . e th , , c ct d th ,

teth h W tes u n in hot w r a n d the Sa n s titha ot . s s e ea e . , , , h , th , ,

ﬁr I t is s i h f h i i eu s e . po s ble t a t the wa rs o t e T ta n s a ga n st Z m a y be a m ythica l r e pr esen ta tion of a r e a l con te st of r a ces

a n d r i io Th i n m n a r excellen e u n el g n s. e T ta s a y ha ve bee p c s

wor s i er s a n d e u s m a en o e a n o her r a e a m a e h pp , Z y d t t c th t d

w r i f a w th the Tita n s for the possession O the ir la n d.

The Ar a n r a e a so e ieve in a fu u r e wor a n d a y c l b l d t ld , th t

er e wa s a a e of su re m e a in e ss for the oo a n d of th pl c p h pp g d ,

1 r im i i t m r Sa n s l v . a T he We sh h som e tim es r ep r esen ts a p t e I C o p e .

r i h c di skin W h r u to c ver d to cove su rr u n d Ir c d a . a t o lea o . a , , ; ( ), ; , ; - i n h r I r cu r a dh cha m ion h ro I r cu Sa n s Sa r a S a s cha m o e o . e . . , a t , p , ; , p , ; , lder her o c u a m a r tia l W hu hold T he Sa n s. Sa r a r e r esen ts a n O ; , ; . , . p c h m e or d a s th I r cu r dh n i i lei i s in u m ca m s t e sa w e a Sa s .i , , . . . p p , k , l th r E n ki h d C eltic hi kin ea e i e W s . g. p , ( . f , R A D EL I W R DS 2 SANSK IT N C T C O . 3

u n i m n f r th Wi The I ris eo e ha d eir p sh e t o e cke d. h p pl th

a ith- i n n is is e Of er oes or the esse the Va lha lla Of the ﬂ ( l h bl d),

’ N or er n n a ion s the Swa r a or I n r a s a ra se Of the th t , g , d p di

H in dﬁs bu t a s the a e a e eir P a ta la or in fer n a ; l tt r h v th , l

r e ion s so ha d the rim i i e Ar a n ri e a e ie f in a fu u e g , p t v y t b b l t r

f I m a re pla ce o pu n ishm en t. co p

Sa n s. a h a r a bu r n in coa l a h a Welsh a n a r hell rece ta cle of g , g ; g g , , p ” r iu i a sm a ll ﬁr e la ce ﬁr e Pu he , p ( g )

’ Pu h u esses bu t it a n in is is on e of Dr . e s e s a Th g g , h pp th t

ri Th a a r this in sta n ce he ha s gu esse d ghtly . e Welsh n g

m ea n ori in a ﬁr e a n d it is n ot a erm a ha s een t g lly , t th t b

i r from the La in i n er n a or from C ris ia n oo de r ive d e the t f h t b ks.

n wi Sa n s. a n i ﬁr i is I t is r a o n e e e La t . n p ob bly c ct d th g , ( g ) , = I r . l i m r n ea r on n e e wi . a i n ea a n a li ﬁr bu t s o e e . ly c ct d th g g , We ca n de term in e a pproxi m a tely wha t w a s the district

w i is Ar a n ra e o u ie e fo e it wa s i Pro h ch th y c cc p d b r d vided .

f o Pi e ha s a n a r u m en on is su e H m ess r ct t g t th bj ct . e co pa r es

le u wi S n t a s. t ih l be d W . u l d m a r the I r . to a ss g, , y , co ch, th , tt ,

be d a o on bed f m tula on e of the Sa n s r n a m es for , c tt , ro , k it

co on a n d in fers a the Ar a n ri e m u s a e i e n ea r tt , th t y t b t h v l v d

or in a cou n r w er e o on ew for it m u s a e e en t y h c tt gr , t h v b 1 i B u t w do n a b u n da n t a n d a t a low pr ce . e ot kn ow how fa r the n e cessa ry cotton m a y ha ve be en ca r rie d if it w a s im

w r roa s a t a im Th or e for er e e e e . e Sa n s. setu p t d, th d th t t , h i th m h t hi w ri e ﬁ s e . I r e w a e e sa e a s t e O . s a g y, b dg , d l , , y ,

r d W h I t i ro a owe e r a rri hi n t t. s e a oa . n a e ; , y p b bl , h v , th t c g Of goods wa s then som e wha t te diou s a n d e xpen sive ; bu t we

n ca n n ot determ i e the qu estion .

A ou n a r in e ou n ot a r e ise on e m a be ra wn b d y l , th gh p c , y d “ ” fr om the fa ct tha t the n a m e for m u sta r d is the sa m e in

S a n skrit a n d We lsh .

’ ’ De l a m té ( les la n ue s C elti u es a vec le Sa n scr it 1 73 ﬁ g q , . 24 A COMPARISON or SOME

h r n n t ls cedw m u sta rd n k t a d . a u e h Sa s. a u s e W , j p , p g ; , l su b u sta rd . m

This con dim e n t m u st ha ve be en kn own a n d u se d a m on g the im i i e Ar a n ra e bu t its r ow e e n ds I hi n k pr t v y c ; g th xt , t , o er a wi If w e ou e erm in e wi cer a in a v de a rea . c ld d t th t ty

- on n e io w n n a a th r fru i r n d W . n e ee Sa s. a n s e ea ee a c ct b t p , b d t t ,

a n n a s Arm a e a is a rsn i th r a w ou l be . n z Fr n a s e a e p , p , ( . p ), p p , d m e im i e e a u se the Ar a n u n r wa s in the n or er n or l t d, b c y co t y th hem i I t is ro a a if i s re w in the Ar a n sphere . p b ble th t th g y

is ri a n d the fru i ha d ee n ea e n the Ar a n ra e ha d t ct, t b t by y c , t t the portion which tr a velle d we stwa r d w ou ld give the n a m e

a in of f a t w a s of a r u n form w en e ha d to k d ood th o d , h th y got be yon d the lim its of the brea d- fru it tr ee bu t we ca n n o t off r n i i W a n erm in e m ore ce r er m o e tha proba b l ty . e c det ta in l a w ere er eir ou n r m a a e e en si u a e d y th t, h v th c t y y h v b t t , the Ar a n ri e ha d tw o se a ra e a sses the fr ee m a n a n d y t b p t cl ,

h in a r t e s a e the a er ein r o a a a i e a en w . l v , l tt b g p b bly c pt v t k I com pa r e

‘ Sa n s swa ir fr n n t h sa or fr e n oble a n d . a ee i de en de l ris e , , p , , , ; self-willed

Sa n s da sa sla ve ser va n t I rish da cr ca tive con dem n ed . , , p , ; da or tha con de m n ed en sla ved , ,

Pr of i im f . M on er Wi li a m s eri es swa i r d from swa se l d v , h l ,

a n r a i som e d t oin on e who oes a s he wi . ere s , g g, g ll Th difﬁcu lty in con n e ctin g swa ir d with sa or ; bu t there a re

im il i a r n La t son u s r . si n S a n s a n e s a s Sa n s. swa n a s u . I t c , , o d ;

sa n i oi e sou n I t is si e a a s da or m ea n s a so . s ( ), v c , d po bl th t, l

on em n e u i a rim in a s w er e sen en e to s a er c d d, g lty, th t c l t c d l v y

a s a u n is m e n for eir offen e s p h t th c . A com pa rison of Sa n skrit a n d Celtic w ords will often

row i on the ori in a n d m ea n n Of the a er a n d th l ght g i g l tt ,

l ' T he Sa n s fca tu w a s em lo ed a t len th to den ote a a rticu la r kin d . p y g p ,

Sin a is r a m osa It a lso den oted other la n ts of a u n en t taste or p . p p g sm ell a s ca m hor , p . I A 25 SANSKR T ND CELTIC WORDS . som e tim e s the Celtic words ha ve re ta in e d Older form s tha n

' ri i i in r I su m i a th e Sa n s a s n u s 0 h for s a n d fo . k t c, g ( ) y j b t com pa r ison of som e Sa n skrit a n d Celtic wor ds for the j u dg m f ou r r a r e n t o y e de s.

S N SK R I C E L I C . A T . T '

Abhism a bhishu fin r b s fin e r Ar m . biz fin r e W . e , , g y , g ; , g , B isa shoot su cker fibre fa n of a hook , , , g

Abhtshw se em s to be om ou n e of a bhi to owa r s a n d c p d d , , t d , ” i sh to hr ow to a s isha a n a r row a n d m ea n s ﬁn e r a s , t , c t ( , ) , g ,

h a w i is u t fo to ra s som et in i e the su er or t t h ch p rth g p h g, l k ck

ﬁ r of i in to row to a s a m a n . B isa fr om bis b e cl b g pl t , , th , c t, h a s I in the sa m m a n in a a bh w The Ar m ori biz ha s e e s is . , th k, g c ” i m s so e on s iou sn ess of the r im a r sen se ra s in . t ll c c p y , g p g

A r i m a ste r lor d I r a ire a r t a en er a l n a m e for , , . ( ) , g Ar a n oble on e of the Ar a n ra ce e ver r a de of chiefs a r fa y , , y y g ; g, n l m o u s, ob e

K a r a tha t which m a es or does I r cior cor i ha n d Ga el cior ( k ) , . ( ) , ; . , ‘ a ha n d from kr i k k h n d a en t 0 I I cor ha n d a r to m a e a . . ( ), , g ; ,

Wi ka r a I n I ris a r e u a r orre s on s to Sa n s. a . h, g l ly c p d th

i a i or be on n I r er o c r o a a w . a . e m a e e . o y c ct d g ( g), p , , l ttl

- - i n ferior a n o or oc ein a su fﬁ of im in u ion . h d, y b g x d t

B u sa bu sa m cha fi a n d other W u s for bu s cha fi hu s s u sion , , . , , , k ; , fu f n u s tr iflin fr l r r i i a i . e se o a d . g , g.

D r Pu u h rim a r m ea n i n f a w . ghe s pposed tha t t e p y g o s a s

a w i is ou si e Us i e o er Ce ti wor s ha s th t h ch t d , l k th l c d ,

os a rim i i e or b a n d is ou ess r e resen e the l t p t v p , d btl p t d by

n bu sa i i f m i r l Sa s. w s r o bu s s a e et o se u t , h ch , to d ch g , l o , p

‘ a w B u s r m n i r i en a w . a . a o a s ea s en a w i s a y , th , th t h ch d v y

1 To the sa m e r oot m u st be a ssi n ed I thin Sa n s ha r a ea r ha n dle g , k , . n , ,

Of a vessel helm of a shi W . ca m hilt ha n dl th u h the Hin d , p ; , , e ; o g u

r m m a ri n i k diff n t n h a a s ve to a r u a a ere ori i . s the ca m a s the g g g A W. m ea n in of su or t a n d a lso of a r r a n t it ha s n ot lost a ll con sciou sn ess g p p . , of its r oot in which lies the idea of wor kin or a ctivit a n d then ce of , g y, i n ten sity . 26 A COMPARISON or SOME

u si on e seem s to be a e a n in of the old a se - form I n ther r t i g c ,

bu sa m .

S N S K R I . C E L I C A T T . in a r ch id I r a r white m ilk Ir a ir i d h e . o Ar to s . . j , ; , g, , g r u n whit br i ht silver La t W r ia n silver a e . a A j , , g , ; . , a rgen tu m s to to m Ir cos foot or le ca s foot Ka o ove . , g , , g ; , ; isi h a lk ra l coes co to w t ve W. g , , ; , a le Ga el ca s cos foot M a n g ; . , , ; x cosh ca ss foot the a ssa e of ( ) , , p g a str ea m in to a la r ger on e

l ti - r a ti ob- a r rin in r di til Ir . Ga e s Ti to fa ll d o s ooz e s . p , p , , p , , p g, w ll f u n ta in e , o

l u r a n n a W a n a n bow c I . P a n a a drin kin vesse l a cu a . , g , p , p , p , , p ; p ; in k i n M a n a n n a n ca n a l r . et to dr in k dr p , , x p , p

The Hi n du r a m m a ria n s on n e w i is roo et the g c ct th th t p ,

ha r ou n a n in fa n We s ba ck w i m e a n s Sa n s. d e p , v y y g, t ; l h , h ch

i Th N . a n d n . a n n a a n e i u n O D r . n . a Ge m a e s e . l ttl ckl g p , pf , m u st be borr owe d wor ds.

’ u di h a hor s s I r oite ot l i P u ta ca vit c s e . Ga e o t ot ca u l , y , p , , p , p ; . p , p , foot a od r u t o cla s to dr on M a n ot ott ot ott , p . p t, p , ; x p , p , p ; p

fold the rim a r idea bein ve a kettle W . ot ot cu ; p y g g, ; p , p , p ; r ou n dn ess or in closin otel bottle oten a a u n ch a g p , ; p , p ,

‘ ‘

P Ota boa t shi vessel u ddin Ar m . a t od ot , , p , p g ; p , p , p , a n co n ca vit 1 y y .

I o bu rn W a lw h s in d rs U t . as e C e a wl illu m i , , , ; ,

n a tion r a er ra ise Ir a la in , p y , p ; . , bri ht clea r ha n dsom g , , e

I n Sa n skrit the idea of light is Often conn ected with

ou r r i i r i ion f ea u s en a e ou s se e e o . C a r ch to b ty , pl d , l g v c , d v t . ,

on r T n in to ou w or i r i . h a s e s a se e S s. u l r e re n a h , h , h p, p p se ts

r i m i v a l p ti e .

1 I thin k Win disch wa s Wron g in a ﬂi rm in g tha t there wa s n o Arya n left in the a n la u t of Celtic words T he I r oite oti t c n ds . . o orr es o p p (p ) , p , p l n o n e a ct with Sa s. ta a d oite a lso ota is a n ld o d A O w r . ver x y p , p ( p ) y ’ a n cien t la ce in Kilken n is ca lled r a th a hota ire fort of the otter p y p , p

Jo ce I r ish P la ce - n a m es ii ( y , , ,

28 A COMPARI SON or SOME

en o m en fr m som e roo w i li e bhu rim a i e n o ed j y t, o t h ch , k j , p r ly d t

ea tin g.

The r m i i e a ce ha d ow e er its sea son s Of is r ess. p i t v r , h v , d t

i in i r wi W th S n s ha th to e s ess W. e m a om a e e a . y c p r , l v d t , th

codded ri u a ion coddedi s r a i n ess rou e . , t b l t , t t t bl d

They ha d wa rs a lso a m on g them selve s or with othe r tribes.

ha d t u r i is the sou r e Of the W . ca d The Sa n s. o r o , h t k ll, c ;

I r Ga e oa th a ﬁ a a e the ri m a r m e a n in Of w i . l , , ght, b ttl , p y g h ch

wa s s ri in or S a in s ill re a in e in the I ris cea d =ca di t k g l y g, t t d h ,

a ow a w ou n . bl , d

I wi on oin ou t fu r her a a s we et to o e r form s ll ly p t t th t, g ld

in ti w t n ea r r o th n I I r i we ﬁn d Ce e e e t e Sa s ri . n s l c, g k t h

the w or ba dhu n u se en e a n en osu r e for a e a n d d d to d ot cl c ttl , ” “ a so a Vi a e bu t in U s er sa s M r o e it is ro l ll g , l t , y . J yc , p

n ou n ced ba wva n in w i the c a n oin s a bh in the , h ch pl i ly p t to ” 1 I i n r ori in s or n n wi th n s. a . w w ca o Sa . g l Th d e c e ct th e

bha fva n a we lin om e fr om the roo bhu to i e be to , d l g, h , t , l v , to ,

a i w ll b de or d e . I ha ve sa id tha t som etim e s the Celtic la n gu a ges ha ve

r a in f r m t n r i I n the a r ton u e e t ed Older o s tha n he Sa sk t . l tte g

we n ow a Ofte n r e resen s a n O er for the om m on k th t j p t ld g, c

' r oo na to be hor n is re resen e in Gree en n - a - o a n d t j , , p t d k by g , in L - I i u rio a t . en u s t u s O h by g . s c to bserve ow regu la rly the

Ce i a n u a es a r i r lt c l g g h ve e ta n e d the Olde letter .

S N S KR I . C E L I C A T T . a da stiff du m b I r od du m b j , , . g , fa ther a n itr i I r . ein teoir fa ther L a t en itor j , g , ; . — g a m i a res ecta ble wom a n I r a m h a m a wom a n i , p . g g ,

a m bha m ou th I r . a b m ou th j , g , l to be rich W ol ea lth ri h a . o w c es j , g , ,

' a l h a h a lu h a eec W. elen lea c i , g ,

The roo is a l to o z e ri e is i in th ca n f r to e s. o m t g , o , t ckl , d t l ,

ooz ca u se to e .

1 I r i sh P la ce- n a m es i 284 , , . SANS R IT AND CELTIC WOR D 29 K S.

S N S KR I . C E TI C A T L .

a n i wom a n wife from root ha I r ea n a wom a n j , , ; j . . g , a s p rodu cer

i r i to h u rt to w ou n d I r ca r r to cu t wou n d hu rt y , , . g , , , ihm a crooked a wr I r iom h a loc of ha ir a fa u lt j , , y . g , k ;

i m a a n old m a n . er n a r o en itor in the ﬁfth j , W g , p g degree d I r a do u ba ta a o . ion o j , g g , g

u sh to love deli ht in Ir . u s desir e in clin a ti n j , , g g , , o h to hu rt to ill I r u s dea th u s . j , , k g ,

T h e a s two in s a n es a re r a fr om ifferen r o s bu t l t t c p ob bly d t o t ,

v n efore the se a a n of the I ris a n e ha e e b p r tio h br ch, th y d

b e com e a ssim ila te d. An e xa m in a tion of Sa n skrit a n d Celtic words will Show

h ow the a er a e een f rm e a n d a so a the r i l tt h v b o d, l th t p

m itive Ar a n a n u a e wa s fu form e a n d ha d a a ie y l g g lly d, v r ty

f ffi s o a xe .

ha l to a e a r I n the Sa n s. sa iic s s e u er we a e I , h k , t gg . q iv , h v ,

in the r im i i e f m Of We s hon cio to s a e to th k , p t v or l h g , h k ,

s a e r a n d sa iicha l is m ose of su m en o in u n i or t gg , co p d , d t g ty

i n cha l s ir r m e I in e n s a d e s a e . n the W sa tcch t ty, , to t , t bl , h k . ,

h ea i e w e a e a re re sen a i e of Sa n iicha a s. sa ea p, p l , h v p t t v y , h p,

i e om u n e of sa m a n d chi to o e a m a ss fro m p l , c po d d , c ll ct, ,

w i w e a v e chili chi lis a a er of w o a f a W . h ch h ( ), l y o d, ggot ;

ced s fa o s. y , gg t

Ud is a s u se a s a eﬁ in a n s ri en o in a n u w r l o d pr x S k t, d t g p a d

or a u in m o ion a n d in u l- la s for u d - la s to a n e s i v lt g t ; , d c , k p ,

- - w e a e the sou r e of the Ir . u la dh for u d la dh a er Th h v c , j k . e

la s m e a n s a a n . to S s le p .

Vi is a lso a Sa n s i reﬁ en o i n o s ion a s sm r i kr t p x, d t g pp o it , ,

rem em er ci - sm r i to for e is in ion a s ci - i a to to b ; , g t ; d t ct , ﬁ ,

s ern from Vi + ﬁa n w a n d a r a n em en or or e r a s di c , j (to k o ) ; r g t d ,

ci - dha to a rr a n e u t in or er fr om r i dha to a e . It , g , p d , + ( pl c )

is fou n in the Ce i a n u a es a s w e se e om a rin d lt c l g g , by c p g

Sa n s vi - bu h to a w b . d a e ecom e con scio u s a scerta in vibodha dis , k , , , , 3 0 A COMPAR ISON OF SOME SANSKRIT AND CELTIC WOR DS .

- coverin in telli en ce from vi bu dh to observe to n o w with W. w g, g , ( , k ) , g y bod n owled e scien ce rO e rl kn owled e with fu ll con sciou sn ess or , k g , p p y g

- discern m n t n . i kd a ssi n em ti n n d I r hr a n er e Sa s v ra o o a . o ; , p , o ; ﬁ c a , g ;

Sa n s i - va wid w a n d Ir n d id the Sa n scr it ha o . edb a w w . v edd . d , ; f W. g , ; word bein a com ou n d of vi im l in se a r a tion n e a tion a n d dha va g p , p y g p , g ; , m a n hu sba n d , .

fi w u w hi The a s e to i I s a l r e fer is Sa n s. s l t pr x h ch h l , ch

en o es e e en e or a in ess a s tu - hr iti oin w e kin d t xc ll c h pp , , d g ll, d

ir tu - a in H n w e n n ess e su o we ra e fu . e ce ca , v g , g g ll, g c l com pa re

Sa n s su - dha ros e it ha in ess c m fort a n d I r sodk ha in ess o . . , p p r y , p p , ; , p p , m fo a se co rt , e

a n - h l su r lu r d r u r lu r Sa n s u k e u a n I . u S s e a ea so h lea s e . . , p , x y ; g , p , x y

- h kin dn ess cha rit a n d I r o r a n obli in deed su a r a s cha . , , y ; . , g g

The We s orr e a i e s a r e hu a n d h a s in h ~ los a t l h c l t v y ; y g, p t ﬁr om u s i e to w i th a n su a n d la s o a e e e S s. t k , c b t bl , h ch , to

e a m to a s rres on . gl , ﬂ h, co p d TH E E LEG ND OF LLYN LLYNCLYS .

B T H E E WA KIN M A Y R V W . T S . . , .

I N his in terestin g pa per on Welsh Fa iry Ta les in the la st i ssu e of Y C m m r odor Professor R s on a e s 214 a n d y , hy , p g

2 1 5 s e a s Of the e en Of L n s a n d his r ea ers a re , p k l g d ly cly , d gr e a tly in debted to him for the m etrica l ver sion of it wr itte n f M r . . v in rm i a b . F M . D a st n Th n a o s s o o . e e e y J l g d th t , ” P r ofe sor R i u ri I t r er s s sa s ou s . e a s a o e hy y , h ghly c d p t lt g th fr om the well- kn own for m of the tra dition a l legen ds of su b m e r e si es su a s L n Sa fa dda n Ca n r ef Gwa elod g d t , ch ly , t y ,

' I n h u in f t u su a s or is a e tc . e se a se s t e o e o e th c tl h l t y , th t th e w i e n e ss a n d e r a i of the in a i a n s or som e of ck d d p v ty h b t t ,

e m ha d row n su a ei a n o in e se or ess th , g to ch h ght, th t th g l l tha n a ctu a lly wipin g the m a wa y from off the fa ce of th e

w u i f i i n n a n An d su too is the e a r o sa s e e e e . th ld t y d v v g c ch , , com m on er form of the lege n d which ha s ga there d rou n d

n L n Th a n of it a s r e a e the a n i L s. e su s e ly ly cly b t c , l t d by t

u a r C n ddelw is a s fo ows —The m a n sion or a a e q y y , ll p l c

su m er e wa s on the a o e of a fa m w i r om b g d l g b d ily, h ch f

e n er a ion to e n era tion li e the u n u s u e in the a a e g t g , k j t j dg p r bl ,

n r r a r e m a n e a e em se es fe a re d n ot God eithe eg d d . Th y g v th lv u to r io ou s a w e ss li e s a n d to m a in a in eir ex tra va p t , l l v ; , t th

a n e a n d wa s e ha d u n s r u u l ou s r e ou r se to ro er a n d g c t , c p c bb y

h ion f v r i fea s - da r o o re ssion . On t e o a s o e e pp cc y h gh t y, p

o n e a s the re e s u su a were fa r in o the n i h a n l g d, v l lly , t g t,

u n e a r oi e w a s to be ea r n e a r r in Da w ia thly v c h d , c y g, d l , “ ” da w V en e a n e wi om e wi om e l At en a ( g c ll c , ll c ) l gth 3 2 THE LE END or LL N LL N L S G Y Y C Y .

se a n wi m e se f- ossess on a n d rv t, th or l p i boldn ess tha n the res a s e w en a wou l be The re w a s I n the t, k d h th t d . ply ,

a n a t im A o in h s en e o fr m e . r w e n in t e ixth g r ti o th t cc d gly, h Sixth gen era tion there wa s on ce m ore a gr ea t fa m ily ga therin g a h Old a n d u su a fa s i n a f er the e e r ha d n fte r t e l h o , t r v l y bee

e u fa r in the n i the ief a r e r u rin a k pt p to ght, ch h p , d g

em o a u ll wen ou t for a i e in the efr e s in t p r ry l , t l ttl to r h g

f h n a ir B u t w n h cooln ess o t e Ope . he e tu rn e d r ou n d to r e ra e his s e s a ll ha d isa ea r e n ot a s on e of the t c t p , d pp d ; t

a a e wa s to be seen bu t in its a e the i in su rfa e of p l c , pl c r ppl g c

a a e on w i wa s his own a a in the on ra e he l k , h ch h rp ﬂo t g, ly t c f sa w of a ll the life he ha d so la tely le t .

i th r in r B u t in i en Mr Su s e a e en . a ch o d y l g d th t g v by .

n m n i in u ere th im m Dova ston a ew ele e t s trod ced . Th e e dia te ca u se of the su bm ersion is n ot the wickedn ess of the own ers ;

ra e the u se is su m er e in or e to isa oin a n d th r ho b g d, d r d pp t

u n s the r f se ﬁs s em in of the u n s ru u ou s p i h c a ty, l h ch g c p l

er a n d a a r en wi ou a n re fe en e to the fa i ess cl k , pp tly th t y r c thl

n u f the in An d in his i es the e u ia ri of the co d ct o k g. t l p c l ty

n The m a a e of the in the m a i of the Green lege d. rri g k g to d

Fore t his own ﬁrs w ife r ea ll bu t who n efa ri u s s , t y, , by o

ea in s wi a su e n a u ra ra e ha d erse f a u ir e su er d l g th p r t l c , h l cq d p

n a u a ow er s is a n in i en m m on a a r e r e of t r l p , c d t co to l g ci cl

’ f - I n F a e r om a n e a ou n n i t olk lore . ou qu e s celebr t d c y g k gh m a rries a wa ter - sprite ; bu t then the ou tlin e of the story

u u n in e on sen ts the m follows the s a l pla n . U d c to a rria ge

d ta in on n s se a re ro en a n d the n i u n e e . e r c r c ditio Th b k , k ght

h V er i o o fa r is the e en f ose s er . e a s s o L n l y l k , l , , l g d ly y

Fa n F h B u t f whi I ca n n ow a a c . O ose m in th ch c ll to d, tha t which m ost n ea rly resem bles the m a rria ge of the kin g in the Llyn clys legen d is to be fou n d in the story of the

d f n P i r I ori n a n ou a i n of Lu si n a n n ea r oict e s. n a gi d t o g , th t

e en u n R a m on who ha d e en a e his a e l g d yo g y d, b dopt d by g d

r ela i e the C ou n of Poi ou a i e n s the t v , t t , by cc d t kill both THE LE END OF LL N LL N L G Y Y C YS . cou n t a n d the boa r they ha d bee n hu n tin g ; bu t a s the r est of th u n ha d os eir w a n n w th e on e e o o e sa e e . h t l t th y, d d d

n hi orr or R a m on m ou n e his o rs n d ﬂ Soon I s e a ed. h , y d t d h he a m e to a e a u ifu e w e re b the i of the m oon c b t l d ll, h y l ght h e sa w n ea r a fou n ta in thr e e m a iden s of m ore tha n ea r thly

v to m him n d i ea u . On e a a n e ee a on ea rin h s b ty d c d t ; , h g stor a vise him to r e u rn to Poictier s a s u in u er y, d d t , tho gh tt i n or a n e of w a ha d a en e a n d to sa a i e the g c h t h pp d, y th t, l k

f h u h d o hi w His m in u r e s o t e n he too a s s a . s t h t, l t y d th r e ie e he u rn e his a en ion to the e a u of his fa ir l v d, t d tt t b ty i h c om a n ion a n d efore a r n e w ere e ro e . S e p , b p t g th y b t th d , h w e er on n sen e to m a rr him on on e n i ion o v , ly co t d y co d t , t a her Sa u r a s w e e to be s en in m e e se u sion h t t d y r p t co pl t cl ,

i w n r to in r u H r n a m e h i u n wh he a s e e e . e s e sa p o ch v t d , d,

u in h h i w a s Me s a . So t e a s e w i she u for Cou n l c tl , ch b lt t

R a m on a n d erse f wa s a e Lu sin ia —the ori in Of the y d h l , c ll d g

m n d own Lu i n n a e a t of s g a n . I n ee d n ot follow the w ell- kn o wn legen d Of M elu sin a fu r in res in u the e a i s a r B u t n ou h e e e . e a s rth , t t g tho gh d t l gh been given to brin g ou t the iden tity Of the con dition on w i the m a rr a e w a s om e e in the two e en s via h ch i g c pl t d l g d , , a n u n distu rbed sepa ra tion from their hu sba n ds for on e da y in se en u r n w i the wi es re u rn e eir own n a u ra v , d i g h ch v t d to th t l f m N in a ll h er e en s Of is in wit o s. ow t e r , oth l g d th k d h w ic I a m a u a in e the u s a n i a es the s i u a ion h h cq t d, h b d V ol t t p l t m a e a n d in on se u en e oses his wife a n d the s r oes d , c q c l to y g on re a e how he see s her som e im es to su ee som e to l t k , t cc d ,

f n hi ff r B u t in the L n e e n er e tim es to a il i s e o ts. ly clys l g d th

a n w a u Wi ou in the ea s a n is o ere is e dep rt re . th t l t h vi g d c v d h er se re or a vin a n u s a u se of m a n bu t m ere c t, h g y j t c co pl i t, ly be ca u se his own m in d is distu rbed in con sequ en ce of her

we e a sen e w i he ha d im se f o u n a ri a ssen e kly b c , to h ch h l v l t ly t d

efor e heir m a r a e the in ere on fe er a e s w C er b t ri g , k g h c d t ith l k

Wi in n sen in to a him a e a r ta x if on he w ll , co t g p y y ly , ly ill

VOL . VII . D L S T HE LEGEND OF LLYN LLYNC Y .

” — ta ke off his ha n ds his Qu ee n so fa ir his bloom in g bride ’ of n in e ea rs we e ife a n d SO res or e ea e to his r ou e y dd d l , t p c t bl d

i N O sim i a r in id n i b fou n in a n o er of m n d. l c g t s to e d y th s e e n I s m s to a ve ee n in the e l g ds tha t I ha ve see n . t e e h b trodu ced in orde r to tra n sfer the in te r est Of the stor y from

the in to the er who ha s n o fu r er s a r e in th e k g cl k, th h

’ f h r E v n hi fa i sn e ss is n ot de den ou em en t O t e sto y. e s thle s scr ibe d a s bein g in a n y wa y con tr ib u tor y to the fa te w hich

’ f th in s a r a n a be ell e k g p k d p la ce . The r est Of the m et rica l ver sion is ta ke n u p with the fa te

of r Wi in I t s how h w a u in his own Cle k ll . tell e a s c ght

oi s a n d ho w the ﬁn e he ha d ou to e a from the in t l , th ght x ct k g

a m e for m a a r of hi w i B u the se con c to p t s o n pu n shm en t. t d a n d third sta n z a s on pa ge 221 r e ca ll a sim ila r tra dition in

the e e n Of L n Sa fa dda n w er e to u o e the Old m on ish l g d ly , h , q t k La tin words

Stru ctu ras a e diﬁcn Sa sp e videbis in ibi S u b la cu cu m sit gelidu s M ir u s a u ditu r son itu s Si terra e p rin cep s ven erit Aves ca n ta re j u sserit Sta tim dep rom u n t m odu los Nil ” con cin u n t a d ca eteros .

On e poin t m ore in these Llyn clys legen ds seem s wor thy O f

n I a m n i otice . h ve e t on e d the stron g Sim ila rity which exists ’ e we en a a r of M r Dov b t th t p t . a ston s version which describes ’ the in s m a rria e a n d the m a rria in n u in k g g ge the lege d of Mel s a . B oth brides tu r n ou t to be wa ter sprites ; a n d the m a rria ge con

dition s s u a e for a r e the sa m e I n h m n f tip l t d . t e de velop e t O

the a e a s the Cou n ess a n is es for e er she rom ises l tt r, t v h v , p tha t R a ym on d a n d e a ch su ccee din g Cou n t when dyin g sha ll

se e her form ho erin o er her e o f L v g v b l ved Ca stle o u sign a n .

N ow O en ou is a n s ee a r of th M lu in i n , ddly gh, th b h p t e e s a

’ e e n w i ha s n o e s en in M r D n n e . ova sto r i l g d, h ch xi t c s ve s o ,

HE EN OF L N L N L T LEG D L Y L Y C YS .

m a n i n n r A w R o er ts the n y tte t o ha s bee n dra w by M . ske b to

the O er form of the e en whi is u o e d in the e rin ld l g d, ch q t r p t ” - 150 . of B e on es f o m the Oswestr Adver tiser 1 878 79 . y g r y , , p

v L a n R . r r w n Vi r f B the in n ess of the R e . e o O e a o y k d T v , c l I t edw n I a m e n a e u o e it a s it is ere i e n . g y , bl d to q t th g v

se e m s to m e to be the rim i i e f m w i sim i a r e e n s p t v or , h ch l l g d

f I i im i i i se f r w ou ea u s to oo or . t s S elsewhe e ld l d l k pl c ty t l ,

a n is n ot o er a id e a i s or in e rwo e n wi e d v l by d t l , t v th oth r

w i a a iffer n sou r ce As u o e in stor ies hich m ght h ve d e t . q t d

” ‘ ’ n f B e on es the e e is a s o ows I n D a ies MS. y g , l g d ll v

a ou n O f the is ri m or e a n two en u r es Old ere cc t d t ct, th c t i , th occu rs the followin g pa ssa ge Abou t twoe m iles of Os

’ ’ ’ w es r w thin the r ishe er e is a oo e a e ll n clis of w ch t y p th p l c ll d y , poole H u mphrey Lloyd r ep orteth th u s : Ger m a n Al tisiodor

’ om m e er a a in the P a i n i en sis pr obed s eti th e g st el g a bere s e .

The in w ere f a s is en ea e a u se hee efu se to k g h o th r d , b c r d hea re tha t good m a n by the secr ett a n d terrible ju dgm en t of ’ God w th his p a lla ce a n d a ll his hou seh ou ld w a s Swa llowed

f h u O in o o n n l b u p in to the bowell es o t e e a rth . S l c on p roe a ’ ’ oswa ldi a e st Sta gn u in cogn i ta e p rfu n dita tis llyn clis id est ’ o a la ti in u n e ie m i u I n t a a r a Vora g p j h d d ct . h t pl ce whe e s n ot fa r from Oswestry is n ow e a sta n din g wa te r of a n n u

n wn e a e ll n cli s a is the e u n of the k o d pth c ll d y , th t d vo ri g

’ l T re is a S n o e fo a l a ce . o s e e a s ws R ex p thi th id t , llo

wisia e Po .

This ea rliest form of the legen d (so fa r a s I kn ow) gives u s

a a u e of the a m ou n of m oss orn a m e n a or e w se it g g t , t l oth r i ,

I ﬁ in m h a s a ere in o in . t on rm s m e ie w a a t g th d r ll g c y V th t,

a ll e en s w i e m a in u se of the is in ra i on s of v t , h l k g d t ct t d ti

Croesw la n a n d of the n ei ou in il of L a n m n e h y ghb r g h l l y y c , Do va ston a lso e m bodie d in hi s verses m u ch of wha t is peou

ia r to the e en s of M e u sin a a n d of r su n l l g d l othe ken sites. - E FOLK LOR .

H I HLAND PAR ALLELS TO WELSH PO LAR ALES AND G PU T , O HER OT'J‘I N T J GS.

“ B Y his in terestin g p a pers on Welsh Fa iry Ta les Professor R hys ha s n ot m er ely ea rn ed the gra titu de of r ea de rs of the

C m m r odor who a e een in er es e ose a es bu t y h v b t t d by th t l , a lso of pre se n t a n d fu tu r e stu den ts of the folk - lore of this

ou n r who wi fee ra t efu to the Profe ssor for the effor s c t y, ll l g l t h e is m a in to sa e w a is s i ef bu t fa s a n is in of k g v h t t ll l t, t v h g, th n r r f h r e lege da y lo e o t e Cym y .

M r R s ha s n ot u ﬁt i e a ra e s the a es . hy tho ght to c t p ll l to t l h e ha s r ou o e er or to in s i u e a n om a r ison b ght t g th , t t t y c p b e tw een the fa iry lore of Wa le s a n d tha t of other la n ds a n d

eo es ou to on e SO wi e rea t is wou a e een p pl , th gh d ly d h ld h v b a n ea s a n d ea sa n a s a s the r e su l w ou a e een y pl t t k, t ld h v b

i n er es in to his r e a ers. As he ha s in im a e the im r t t g d t t d, po — t a n t thin g to do n ow is to colle ct wha t is left a m er e glea n

a ! a f e r r I a e n o esir e to e a r i n bu t n ot a s a a es . g, , l t h v t h v d d p t from the e a m e set Profe ssor R s b in u in in x pl by hy , y d lg g the ories a n d spe cu la tio n s bu t a s e verythin g which ten ds to b rin g in to cle a r er light the e a rly r e la tion s of the Celtic

e o e s w e er in is or in ra di ion Or in e en is of p pl , h th h t y, t t , l g d, v a u e it m a be w o w i e to ir e a e n ion to a fe w l , y rth h l d ct tt t com m on fe a tu res in the pop u la r ta les of Wa le s a n d those of

i n An d a s the ﬁr s tw o o u m e s of a m the Ga elic H ghla ds. t v l C p

’ P o u la r Ta les o the West H i hla n ds fr om w i the bell s p f g , h ch

m es a re a en a re er s a r e it wi be n e e ssa r to e xa pl t k , v y c c , ll c y

f e a e s in fu give som e o thes t l ll . 3 8 POLK - LOR E

— I WELS H AND AELIC FAIRIES . . G

To the Lla n va bon ta le of the Cha n gelin g a close pa r a llel i s

’ fou n in Ca m el s a e ii 47 Oi d pb l t l ( , )

THE SMITH AND THE FAI R IES

F m t e Thom r h v. a s Pa tti es o R e on I sla . ( , y)

Yea rs a go there live d a t Crossbrig a sm ith of the n a m e of M a Ea h rn i m n ha d a n on i a bo Of a ou c c e . s a Th ly ch ld, y b t

ir ee n fou r e en e a rs of a e e er fu s r on a n d th t or t y g , ch l, t g,

ea All f a n h f ill too hi be d a n d . o su e e e s h lthy dd ll ; k to , m o e w o e a s a wa N 0 on e cou e w a wa s the p d h l d y y . ld t ll h t m a er wi him a n d the bo im se f ou n ot or w u d tt th , y h l c ld , o l n t Wa w in a fa e in o e how he fe . H e s a s wa s , t ll lt t g y t ; g tt g

in Old a n d e ow a n d his f a er a n d a ll his frie n s we e th , , y ll ; th d r a fra i w ou i d tha t he ld d e .

At a st on e da a f er the bo ha d e en in in t is con l , y, t y b ly g h

i ion for a on im e e in n eit er e er n or wo se d t l g t , g tt g h b tt r , a wa s n ﬁn e to bed bu t wi a n e r a or n a a e i e l y co d , th xt di ry pp t t ,

On e da w i e sa re o n ese in s a n d s a n in y, h l dly v lvi g th th g , t d g id a t his for e the sm i w a s a r ee a su r ise to see a n ly g , th g bly pr d

ld m a n w e n own to h m for is sa a i a n d n ow ed e o , ll k i h g c ty k l g

f - f- h - a i w in is F r i h o ou t o t e w n s a h s . o w y th g , lk to hop th t he o him t o n w i a d ou hi ife t ld he ccu rre ce h ch h cl ded s l . The old m a n looked gr a ve a s he liste n e d a n d a fter Si in a n tim e n erin o e a ll he ha d ea a e his tt g lo g p o d g v r h rd , g v Opin ion thu s

is n ot ou on ou a e ot The bo ha s een a ie It y r s y h v g . y b c rr d a wa t e a cin e Sith a n d e a e ef a Sibhr ea ch in y by h D , th y h v l t

’ his pla ce .

n d w a a m I en sa i the sm i How Ala s ! a h t th to do d th . a m I ever to see m y own son a ga in

’ d m a n Bu t I w e ou how a n swere the Ol . ill t ll y , d

s o m a e su re ha t it is n ot ou own son ou a e ot ﬁr t , t k t y r y h v g , FOL —LOR E K . 3 9

a e a s m a n em e - s e s a s ou ca n e t o wi em t k y pty gg h ll y g , g th th in to the r oom s r ea e m ou t a r e fu e fore his si , p d th c lly b ght,

e n ro e e to ra w w a te r wi t e m a rr in hem two th p c d d th h , c y g t a n d tw o in ou r a n s a s if t e w e r e a r ea w ei a n d y h d , h y g t ght, a r ra n e w en fu wi e er sor of e a r n es n e ss r o u n g , h ll, th v y t t , d

’ the ﬁre .

The sm ith a ccor din gly ga the re d a s m a n y broken egg s e s a s he ou l e t we n in o the room a n d ro e e e h ll c d g , t t , p c d d to a r r ou t a ll his in stru c ion s c y t . H e ha d n ot be en lon g a t w ork before ther e a r ose from the be d a s ou O f a u h e r a n d the oi e Of the se em in si h t l g t , v c g ck bo e a im e d I a m n ow 8 00 e a rs of a e a n d I a e y xcl , y g , h v

’ n r n th li Of a f r e ve see e ke th t be o e .

’ The sm i h r e u rn e a n d o the Old m a n W l n w . e o t t d t ld l , , sa i the sa e to him did I n ot e ou it w a s n ot ou r own d g , t ll y y

’ so n ou ha d ? You r son is in B orra - cheill in a i er e a y , d gh th (th t

‘ r u n r iri G t r id s soon i s a o een i fr e u e n e fa e s . e a , d g h ll q t d by )

a s ossi e of his in r u er a n d I hin I m a r om ise ou p bl t t d , t k y p y

’ r n yo u so . You m u st light a ve r y la rge a n d bright ﬁre before the

n i in H i k u be d on w ich is s ra e r s . e w a s o W a h th t g ly g ll y , h t ” is the u se O f su c a ﬁr e a s a ? An swer him a t on e Yo u h th t c , w ill see pr e se n tly a n d then seiz e him a n d thr ow him in to

m i of it I f it is o u r o w son ou a e t he the e . n o ddl y y h v g ,

w i a o u t to sa e him bu t if n ot is hin wil ll c ll v ; , th t g l ﬂy

’ h r ou the ro f t gh o .

’ The sm ith a ga in followe d the Old m a n s a dvice kin dl e d a

a r e ﬁr e a n sw ere the u es ion u t to him a s he ha d e en l g , d q t p b

dir e e to do a n d se iz in the i ﬂu n him in wi ou ct d , g ch ld, g th t

it i n Th Sibhr ea ch a ve a n a wfu e a n r u n h e s a o . e d S t g l y ll , p g

h r u h the roof where a h o e w a s e ft to le t the sm o e ou t t o g , l l k . On a cer ta in n ight the Old m a n told him the gre e n hill

u b O e n A n d n w he r e the fa ir ies e t the bo wo e . o t a k p y , ld p h t

n i h the sm ith ha vin r o i e im self with a Bi e a g t, , g p v d d h bl , F L - LOR E O K .

in o a o ee to th i l H ir a n d a row w s e . e d k , c g c ck, to pr c d h l

w ou ea r Sin in a n d a n in a n d m u m er rim e n oin ld h g g d c g, ch t g g

on bu t he was to a a n e o the Bi e he a r rie , dv c b ldly ; bl c d w ou ld be a cer ta in sa fegu a r d to him a ga in st a n y da n g e r

m h fa ir ie On e n erin the i he w a s to s i k t h e f o t e s. r t g h ll, t c

ir in the res o re en the i fr m sin u o n d k th h ld, to p v t h ll o clo g p

’ him a n d e n on in u e the old m a n on en erin o u ; th , c t d , t g, y

wi se e a s a iou s a a r m en efore ou e a u ifu e a n ll p c p t t b y , b t llycl ,

a n d e e sta n in fa r Wi in wor n a t a for e ou will th r , d g th , ki g g , y

i n a s see ou r own son . W en ou a re u es o e sa ou l o y h y q t d, y y

’ to him a n d wil n ot o wi u hi a re om e see o m . c k , l g th t

N ot on a f er is the tim e a m e ou n a n d the Sm it l g t th c r d, h

in ru Su r en sa ie for re a r e a s s e . e ou as he ll d th, p p d t ct d gh ,

a oa e the i ere wa s a i w ere i wa s ppr ch d h ll , th l ght, h l ght

f r Soon a f er a sou n of i i n se om se en e o e . a n in ld b t , d p p g, d c g, a n d j oyou s m errim e n t re a ched the a n xiou s fa ther on the

n i in ght w d . Overcom in g e very im pu lse to fe a r,the smith a pproa ched

the r es o s ea i s u the ir in o it a s ir e e a n d th h ld t d ly, t ck d k t d ct d,

r Pr th B h e n e e . e e e i e e a rrie on his rea s t d ot ct d by bl c d b t,

the fa iries ou n ot u him bu t e a s e hi m wi a c ld to ch th y k d , th

i u r h oo ea of s ea s e w a e w a n e e r e . H e a n swere g d d l d pl , h t t d th d,

‘ I w a n m son w m I see w n ere a n d I will n ot o t y , ho do th , g

’ u him witho t .

U n ea rin is the w o e om a n e fore him a e a po h g th , h l c p y b g v

ou a u h whi wa en e u the o he a rrie oz in in l d l g , ch k d p c ck c d d g

his a r m s who a t on e e a e u on his s ou er s a ed , c l p d p h ld , cl pp

n w u n n his win s u s i a d r o e o a d o . g l t ly , c d l d l g

The fa iries in en se seiz e the sm i a n d his son a n d , c d, d th ,

r w n em ou t of the i u n the ir a f er em th o i g th h ll, ﬂ g d k t th ,

’ n in n ll w r a n d in a sta t a a s da k .

For a ea r a n d a da the bo n e er did a u r n of work y y y v t , a n d a r e er s o e a w or bu t a t a s on e da si in h dly v p k d ; l t, y , tt g by his fa ther a n d wa tchin g him ﬁn ishin g a swor d he wa s - 4 1 FOLK LOR E. m a in for s m e ef a n d w i he wa s e a r i u a r k g o chi , h ch v ry p t c l

a ou he su en e a im e a is n ot the wa to do b t, dd ly xcl d, Th t y

’ ’ it a n d a in the oo s from his fa er s a n s he set ; t k g t l th h d , to

w or im se f in his a ce a n d soon fa s ion e a sw r the k h l pl , h d o d

i e of w i f re l k h ch wa s n ever se en in the cou n try be o . Fr om tha t da y the you n g m a n wr ou ght con sta n tly with

his fa er a n d e a m e the in en t r Of a e u ia r ﬁn e a n d th , b c v o p c l ly

w e l - em e re w ea on the m a in of w i e the tw o l t p d p , k g h ch k pt

sm i s fa er a n d son in n s a n em o m en s r ea eir th , th , co t t pl y t, p d th

fa m e fa r a n d wi e a n d a e em the m ea n s in a u n a n e d , g v th b d c ,

a s e efor e ha d the is osi ion i e n e n wi a ll the th y b d p t , to l v co t t th ” w or a n d er a i wi on e a n o er ld v y h pp ly th th . The close r ese m bla n ce of this ta le to the Lla n va bon fa iry

a e in C m m r od r v l V i 2 4 - 2 14 i a t on e see n the o o . 0 s t l y ( , pp . ) c ,

e is e of th - in ir i n i p od e egg Shells e specia lly m a r k g the de t ty . I n a ll essen tia l poin ts the Ga eli c fa ir ies ha ve a stron g

fa m i i n in i ren fr m ly l ke ess to those of Wa les. Ste a l g ch ld o ” th eir cra dles d u rin g the a bsen ce of their m othe rs wa s a com m on pr a ctice with the Lla n va bon fa irie s ; a n d sim ila r ly

in Sco a n W en oor wom en a re on ﬁn e it is u n sa fe to tl d, h p c d

a e em on If rou le v th a l e till their childre n a r e ba ptise d. th gh

a n n e e ssi e m u s be e f a on e the Bi e ef esi e y c ty th y t l t l , bl l t b d

them is su fﬁ ie n ro e ion Ca m e ii An d a s ha s c t p t ct ( pb ll, , ,

been seen if he su e e e in a rr in a w a a n in fa n the , t y cc d d c y g y t, l C a n e in Cr i m bil in G a m or a n s ir e S ibhr ea c h in I s a h g l g, l g h , l y ,

u ﬁr c o ld be got rid of in som e wa y by the a gen cy of e . I n both cou n trie s the fa iries wou ld wor k for certa in

fr i r s il fu e o e to w om e wer e e . e were e p pl h th y n dly Th y v y k l, a n d wou ld tu rn ou t a n a ston ishin g a m ou n t of wor k in a very

o im sh rt t e .

A a in erson s who en e r e eir ir es wer e u n a e g , p t d th c cl bl to

r e u r n a n d ou be r e e re on wi re a ifﬁ u a n d t , c ld cov d ly th g t d c lty

da n er The fa ir a e fr om Su e a n Ca m e ii 63 g . y t l th rl d ( pb ll, , ) 1 — ’ ill si r l l n r i R e . ri h siobhr a dh or obh a a fa ir e f ob i s te . O I s , g, y , , g , p y 4 F - 2 OLK LOR E.

’ is a ose a ra e to se e ra o in Si es B r i tish Goblin s cl p ll l v l t ld k ,

- 0 5. pp . 7

A m a n w ose wife ha d u s e e n e i e re o f h e r ﬁrst , h j t b d l v d

or n set off wi a frie n the own of La ir to a e the b , th d to t g, h v

’ i s ir e n ere in the Se ssion - oo s a n d to bu a a s ch ld b th t d b k , y c k

Of w i for the ris n in éte A r u r n w e a r s e . s e e e h ky ch t g f th y t d, y ’ wi a a s wa or a s it is ca e in the H i a n s th d y lk , , ll d ghl d ,

’ ra e in e sa t own to res a t the foo of is bill the t v ll g , th y d t t th [

’ hi of D u rchzi n ea r a a r e o e from w ic e w e r e ere ll ] , l g h l , h h th y ,

i t a r o n Of i in a n d a n in The on a s n s e o e a s u . l g, to h d h d p p g d c g fa er fe e in er a n iou s e n er e the a er n w e n a fe w th , l g v y x , t d c v , t

in a n d i a r The or of hi fa sou n e ess s e s sa e e . s s e t p , d pp d t y t d d l im proba ble then tha n it w ou ld n ow ; bu t his com pa n ion was se er e a n im a er e on a n d w e n a we e e a se d a n d the v ly dv t d ; h k l p ,

’ a ism w a s o e r a n d s i n o Si n s of the os on e s re u r n he b pt v , t ll g l t t ,

f in m u r r hi fri n H n i i w a s a u se o a e e s e . e e e t a n d cc d h v g d d d d d ,

’ a ga in a n d a ga in r epea te d the ta le of his frien d s disa ppea r a n ce

’ ’ n th er n s m ou H e e e a e a r a n d a a s dow e ca v th . b gg d y d y la w to vin dica te him self ; a n d u se d to r epa ir a t du sk to the

n d r Th im a owe him h d fa a s o a n d a a a . e e a t l p t, c ll p y t ll d

bu t on e m ore da to r u n a n d a s u su a l he sa t in the oa m y , , , gl

’ in the a ern w en w a seem e his fr ien s sha dow g by c v , h h t d d

it in it H e wen own ea r r e u n s a n d a sse w . e e p d h t d , h d l t

i e s a n d su en es rie the m issin m a n ri in p p , dd ly d c d g t pp g

i wi th fa irie s H e a u him the s e ve m er r e . e ly th c ght by l ,

im a n u him o e h d e ou t . st pp d , p ll d

B ess m e ! wh ou ou n ot le t m e ﬁn is m r ee Sa n l y c ld y h y l, dy

Ble ss m e r e oin e Sa n a ve ou n ot ha d e n ou of j d dy , h y gh re elin g this la st twe lvem on th

‘ ’ La s we em on ! r ie the o er in a m a z em en t t lv th c d th , t ; n or w ou ld he believe the tr u th co n cer n in g him self till he fou n d his wife sittin g by the door with a ye a rlin g child in

her a r m s so u ic oe s im e a ss in the com a n Of THE , q kly d t p p y

o d eo le g o p p .

44 F - R E OLK LO . bu t distorted history ; tha t the fa iries them se l ve s r epr esen t a for m er a e of m en of owe i i a on a n se wh o r c , l r civ l s ti th tho

a m e a fter a n d o e a m e em a n d in w ose a i ion s e c v rc th , h tr d t th y w er e on e e n su e rn a u r n I t ha s e e n su c v rt d i to p t a l bei gs. b p

se a a s ese sa a es ei e ori in a we or w e r e po d th t, th v g th r g lly d lt,

r i en for sa fe c n e a e m se es in a es a n d o e s d v ty to o c l th lv , c v h l in the ea fr m w i e w u d on em er e s ea lth rth, o h ch th y o l ly g by t a n d e n e a u in the n i t the o u a im a in a ion con g r lly d r g gh , p p l r g t verte d them in to a distin ct ra ce of bein gs te n a n tin g a su b

e rra n ea n w a n d a in the we issu e from a n d t orld, h v g po r to r e u rn to i If i a n ru in his t t a t their plea su re . there s y t th t t eor the a n i a o f e se e n s to iron a n d eir he h y , t p thy th b i g , th lp

essn ess in the resen e of a n ir n wea n m a be sim l l p c o po , y p y the r a i n a re or of a s ori a fa a the im i iv e t d tio l c d hi t c l ct, th t pr t in a i a n s the or i in a s of the m a in a r a e wer e n u h b t t , g l i g y r c , a u a n e wi the u se Of iron the ssessi n of w i ch cq i t d th , po o h

n th n a s to o ver om e em e a bl ed e i v der c th . — THE HR EE C AU SELESS B Lows. II . T

It will be rem em bered tha t in on e form of the We lsh la ke

e en the a e m a i en w a rn s her o e a if e e he l g d , l k d l v r th t v r Shou ld give her thr ee ca u seless blows She will be for ced

r The ows w e re to lea ve him a n d re tu rn to he o wn people . bl

i en u ess a n d the r e i e resu a m e a ou . g v tho ghtl ly , p d ct d lt c b t ’ An in terestin g pa ra llel to this is fou n d in on e of Ca m pbe ll s — Hi h a n ta e s Ni hea n R i h o Thu i n n the D a u er of g l d l , g g f ght

- v l iii It is on e of the Kin U n er wa es o . g d v ( ,

i n i a es a n d e i en n om e e bu t the e iso e O ss a c t l , v d tly i c pl t ; p d

e en i i en fu bea rin g on the Welsh l g d s g v lly. The Phin u were on ce toge ther on the side of B ein n

u da in n on a wi n i t a n d her e wa s u rin ra in a n d E ld gh , t po g

r A ou m i n i a rea u r e of fa llin g sn ow from the n o th . b t d ght c t

n H er ir u n cou th a ppea ra n ce str u ck a t the door of Fio n . ha - O 45 FOLK L RE . w own her ee s a n d She r ie to him let her in a s d to h l , c d to

Fi n n n r r u n er the or der of his o erin . o O se he e d b c v g , b rvi g

f h w n w n d She a v a u si e a s e e u ses. S e e a a a e p l v p ct, r t y g

r m A l n Oisea n the son of Fion n the w e s e a . c pp yi g to , ( ll

i n h i s m a r e u se h n u n s to k n ow n Oss a S e s . S e e ) , i il rly p l d th t r t a in Of a a n a n d n i er fe on Dia rm a id h t p k g ll try k ghtly p cti , ,

’

F n n s n e ew so e e a e for his i wi Gr a in n e . io ph , c l br t d ﬂ ght th

D ia r m a id a con n oisseu r in fem a e ea u t ﬁn s her a ea , l b y, d pp r

a n e a n t in bu t ea s n et he a m i s her n o his en . c y h g pl i g, y d t i t t t

he n a s s e m ssi n to a r oa the ﬁre whi is S the k p r i o pp ch , ch

r a n e a n d w en she a m e u th e eo e of the Fir m g t d, h c p p pl ’ u wa s sh H er n m to be b e a n ﬂee so i e s e . e e a n g to , h d o xt d d, ’ u n er the w a r m Of the a n e oe er w im se f d th bl k t t g th ith h l ,

v hi om n m n ra som e wha t se erely te ste d s c pla isa ce . H e re o st te d m ildly

’ ou a r t owin to o sa i Dia rm r u r o a id. F s o Th g g b ld , d i t th

di s a sk to om e u n er the or e of the e n en d t c d b d r cov ri g, th

t ou i s see to m e to the ﬁr e a n d n ow ou seekes h d d t k co , th t

’ le a to om e u n e the a n e wi m e u m ve c d r bl k t th ; b t co e . ” She w en u n er the a n e bu t —H on i soit u i m a l t d bl k t, g y ” en se he u rn e a fo .of it e w e e n em p t d ld b t th . She is then su dden ly tr a n sform e d in to the m ost bea u ” teou s w om a n a m a n e e sa w a n d a s s Dia r m a id w ere th t v r ,l k h h e w ou ld like to ha ve the ﬁn est ca stle he ha d ever se en

u i a n d in the m o n in to the su r rise of a ll a ea u ifu b lt ; r g, p , b t l

ca s e is s a n in on the s o he ha d in i a e tl t d g p t d c t d . The la dy in vites Dia rm a id to ta ke possession of it a s his ” own a n d on sen s to e in it w him a s his w fe bu t , c t liv ith i ,

she w a r n s him SAY NOT TO ME THR ICE H , OW THOU DIDST

’

FIND ME .

O n this Mr C a m bell Obser ves i n a n t Th r . p o e e ve y sa m e idea e ists in a S a n ish le e n d of the C id who in like m a n n er h d x p g , s owe in dn ess to a n d sha r ed his cou ch with a le er I n the n i ht he k , , p . g ” cha n ed in to St . La z a ru s a ll bri ht a n d shin in g , g g. 46 - FOLK LORE .

’ I wi n ot sa to ee for e e r how I fou n e e sa id ll y th v d th ,

D a r m u i i d . o c s a a

e s e n ree a s in the ca s e o e er a n d a t the Th y p t th d y tl t g th , e n d of r ee a s she sa i to him ou a r t sor r owful th d y d , Th

’ e a u se ou a rt n ot o e er wi the r s b c th t g th th e t. Thin k tha t I a m n ot feelin g sor row su rely tha t I a m n ot

’ o e er wi the Fhin n a i h s e . t g th th , d

ou a s e s o wi the Phin u a n d m ea a n d Th h d t b t g th , thy t

’ rin wil b n o wor n i h e se a e a re sa s e . d k l th th y , d 1 Who w ill ta ke ca re of the greyhou n d bitch a n d her

ree u s sa i ia rm i th p p d D a d .

’ Oh sa i she w a fea r is ere for the e ou n a n d , d h t th gr yh d for the three pu ps

H e w en a wa w e n he e a r a H e e f a e ssin t y h h d th t. l t bl g wi her a n d he rea e the e o e o f the Fin n e a n d Fion n th , ch d p pl , ,

’ the ro e of his m o er a n d ere wa s a ief s on ou r a n d b th r th , th ch h w e om e efore Dia rm a id w en he a rri e a n d e ha d ill lc b h v d, th y wi to him e a u se the w m a n ha d om e ﬁrs em a n d ll b c o c t to th ,

a he ha d u rn e eir a s to her a n d a he ha d on e th t t y t d th b ck , th t g 2 f r d m rn ou t O w l e o e her wis es a n a a er s a d u e S e . b h , th t tt h t d l

She wa s ou t a fter he ha d on e a wa a n d w a S ou she g y, h t h ld se e bu t on om in in rea a s e en She ou of e c g g t h t . Th th ght s a in wi ou i he S u om e a n d who w a s t ere bu t t y g th t t ll ho ld c , h

Fi n n o n H e ha ile d her a n d ca u ght her by the ha d .

’ t n i i ou a r a r w m e a m se sa he . Th g y th , d l, d

” 1 Of this u n fortu n a te r e hou n d bitch the ta le ives n o clea r g y , g a ccou n t bu t she wa s iden tl a rea t fa vou rite with her m a ste r who ; ev y g , was a s solicitou s a bou t her a s a Northern collier m ight be a bou t his ” bu ll u a t the resen t da p p p y. 3 I t is n ot sta ted in the ta le whi ch is clea rl defective bu t we m u s , y , t a ssu m e fr om wha t follows tha t Fion n a n d the o thers ha d a scer ta in ed from Dia r m u id the con di tion s on which the Prin cess ha d con sen ted to becom e hi wife a n d tha t in th ir ea lou s th con certed m e asu r t s , e j y ey es o brin a b u t a vi ola tion of th c n dition ee t the se ra tion of g o ose o s, a n d sh p a the a ir p . - 4 FOLK LOR E . 7

’ ‘ Oh I a m n ot t a ll P in u sa i h om in i a S e . C e , , h , d t ll

’ t ou a e a ra u from m e h t k d ght .

’ wi l if I m r u i F n I o et e es sa io n . l g g y q t , d

’ Wha t requ e st m ight be he r e tha t thou shou ldst n ot get ? sa i h d s e .

’

a is on e of the u s Of the re ou n i . Th t , p p g yh d b tch

’ Oh the r e u es ou a s a s e is n ot rea sa i She , q t th h t k d g t, d ; ’ i wi e the on e ou m a s oose a e t e . th y t ch , t k th th

n h n w H e got tha t a d e w e t a a y .

i m a i h At the open in g Of the n ight ca m e D a r d. T e gr ey

h o u n m et him wi u a n d She a e a e . d tho t, g v y ll

i on B u t if u It is r u e m a ss on e of u s s e . o t , y l , thy p p g th h a s m in Of how I fou n ee how a ir wa s ow n to d t d d th , thy h d

’ h u o e e s ou a ds n ot let t e . thy h l , th h t p p g

ou Dia rm a id w a sa i s ou so Th , , h t d t th

’ ’ Oh sa i Dia rm a id I a m a s in a r on , d , k g p d .

’ Oh ou s a et a sa i She a n d he S e wi in , th h lt g th t, d ; l pt th

a n i a n d his m e a a n d rin were a s u su a th t ght, t d k l.

On the m orr ow he w en to w er e he w a s es er a a n d t h y t d y,

w i e he w a s on e She wen ou t to a e a s ro a n d w i e h l g t t k t ll , h l

S h e w a s s ro lin a ou w a S ou She see bu t a ri e t l g b t, h t h ld d r c o m in w e sh wa She s a e wi ou i h r a g to h re e s. t y d th t t ll e e che d h e r .

Who r ea e her er e bu t Oisea u son of Fion n ch d h ,

e a e we om e a n d on ou r to ea h o r h Th y g v lc h c the . S e told him to o in wi her a n d t a he S ou a ke a r a u h g th , h t h ld t d g t fr om her ; a n d he sa id tha t he wou ld if he m ight get his r e u es q t .

’ W a re u est a s ou ? sa i sh h t q h t th d e .

’ On e Of the u s of the re u n i p p g yho d b tch .

’ ’ ou s a et a sa i she a e o f m Th h lt g th t, d ; t k thy ch ice o the .

H e oo it wi him a n d he wen a wa t k th , t y.

At the o e n in Of the n i Dia rm u i ca m e om e a n d p g ght d h , th e re u n m et him wi ou a n d She a e two g yho d th t, g v yells. 4 - E 8 FOLK LOR .

’ ‘ a is u e m la ss sa i Dia rm a id a n o er is a e n Th t tr , y , d ; th t k

fr om h B u t if h h m n f h I f u n r h e ee . s e a d d O ow he s t i o d ,

ha d n ot le n of u W n h a i w ow n to t o e thy p ps go . he er h r a s d

’ her heels !

’ Dia r m a id ! wha sa i s u ? sa i h t d t tho d S e .

’ I a m a skin a n sa i Dia rm a id g p rdo , d .

’ h u s a et a sa id She a n d e seiz e ea ch T o h lt g th t, th y d

’ o er s a n s a n d e we n t om e to e er a n d er e wa s th h d , th y h g th , th

m ea a n d rin a n a r ha d n t d k th t ight s the e ever bee .

I n the m rn in Dia rm a id wen a wa a w i e a n d a f er h e o g t y h l , t

ha d n e she wa s w u a in a s r She sa w a n o e r go , itho t t k g t oll . th

r i - h h t e om in da a n d he wa s in re a ha s e . S e ou d r c g to y, g t t th g

she w u l w i a n d n ot o m e i he s ou m f w o d a t g ho t ll h ld co e or a rd.

n r of h hi n Wha t w a s this bu t a othe t e F n .

H e wen wit iv l wor s to the ou n a m se a n d e t h c i d y g d l, th y

n ga ve w elcom e a n d ho ou r to ea ch other .

She him to o om e wi her a n d a t he S ou a e told g h th , th h ld t k

a ra u fr m h r H e sa id a he wou o if h e s u d d ght o e . th t ld g ho l

get hi s requ est.

She a s e a im e w a e u es a m i be n e k d th t t h t r q t th t ght . O

’ of the u s of the r e ou n i sa i he p p g yh d b tch, d .

’ ou it is a a m a e for m e sa She I w i e Th gh h rd tt r , id , ill g v it to thee

H e w en wi her the a s e he o a ra u from t th to c tl , to k d ght

h r he ot the u a n d h w n a wa e e e . , g p p , t y “ At the en in of the n i a m e Dia rm i Th e op g ght c a d. e gr y

ou n m et him a n d She a e ree ell s the m s i eou s h d , g v th y , o t h d

e a r tha t m a n ever h d .

’ Yes a is ru e m a ss hou a rt wi u a n is da , th t t , y l , t tho t y th y,

sa i Dia r m a id bu t if She ha d m in of how I fou n her she d ; d d ,

wou n ot a e l t th u o W en h r a r wa n to ld h v e e p p g . h e h i s dow

’ her heels She wou ld n ot ha ve don e tha t to m e !

u Dia rm a id w a sa i s u Tho , , h t d t tho F L - LORE O K . 49

’ ia Oh I a m as in a r n sa id D rm a id. H e we n om e , k g p do , , t h ,

d he wa s wi ou wife or bed esi e him a s he e e ha d a n th t b d , v r

in a m s- o e h wo on w wa s s e a e the m rro . be en . It o h l k o

n f of it on n o e e wa s n o a s e n or a s o e e a er . Th r c tl , t l t th This story ha s severa l fe a tu res in com m on with other ta le s

a s o f the sa m e cl s.

1 The Se a Prin ess resen ts erse f to m or a s on a wi . c p h l t l ld a n d storm y n ight ; so (to go n o fu r ther for a pa ra llel) does

’ n in F u w - U n di e ou q é s ell kn ow n ta le .

Th a s e a n is es wi h its u i er a n th ro 2 . e d e e c tl v h t b ld , h “ ” - is i th m m on e n f ir a wa kes in a m oss hole . Th s e co d o fa y

m a n i ﬁ n a n d w ea g ce ce lth .

I n h n i u ion of th Hi n a Di rm a id 3 . t e n a e a e a se s co t t ghl d t l , t

ou t in se a r Of his os e a n d a f e r som e s r a n e a dven ch l t lov , t t g

tu r es su ee s in r ea in the rea lm s of R i h o Thu i n n a n d cc d ch g g f ,

’ r ﬁn th Prin R ea ers Of La n e s A r a bia n Ni hts the e ds e cess. d g

w i r em em er a w ell - o a ra e in o the e a i s of ll b t ld p ll l, t d t l

n r r I t wi be w hich it wou ld be ou t of pla ce to e te he e . ll Observe d tha t this e pisode is en tir ely wa n tin g in the Welsh ta les ; the for sa ken hu sba n d is n owhere represe n ted a s

ﬁn di n his w a to the m s eriou s r e i n en e a the w a er s g y y t g o b th t ,

w i i h u r n Per a s it m a to h ch it s kn own is wife ha s ret e d. h p y

w n r u Fu 43 4 be u r e a the s or of Y For or n i C m . g d th t t y f y , y (p

if in w i we do et a ee a t the e en a r Gwer ddon a u ) , h ch g p p l g d y

L li on is a n e e i n B u t u n f rtu n a e it is a so u e , xc pt o . , o t ly, b l t ly

u n er a in how m u if a n of t i s a e is ru e ra i i n c t ch ( y) h t l t t d t o ,

a n d how m u e on s to Gla s n s a n d t er efore it a n n ch b l g y y , h c ot

be u se for u r oses of om ris n d p p c pa o .

Dia r i hi ir i 4 . W en m a d ﬁn s s os wife e m u u a o s h d l t , th t l j y

u n e s w the a ssu ra n e a the a is n t r d to orro by c th t l dy dyi g, ” — ha vin g on her wa y hom e lost three gu lps of her life blood

n f r a rm a id ha d thr ou gh the bitter ess o her g ie f. The se Di

r e o ered a n d a r efu eser e he a s a f er su n r c v , c lly pr v d ; l o, t d y

VOL . VII . E P - 50 OLK LORI ) .

1 a en u es a n s sse ssio n of the cu of R i h Ma h a n dv t r , g i po p g g I oghn a idh (the Kin g Of the Pla in of Won der) a n d a bottle of

f a n w u s of is w a er th a e r o a ce e l. e d a e w t rt i l Thr e r ght th t , ” om in e w the ree u s of a n d ru n fr om c b d ith th g lp blood , d k

i u o e th Prin i he m a c es e ess fe . t g c p , r t r c to l AS both this Highla n d ta le a n d the story of the La dy of

the V a n La e a re ro a f a m en a r it is r a er da n k p b bly r g t y, th i geron s to ha z a rd a gu ess a s to a n y con n ect on be tw ee n them . B u t on e is tem pted to thin k tha t the hea li n g of the Prin cess

Dia rm a id in the w a r e a e a n d the w on er fu l m e i a by , y l t d, d d c l

n ow e e ssesse the P s ia n s of M ddva i the k l dg po d by hy ic y ,

es en a n s Of the La e La m a a e e en in som e wa d c d t k dy, y h v b y

con n e cte d in the com m on origin a l of the tw o ta le s.

III — IT H RAF W C C T . .

Ta les of witchcra ft were for m erly very com m on in

Wa A f ra i le s. a vou rite p ct ce with witches w a s to tra n s

' fo m eir n ei u r s in o o ses a n d r i e ou t on r th ghbo t h r , d

em in ir n i r a m The a m e i f th the ghtly bles. s bel e in their

wer a n d is s e a e er se Of e a e in S o a n po , th p ci l x ci it, pr v il d c tl d, a s is shown by the followin g story from Kir kcu dbright T ' P . l o i o a es H . 1 w i a n e a e of m n W. 1 s a ( p f , , h ch x ct typ y

i n Wa es n ot er on a o told l v y l g g .

The M a c owa n s of Gr a scroft in on a n a n d a er g y T gl d, l tt ly

of B a ha d the wer of wi a f a on si a e ogr , po tchcr t to c der bl

e en a n d it es en e from on e en era ion to a n o e xt t, d c d d g t th r.

At the im e we efe A ra a m Ma wa n a n d his a u er t r r to , b h cgo d ght

c ft n n h a n Jen n y reside d a t Gra ys ro . Je y a d u n li m ited

i a ct a s sh e a Th u power from Old N ck to ple sed . e plo ghm en

1 These m a gica l cu p s a re com m on in legen d a n d rom a n ce ; a n d if I a m n ot m ista en ther e is a t Na n teos in C a rdi a n shire a won derful k , , g , cu to which even in these da s of u n belief som e m a rvellou s he lin p , , y , a g ro rties a r a ttribu ted p p e e .

- 52 FOLK LOR E.

i in n d i hi n t m F i a n d a n e n a m s t e . a r es w t es k ck g, g g o g h i i , ch ,

own i es a n d a ll m et in the ir a n d ha d a i e o i a br , , k k, bl th h l d y,

u n er the a r n a e of his Sa a n m a e s w i on in u ed d p t o g t ic j ty, h ch c t

f th o W ri wi hi i the ow n o e . ea e s a o t ll cr i g c ck d th g ll p ,

H a r w en the a rm e ri e wa s ta en off f u n im se f r y, h ch d b dl k , o d h l

i w b d a n d in hi s own S a H a r i in d i n h s o n e e . s e e m e , h p ry d t r to be r even ged ; he ﬁn ds the cha rm ed bridle in a hole in the

i c en in a we e a f er he ries it on en n u sin the k t h k t ; t J y, g

sa m e wor s w en en n is tra n sfo m e in o the a u l r wn d , h J y r d t d b o

h f m H h r th n i ou r n m i m a re of t e a . e a es e e e s r t k to ghb i g thy,

a n d e s her a fter m u a do s a ll ou n w en be re g t , ch , hod r d, h

tu rn s a n d ea e s her a f er se u rin the won erfu ri e . l v , t c g d l b dl

Ne m orn in H a rr is or er e to o for a or a s his xt g y d d g doct ,

r h a n ill H e oes in the ou s t k for m ist ess a s t ke . g to h e o a s

her u l s the e o es Off her a n d is o e rs er e wa s a , p l b dcl th , d c v th

or ses oe on ea a n a n d foo w en H a rr sa s en n h h ch h d t h y y , J y,

’ i n n m n m a ss a d d e . e a e a m or e sim ila r y l , th t y J y pl y d y ” i n d tricks on her n e ghbou r la ds a la sses. I h a ve hea r d severa l Welsh ta les of witchcra ft m ore or

e ss se re sem i n is bu t do n ot rem em e the e a i s l clo ly bl g th , b r d t l

wi u fﬁ ien a u a to e o u e em th s c t cc r cy r pr d c th . — IV . A PASSA E IN THE M ABINO ION G G .

In the lon g Story of Con a ll Gu lba n we ﬁn d the follow

in Ca m bell iii 200 201 g ( p , , , )

H e Con a wen a n d he ea e the reen m u n he ( ll) t, r ch d g o d ;

a i his fa e own wa r s on the i o a n d he ou a l d c d d h ll ck , th ght th t , there wa s n o on e thin g tha t wou ld su it him self better tha n

h he S u ﬁn d hi s m a of a wom a n n h t a t ho ld tch . The e ga ve a

a n e fr om him a n d w a s ou he see bu t a a en S in gl c , h t h ld r v itt g on a hea p of sn ow a n d he set it before him tha t he wou ld n ot a e a wife for e e bu t on e w ose ea s u b a t k v r, h h d ho ld e s

a a s the a en a n d her fa e a s fa i a s the sn ow a n d her bl ck r v , c r , ” r cheeks a s ed a s blood . - FOLK LOR E. 53

m ll m a s in a n o e : It is ea r a On t is Mr . Ca e e h , pb r rk t cl th t t h e ra ve n ou ght to ha ve been ea tin g som ethin g to su ggest

t h e o a n d so it is e sew e e . blo d, l h r “ Mr Fr a ser o Ma u ld I n vern ess E a st Coa st —H e ha d on e . f , , g

h n a er the m s eriou s e m a n t o se e is a f . gr d th , y t old gr y

W en he ot u in the m rn in e re wa s a ou n sn w h g p o g th y g o ,

a n d the r a en wa s u on a s ra n ea r him a n d a bit of e s v p p y , ﬂ h

The ie e of es fell a n d Con a w en if i n hi s ea . b k p c ﬂ h , ll t to l t i t ; a n d the ra ven sa id to hi m tha t Fa ir B ea u teou s Sm ooth

w a s a s w i e a s the sn w u on the S ra her ee a s r ed a s h t o p p y, ch k

th e es a w a s in his a n a n d her a i a s a a s the ﬂ h th t h d, h r bl ck

f r n i in e a the tha t w a s o h s w g. “ M a cPhi e (fist — Ou a sn ow da Con a sa w a oa , y y ll g t

d a a a n a m e to rin th oo s a u e e a n e e . l ght r d, bl ck r v c d k bl d

’ Oh sa s he a I ou l m a rr the ir w ose ea s is , y , th t c d y g l h br t

a s w ite a s the sn ow w se ee s a re red a s the o a n d h , ho ch k blo d,

’ w hose ha ir is a s bla ck a s the ra ven ; a n d Con a ll fell Sick for

l o ve . With these three version s fr om the H ighl a n ds of to- da y it i s in terestin g to com pa re ou r own Kym ric ve rsion from the ” a i 25 M a bin o ion : Peredu r a b Evra w M b. 0 g g ( , )

Tra n n oeth or e f a fodes Od n o A ha n ea y b o gy y . p d th

n do d a w ir d r odi n os n a wa lch a ll a y e g a t O e y gwe y y y gy t. g

l ll l ku u l a f w y lt wedy a d hwya t yn ta y d gy . cha n dwry y

kil a r dis n a n a r ic r e r n m a w o w a . a e Se f rch y lch gy br g y d y .

ll n a w n a oru c p eredu r seu y a chyffelybu du et y vra . g y der yr

r o h t w a h c e a t. wa i ei y . c y g e y llt y wr e c u wya f a ga rei a oed

du r m u d A n kyn et a chu . e ch a wt oe d kyn wyn n et a r eir y a chochter y gwa et yn yr eiry yr de u va n n gochion oed yn y ” r u d eu g y .

N e da in the m rn in he a ose from en e a n d xt y, o g, r th c , when he wen t ou t a shower of sn ow ha d fa llen the n ight

e fore a n d a wil a w ha d i e a u a t the en d of the b , d h k k ll d d ck hu t a n d a t the n oise of the horse the ha wk ﬂew a wa y a n d 4 F L - L R E 5 O K O .

h n P u r a ra ven a lighted on the ﬂesh of the bird. T e e re d

s oo a n d m a re the la n ess Of the r a e n a n d the t d co p d b ck v ,

w i e n ess of the sn o w a n d the re n e ss of the oo to the h t , d bl d,

a ir of the w om a n he m os o e w i wa s a s a k a s the h t l v d, h ch bl c

et a n d her es w i wa s a s w i e a s the sn ow a n d the j , ﬂ h, h ch h t , r e dn ess of the blood in the sn ow to the two red spots tha t

w r e e on her cheeks.

THE WR EN .

It is e a s the er m a n n er of is i e ir a , p rh p , p ky th l ttl b d th t ha s ga in e d for him the r epu ta tion for va n ity w hich h e bea rs

I a r a fa in the popu l a r e stim a tion . h ve hea d ble to the

fo owin effe in Ca n tr ev B u a llt ll g ct, told “ A wren on e da O ser in som e woo - S i e rs a t wor y b v g d pl tt k,

f ir o m u a e em SO he ﬂe w u to th e for of elt a des e t e l t th . p k

a u e oa k a n d ra win im self u s r u a t th e re e wi h h g , d g h p , t ck t t

hi n O ser in a h ro u e n o e ffe h e a s ed s ea . e e b k Th , b v g th t p d c d ct, k ,

‘ in a om ou s wa P a m n a h llt r en Wh oe s n ot the p p y , y y p ( y d ” tree split l) The follo win g pr overbia l sa yin g fr om the Highla n ds se em s to a ttribu te to hi m the sa m e cha ra cte r : “ ’ ’ bi ea d thu siod a r e a n dr eola n n u r thu n n e ob a n s S g , , g

’ a n ha i r i e ou a r t esse n e a sa i the w r en f g , Th l d by th t , d , ” ’ h n h i e his e a in the se a Ca m s P o u la r w e e d pp d b k . ( pbell p

Ta les,

The wr en som e im e s u er s a sm a u in sou n som e t tt ll , cl ck g d ,

re se m in the sou n u se to u r n a or i s is w ha t bl g d d ge o h se . Th

o u a r su se be a Si n Of r a in I a e of en ea rd p p l ly ppo d to g . h v t h “ ’ ’ it sa id in B r e con shire : Y m a e r dr yw yn gyr r u i gef yl y ’ bor e h n u i a wn la w heb od n hi r The wr e n is i in y , g f y ( dr v g

hi orse is m or n in w e s a a in n s e ra e re o . h th g, h ll h v l g) The wre n wa s a gr e a t fa vou rite with u s a s schoolboys

a n d his n e s w en e er fou n w a s rea e wi m u t, h v d, t t d th ch

I ts sa n i a s n f r n r e spe ct. ct ty w e o ce d bv a tr a ditio a l rhym e - OR 55 FOLK L E.

Y sa wl a dyn o n yth y dryw h i l n b D u Ni c a ff we ed wy e w .

’ n n t he Whoever robs the wr e s es , ” The fa ce of God sha ll n e ve r see .

Th e ru r a l m u se ha d hu m a n ely e xer te d her power s on

i r a be a f of o er ir s a so . We u se to r e e a w a h l th b d l d p t, th pp ov l , the followin g ’ Y sa w l a dyn o n yth y wy a lchen ’ Ni wel e b th o r n efoedd la wen y .

’ He tha t sha ll rob a bla ckbird s n est ’ ” Sha ll n ever com e to God s sweet rest .

B su s i u in br on r hu dden e ea s for m w a lchen y b t t t g , r dbr t, y ,

is w a s er e n era a ie to the o in a s w e th v y g lly ppl d r b ll . An a ttem pt wa s m a de som etim es to p u t in a plea even for the r o w a in of a a a ion of the a s ou e c , by k d d pt t l t c pl t

Y sa wl a dyn o n yth y fr an ’ Ni wel e byth o r n efoedd lﬁn .

B u t d o u bts w ere a lwa ys felt with rega rd to the a u then ticity

Of is a s a n d the s n s ien e refu se to re a r it th l t, choolboy co c c d g d

a a s Oblig tory . I WITH N HI E R A N SU S N .

Wh e n ra i n wa s fa i n a n d the su n s i n in a t the sa m e ll g, h g

im e it u se to be sa i a the evil wa s ea in his wife t , d d th t d b t g “ ’ ’ ” w a d wr a M a e r gwr dr wg yn o i ig.

I f t ese u a r re r esen a ion s a re to be ru s e Old h pop l p t t t t d, Nick i s by n o m ea n s plea sa n t or ha ppy in his dom estic r e

W en a I of en ea r a er a in ree e s ri e n s . la tio h boy, t h d c t t d c b d

’ by th e fa rm ser va n ts a s y p r en y cr ogodd y gwr dr wg i fa m

r on w i the e i a n hi m r I a rn o (the t ee h ch d v l h ged s othe ) . ’ r a ou it a n d on n ow n it is n o s ow w a r e . hea rd to y b t , d t k h t t e

H R E DEN B I O S S R ID Y GOBL NS .

I n su m m e when the orses n ot ein e in the s a e r, h , b g k pt t bl ,

on the r ou n d a o e a eir m a n es of n a m r olle d g go d d l, th te bec e

a n d n o e W en is wa s O ser e it u se to a n e . t gl d k tt d h th b v d , d - 56 FOLK LORE .

m a rke a er h we er a s a n Old sa n a n a n he re d (r th , o v , yi g th a r i e of e ie f a the o in or bwci ha d e en ridin t cl b l ) th t g bl , , b g

ii 1 fou n a em Ca m e ll Po u la r Ta les o IV. E 7 th . pb ( p f , , ) d

im i r e i f in De n s ire w e e the ri in w a s a ssi n e d s la b l e vo h , h r d g g ”

i GLANIB VON . to the Pisk es .

FAIR LE END Y G .

W W OBB o H lton H e . C i ou s Com m u n ica ted b MR . . y , f ,

A r n e the sto .

u 8 Lla n ddw n An ese Au s 18 4 . y , gl y, g t

The fol wi wa m M r s Wi ia m wif of o n s o e . s e l g t ld by ll ,

om a s Wi ia m s i in w ose ou se I o e Th ll , p lot, h h l dg d

‘ M a R o e s Of Ne w orou u se re ei e i si s ry b rt , b gh , d to c v v t ” 1 on e a wee fr m a l e wom a n who u se in he r a c k o ittl , d to br g loa f Of brea d in re tu r n for the loa n of her ir on grid

del f r a in rea The fa ir a wa s o he r n o t to (gra l) o b k g b d. y l y t ld look a fter her when She left the hou se ; bu t on e da y she

n a th fa ir w n a w a h tr a n s esse a d oo a e e s e e . T e gr d , t k p p y t y

a er w en s ra i to the a e La e R hosddu n ea r the l tt t t ght l k , k ,

u se a t N e wborou h a n d u n e in its wa ers a n d ho g , pl g d to t

’

sa ea r e . s o a e a ou a en u r a o di pp d Thi to k pl c b t c t y g . The hou se where M a ry R oberts live d is still sta n din g 1 2 ” 0 r n t h . u W. a 0 a s O t e e . W bo t y d or h f la k C .

1 o Mr . C obb ( who doe s n t kn ow We lsh) a n n ota te s the se w or ds o with the word tylwu th. His i n for m a n t e vide n tly re fer r ed t the “ ”— t w t ta or ood e o le E G . B l h . P y y g, g p p . . . 11 T his la e se e m s to be the o n e r efe rr ed to in the followi n li n es k g , r d dd M och 1 1 - 1220 a scribed to P y y y (AD . 60 )

Ma e ll s n R ho s r m a c ll n m a e e u r l ch y y y , y , g y , Ma e Arglwydd Llywelyn ; ’ A w r ta l n ei a l n g y y g y , Mil a r dd m ewn r dd a n [ ] m y gwy gwy . “ ” Se e m r u b the R e v . Ow en on e s s.v . N iwbwr ch. H e rea ds ( Gy , y J ,

- — R ho s f a ir for R hosyr ; the la tte r the Old We lsh n a m e of Ne wbo ro u gh occu r s in other ver sion s of the lin es a n d is the form u sed b Da f dd — , y y b il m . G . B E P . a Gw . y ) . ﬂ utes su n Q ueries.

R EPLIES.

AUTHOR OF WELSH DISTICH Y C m m r odor vi ( y , ,

Th e i r f f m s the O en n in es of dist ch e erre d to by T. or p i g l a C w dd in r a ise of M61] w i ou en era a ttri y y p , h ch, th gh g lly

u e to Le wis G n Cothi is n ot in u e in the o e e b t d ly , cl d d c ll ct d

w r s of a a r e i e Gwa llter M e a n a n d Te id. o k th t b d , d t d by ch i g

I t ha s we er e en u is e in the C lch r a wn L a n , ho v , b p bl h d y g ( l

ib d to d v 1 8 4 V l i . a n d i r too a sér e o er 3 o . s e e y ; ; , p th , ,

L e wis bu t ha s n ot a ea re e sew e e in rin so fa r a s I ; pp d l h r p t ,

n ow I i w dd o u r s the oft- u o ra se M611 , k . n s C e th y y cc q t d ph , ” m Th m a s a n u a a n d s e re sem es m a m G ru . e oe e y p , to l g g tyl , bl the a u then tic works of Lewis Glyn Cothi fa r m ore tha n tha t

‘ o f the six em s of Ll wel n Go u s e in the po y y ch, p bli h d

M v r n A r cha olo I su s e the on fu si n ha s a ise n y y ia i gy. p ct c o r fr om the fa ct tha t Lewis Glyn Cothi wa s a lso ca lle d Llywelyn

’ n hi illi m E m i n en t Welshm en a n d i G Cot W a s s . n ly ( , p

the sa m e wa the oe Ll wel n a R isia rt a R S is m ore y, p t y y p p y

m m on n own a L w s M r n B o o a so co ly k s e y o ga wg. th p ets l ” w i i u n u Vid o e a e e e s a s n a m L u . r t p thet c l g po l die ed le c . (

i Wor ks Y B r t 1 8 9 vol i . 1 0 L i o i hon 5 . 7 ew s G n G y , , , p ly th , , 25 —L 8 L . R . pp . ,

C MRIC R EMAI NS IN THE CR IM EA vi —I a e to Y ( , r ply

s m e in u iries the e i o of C m r u in w i es a s o q , d t r y k dly r t follows Nid oes ge n yf restr wrth la w 0 a wdwyr y ’ gwa ha n ol Erthygla u i r Cym r u ; 0 n d yr ydwyf yn credu m a i

’ w dda r Dr Em n on es a s rifen odd a r H u a di e G a r . y . ly J y g d u

Yn fu a n a r 0 1 rh fel Crim ea m dda n osodd rth la u y y , y g e yg yn

VOL. VII . F 58 NOTES AND ER IES QU .

y Cyfn odolion Cym re ig yn cyn n wys p roﬁon O 0 1 tra ed y Celtia id yn y Crim ea ; yn m ysg era ill yr en w ” Fro P R m s . w b thi . ill e a ble to dra w his own con clu sion s a s to the va lu e of the sta tem en t a bou t w hich he

e n u ir e . D q d E ITOR .

GOWER THE POE'r A WE H vi —Mr LS MAN . . , , (vol . , p Llywa rch R eyn olds ha s sen t a copy of the title - pa ge Of the

e i i n Of the Con essio Am a n tis rin e in 1 53 2 Br ish d t o f , p t d ( it

M u se u m 641 w i i o ow . c s a s f s , , k h h ll i llu . d stri ct In

C o n fe ssio n e

A m a n

tis.

Im p rin ted a t L o n don in Fle te stre te by T hom a s B e rthe - le tte Pr in te r to the

Kin is ra ce g g ,

AN .

M . D . x xx u .

C U M P R I V I L E G IO .

I t will be seen tha t it m a kes n o re fer e n ce to the We lsh n a ion a i of the a u o a s s a e in the e r a from t l ty th r, t t d xt ct

E m i n e t W l m en M r R n I o er e h . e s a oo n s . y old dds l ke d v the in trodu ctory pa rt a n d cu r sorily throu gh the whole work

’ ” a n d fou n n a u sion to Gow r e in a Wel m n d o ll e s b g sh a . Perha ps som e rea der will try to discover how this m is s a em en a r t t t ose.

E QU ER I S .

’ —It is sa i MOR GAN S R E I SED NEW ESTAMENT . a DR . V T d th t a t the im e of his ea in 1 604 Bis M or a n ha d rea t d th , , hop g dy for the pr ess a revision Of his tra n sla tion Of the New Testa

TE D ERIES 60 NO S AN QU .

’ refn t lu r ta Wedi t u , a c n Ar bwyn t a llor ci hen ta n Yn b t m ewn hen ledd f la s y g y g , r a la n a s Lu n ia i la we g , Ga fa ela y gof eilwa ith ’ ’ C hwery Ag cf oyu dechr eu r gwa ith he i fa wd a r h d i fin R d e y e , ’ Dewr fodd i brofi r du rfin ; Ff ’r r n filwr f u gia gw y od, Neu yn hen ga dben hyn od Areithia b thia ’ n a s , ygy g ’ I w elyn ion a la n a s ; ’ Yn a tr ter e n tan y, y y , A chwyth yn gryfa ch weithia u ; A gwreichion fila m gochion ca n t Drwy dorcha u m wg dra w dyr cha n t E dyn a lla n o du n dig ’ Ei fiwrn da n firio n fi rin , y g , Yr hen gledd m a wr ia wn ci glod Yn m a ss m ewn m osod y y , A dwg e f yr a deg hon Yn wyn ia s a r ei sin ion ’ Ac m e wn hw l a r m or thw l m a wr y , y , d n erth r m u s a wr Esgu , a g y g , ’ Fe i cu ra n ee a yn swob ’ wra in ei wa s n a eth a rwch Gy g g , ’ r dd I a ru r dda ea r i a i , ’ A th O hon wen ith a ha idd y . The followin g work: a r e in p r epa ra tion !

Y GODODI o r r N, RY Tn m Sw a n s Samp le m ma y m

‘ E SSAY L AN ON RENNII I N I G r in t n . , SI P L ON G N . i g

YSTOR Y DE CAROL N . m A O MAO O T a m m s, Ere.

r R CHO D n M A G RWY R . w i of C D A s gs a ll MSS.

E OI AR I d Y YR E U D US a n MBOBTH ENAID.

Y CYMMRO 8 DOB, 1 84.

All Lite ar Comm u n ica t n s Bo ks . for R eview a n d An r y io , o ,

’ n ou n cem en ts of Forthc m W rks shou ld be ddressed o in g o , a

the Ed t of Y MMRODO To i or CY R,

0 2 a r a tree 3 3 S din i S t,

’ e s W C L n Oln s In n F . i c i ld ,

u usertinms

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xm r n n BY

T HO M S WE A PO L ,

PR INT ED FOR T H E SOCI ETY m on or is etym r .

C NT PAR T I I V O L . VI I . O ENTS OF . ( )

N Ot e on C eltic Phon olo B PR OFESSOR R YS s gy . y H

A d m h l Ca m bria n ca e of Art. TH MA R . A T e R o a B T. H O C . y y y . S, .

B n M . 2 2 B GERTON r t r om H e wrt NO 0 . G . F m f S . A a g en g y E .

PHILLIMORE . ith ho to r a hic F a csim i le W P g p .)

N en n iu s a n d Ge offr e of M on m ou th B L L R E D B A YNO S . y . y . L , .

T he Na tion a l Eisteddf od of 1 884

H istorica l Poem s by I or wer th Vyn glwyd GDQ m m r o h o r .

V O V R 2 . L . I I Y E NOI I PA T . CAR ED DOETH R L ON.

TE E T PH NO S ON C L IC ONOLOGY .

B Y PR O FESSO R R a fts .

AT the re u es of the E i or I a e ef e the rea ers of q t d t , pl c b or d the Cym m r odor som e few of the a cqu isition s Of Celtic scho l a rshi in the ﬁe of on o o in ou r im e e er wit-h p ld ph l gy t , tog th som e e m o ies of m own w i a e n ot een u is e ty ol g y , h ch h v b p bl h d

f r Th rm a n Fr en e o e . e for m a re m s to be fou n in Ge b er o tly d , ch , a n d En is u a ion s som e of whi a re n ot er a e s gl h p blic t , ch v y cc si e the C m m r odori on Th e m is e la n eou s n e s e re bl to y . c l ot h brou ght together ha ve been so sele cte d a s to form a por tion of the m a te ria ls for a n swerin g a qu e stion propou n ded to m e

a e n a m e wh we a re in th e a i see n a We s l t ly, ly , y h b t, i g th t l h

‘ a n d I is diﬁer so m u f om on e a n o e of n si er in r h ch r th r, co d g

e m a n d the t e a n u a e s a sso ia e wi em a s th , o h r l g g c t d th th , f rm i n on e fa m of Ar a n a n u a es a e Ce i a n d o g ily y l g g , c ll d lt c,

- n ot two a e Ga B on i a n d Goi e i r e s e t e . , c ll d llo ryth c d l c p c iv ly

I n a en e ra wa it m u s su fﬁ e sa a e m u u a l g l y, t c to y, th t th ir t

e se m a n e is too ea a n d a the ifferen e e w een r bl c gr t, th t d c b t

em ou er n si e a e is n ot be om a r e wi th , th gh v y co d r bl , to c p d th

h e iffer en e for in s an e e w e en th e eu n i a n d the t d c , t c , b t T to c

n i a n u I i in fa m ore on a e e wi the S a o a es. t s l v c l g g , ct, l v l th differ en ce which exists betwee n a Low Du tch la n gu a ge like

n is a n d a H Du c on e i e the o d n a w ri en E gl h , igh t h l k r i ry tt

VOL. YII. G 62 NOTES ON CELTI C PHONOLOGY .

Ge rm a n of th r s n da w ou be n o ifﬁ u l e p e e t y . There ld d c ty in a ccu m u la tin g fa cts w hich w ou ld go to Show tha t it is both correct a n d con ven ie n t to com pr ehen d a ll the Celtic la n gu a ges u n der a sin gle n a m e ; bu t m ost of those fa cts

w u hu o a e u too m u r oom to be in r o u e d er e . s ld t k p ch t d c h T , the syn ta x com m on to a ll the Celtic la n gu a ge s h a s plen ty of cha r a cte ristics which distin gu ish it from tha t of the other Arya n la n gu a ges ; a n d m u ch the sa m e r e m a rk a p

' ies to the r e a e u ia ri o f Ce i hon o o w i pl g t p c l ty lt c p l gy, h ch

is om m on n own a s the M u ta ion of I n i ia Con son a n s c ly k t t l t , a n d is fou n d to be fu lly develope d in e very livin g di a le ct of

the r u For r be on en to m en ion g o p . the p e sen t we Sha ll c t t t

on on e or two oin s in the on o o rem isin ha m os ly p t ph l gy , p g t t t of the a n cie n t da ta a va ila ble pr e sen t the m selves withi n the

sm a om a ss Of sin e wor s w e n e it is a som e O f ll c p gl d , h c th t the m ost tr ivia l phe n om en a of Celtic pron u n cia tion a re n ot u n fr equ e n tly of ca p ita l im porta n ce for philologica l pu rposes

the m or e a r i ra r a n d a i e n a e seem the m or e con b t y cc d t l th y ,

clu sive is the e i en e to be e ra e from hem a s will be v d c xt ct d t ,

rea i n d ly se e from the followin g illu stra t ion s.

I .

The con son a n t repr ese n te d in E n glish a n d its sister ton gu e s

a n d in the o er Ar a n a n u a es om m on is by f , th y l g g c ly by p ,

os in Ce i a s in th e w or s we su oin l t lt c , d bj

‘ ’ 1 ld I ris a th r fa t r in r et -n . O i e La a ter G ee n h , h ; t p ; k ip ;

Sa n ri i ta r En i a ther sk t p gl sh f .

‘ ’

I r en ir f r ctn . W e n h ed n 2 O . o 0 e s t . W s M od. e . , b d , l h ; l ,

’ ‘ ’ wi n a d er i ir a den n r La t. en n a for esn a b d , , g y , b d ; p , p

‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ ’ et a f r ° Gr t a I n e a e . w eT O t w r é ov Win Skr p , th / , ﬂy , p , g ; . ’ tr a a tr a Win E n ea h a ta . t er . p , p , g ; g f

’ tem M od a W e . e s ed n h . s W rea ed a 3 . 0 e ed d l h , l h , t d , f ,

’ ’ a h m H G rm n a t o . . e a m r a r n E n . O da e a y ; g f ; f , th d .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 4 Ir a r a ir' er for in fr on Of a a in a r ' . . st We s on e r , , , , t , g ; l h , , ,

E N ELTIC H ‘ O NOT S O C P ON LOGY.

‘ ’ ver n a n n su e ore a ll of w i seem to be of the sa m e , o p ri ; h ch 1 or i in a s the re osi ion s a rea is u sse a n d a s the g p p t l dy d c d,

‘ ’

Go hi a e e in a i r n o er the old or a s ea r . The t c dj ctiv f j j , p t y

n sa of the eu n i for m s a ea rs a s in Ce i es e ia a l T to c pp l o lt c, p c lly

‘ ’ in We s n am e in the a se of a r On w e om es a m l h , ly , c , , hich b c

‘ ’ w en it ta es the erson a e n in s a s in a rn a On m e a r n om h k p l d g , f , , ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ on u s The I is ia r a f er e in w es se em s to be a . r h , t , b h d, t ,

om ou n of a r a n d it is u se m u i e the Go i a a r c p d , d ch l k th c f ,

‘ ’ a fter e in bu t in er a in osi ion s it e om es ia ra a s in , b h d ; c t p t b c ,

‘ ’ i a r n - im thecht a fter oin a n d Tech n Da i n d i a r' n dE r in d , g g , ,

’ ’ D on n s H ou se e in Erin n the n a m e of a n s e n e a r the b h d , i l t

K n m a re B a e n tra n ce in to e y .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ i m u o . drin . r W I r ibim I 0 We s ibom b be e s M d. 6 . O . . , k ; l h , ;

‘ ’

kr . ed to r n La t . bibo Gr . w ives fu u r e wto a t S yf , d i k ; ; , t p ;

‘ ’ iba ti he r n s . p , ( ) d i k ’ ‘ ’ ‘ I r i hi -m m a i r e h rn t I t i he ith n . t o o O . t . da e e 7 . e a e c s , , , , , g , c ,

’ ‘ ’ ‘ k i ta u i rin u ri m en ra in We sh d rn S r . e n s g ; l y , co ; p , j c , d k , o h t

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ n n n ta f 0 Bu ria n ita ti to n ou ris of a i e i oo . a y k d , Z d p , d ; lg p , h ,

’ i tom a fed fa e n e : ossi the En is word s foo p , , tt d p bly gl h d, ’ f n r 'r o a I f ee a d the Gre e v a é t ea t u t. wda o a t a re a s d, k a , , a , l o

n n co e cte d .

’ ’ I r ‘ h 8 . a ﬁ La ia so n s t iscis i k En . . isc is e e . G a s , g . , ; p ; oth c f ; g

’ h - is . The We s sc ﬁsh is a La in oa n wo a n d the f l h p p , , t l rd,

I ris ia so im l es a n ea r form n i w i is in c n escos e . ésc o h p i ly , , g , h ch

sis en w the o er form s u n ess we su Ose em all t t ith th , l p p th to

a e ha n h v d a lo g vowel . 9 M I ‘ ’ d. r . or n i . o n a 6 e . a es en a n a n son We s , g , d c d t, gr d ; l h

‘ ’ ’ w r n son bu t form er n n r a a es en a La t. a e y , gr d , ly y d c d t ; p ,

’ ‘ ’ ' ‘ Gr . r a ts en . 7ra 1.869 for n a ts n a tdos w i if boy ; , g , F , p , h ch, ri h e a e a s a in 8 for the sem - we wou a e g tly r g rd d h v g i vo l j , ld h v

e e n or n a of the sa m e Ja e en s n a s th I ri b igi lly d cl io e sh word .

As the a e m a be a e d a 6 is w a is wr i en in to l tt r, it y dd th t h t tt

1 ’ See Win disch in Cu rtiu s Gr a n d e der rie chischen E t m olo ie , ﬁtg g y g , ’

N O . 3 60 a n d Ebel in Ku hn s B eitr a e e iv 175 ; , g , , . NOTES ON CELTIC HONOLO P GY.

’ ’ ’ E n lis o in n a m es i e O Don ova n O Kell a the g h , l k or y ; th t n om in ati e u ra wa s i e the en i i e Sin u a r a i ‘ v pl l , l k g t v g l ,

ia e to be r e u e to i a n d wi the h fre u en t r ﬁ l bl d c d , , th q ly p e xe d to owe m on os a es to be m a e in o the h w i a e a r v l yll bl , d t y h ch pp s in n a m es Of is ri s i e H - Fia chra ch in M a o a n d S i o d t ct , l k y y l g . ’ li ter a lly m e a n in g Fia chra s desce n da n ts ; a n d tha t the gen itive o f the Old I ris a a e w u a e ee n a a i w i is r e re h o ld h v b , h ch p se n te d in the Ea rly Irish of the in scription s by a oi a n d a voi 1 in I r n n both ela d a d Wa les.

‘ ’ I r fu W lla O . . Ian e s wn 1 0. La t len a s Li , ll ; l h ; . p ; th .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ fu B u la n et fu i ln a s 0 . ll . Go . a lla for a ln a p , ll ; lg p , ; th f f

‘ ’ n fu a s w i it wi be O r E . se e a w i h g ll , to h ch ll b v d, th t h le t e La tin w or r esu oses a n ea r lén os the f rm w i the i d p pp ly p , o h ch Celt c w r s os u a e m u s a e ee n la n os a n d the di fferen i o d p t l t t h v b p , ce s o ser e in o er w or s : u s the Wels o ow e th b v d th d th , h b rr d e La tin

‘ ’ r ém s an d m a e it in o r hw a n oa r bu t e ha d i a d t yf, ; th y a k n dr ed

‘ ’ w or in r ha w a S o e u ra r ho a a w i s u a n d , h v l , pl l ﬁ , h ch po t l te s a

' I ris r m em s e a r ly fem in i n e r a m a . h a se to ha ve ha d both m ea n

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 2 i n s S a de a n d Oa r g , p

‘ ’ ‘ ’ I r t r fi r W s l a wr fi r ‘ 1 1 . . a oo e l oo Gr . wh s fu , ; l h , ; im , ll, ’ oli l - l 0 . N se dr A Sa x d fi e s . . r En l . loor a l l d, d ; or f ; fl ; g f ,

o ssi of the sa m e ori in a s a ll a n d its on en ers a n p bly g f c g ,

rtifi ia m a e oor ein a sor of fi in Fi in h a . is c lly d fl b g t ll g ck,

om a r a tive Diction a r iii om a re s the Li u a n ia n C p y ( , c p th

” ’ li m a itti ea u a da m i er a to ﬁll ﬁlli a n . p y p , to h p p , l t lly g ‘ ’ 2 I l m a n a e w 3 0 . T. so a r a 1 . a e s r , h d , l l g l po exp e sse d by

’ n a in L in n d m a n d in A - Sa o m a s a a . n We s lla w a n t x ; l h , h d ,

‘ ’ ‘ - - m u r er dd red a n e i . e. a L llo r a er a t . a lm a the a m f , h d d , , d ; p , p l

’ ’ w t A - Sa on f the a n Gr . ﬂ a . olm o a n . h d ; / n ; x f , h d ’ W ’ I r . a r co I e see c e s a h 1 3 . r c a r e u e s or ra er , b h ; l h , q t p y ,

I Se e Stokes I r ish Gla sses Du blin 67 R h s R evue , ( , p . y , ’ C e lti u e ii 3 27 a n d C u r tiu s Gr u n dz it e No 3 8 7 . q , , g , . 2 ’ Sen cha s M or iii 204 - 8 208 - 210 , , , . 3 ’ Stokes T hree i Middlc I r ish Gla sses Ca lcu tta . 13 5 ( , p . NOTES ON CELTIC HON P OLOGY .

’ ’

er chi a sk for to m m a n La t. reces a a er or e u es , to , co d ; p , pr y r q t ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ hn a k r r a en r a eu s a su i Go r a i n to a s Ge . p , tor ; th . f , ; f g ;

a m o in is a s i e to La t c for m ore er the s e . a s a a rse a ov , rig cr b d p , p ,

’ ‘ I em a n a n d the Ger m a n or saken in u ir e or in v d d , f , to q e s ’ i a te t g .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ I r l - ton e We s llech a S a 14 . ﬁ t eec a a s e La . la . n ca , g ; l h , l t ; p ,

‘ ’ ’ r n la n ca s fo P M r . F a Th a oa s a a . e sa m b d, l b , pl k , , l t ot e se m s to be the o in Of Gre e wa i n ka /( 6 a n e e . a in rig k f, g 9 , yth g

’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ fia t wéhexy s a a c e Skr . a r a a a a e a r a , , h t h t ; p p , h tch t , p p , ’ f th Si e of a a rib a u e n e e is ern En . a Ge r , c rv d k i , d c t ; g fl g . h fi ’ la s a t . f , I ’ W ’ 1 5. r . lesta r a esse e s llestr a esse a s i , v l ; l h , v l, h p ,

’ ’ ‘ a so a rison Gu es s Ma h i llesta ir O s ru ion l p ( t , , , b t ct

’ ’ or im e im en llestei r io im e e or re e n B re n p d t , , to p d p v t ; to

‘ ’ léstr a vesse a S i u ra listr i a s w i it is , l , h p , pl l ; to h ch to be su pposed tha t the sim pler form s r e pr e se n t a n

ea r Ce i n eu er lestr on lecstr a n a n d llesta i r a eri ly lt c t , , , d v Th on n i n a tive lester ion . e e o of m ea n in ha s a wa s , c ct g l y

e en a ifﬁ u bu t it isa e a rs a s soon a s e se w or s a r b d c lty, d pp th d e r f rr to the sa m e ori in a s the La t lecta I i r i e e e . a a d g p , pl t, b d,

’ ' ’ ‘ in Gr h ex w I a i or erw ea e . w wh om a w eb or a n t v ; , pl t , f, y

’ in i Skr r a n a w o e n wo f n i a e . o a n a th g pl t d ; p c , v rk y k d,

’ ’

a s e Ger . lechten to a i or wrea e . The ea r ies b k t ; f , pl t th l t

o er w a s fa s i n e on a s e - w o a n d o he r esse s p tt y h o d b k t rk, t v l

- w ere m a e erin wic er wor wi hi e s som e, d by cov g k k th d , wha t in the wa y tha t cora cles ha ve a lwa ys been m a de : so lestr a n m a y be ta ken to ha ve origin a lly m ea n t wha t kept the

e sse o e e w i e a in s how tester ia n S ou m ea n v l t g th r, h ch xpl h ld

im i n h - obstr u ction or ped m e t. T e n on r e du ction of st to ss i s n ot the u e in ris a n d ossi lesta r is a oa n - w or from r l I h, p bly l d

B r on i on the o er ha n the e is en e in Ga u is of yth c ; th d, x t c l h words of this origin is prove d be yon d dou bt by the Fr en ch n a m e Littr é : for refer en ces to m en con n ecte d with a pla ce

a e L t r é n ea Com ou r in t e e a r m en of Ile - c ll d i t , r b g, h d p t t et NOTES ON CELTIC H P ONOLOGY . 67

V i a in e a e een ra u f th w lf n e m e n s o e e e tu r . l , h v b t c d to doc t t th c y

T h e O e s form e e e is Lis re for a Ga u li s Listra con ld t d t ct d t , h w h i is s i e er re ser e in Lis ra a n a m e w i ch t ll b tt p v d t c, h ch 1 u r i in th ir on Wi th r u a r i n f o c c s tw ce e G de . th e eg l va r a tio O di a e it a ea rs a s Li r in the e a r m e n of a a os l ct p p tt y d p t t C lv d . A ll thr ee ha ve bee n ta ken to m e a n potterie s ; bu t the Welsh w o r ds su ggest the proba bility of the m e a n in g bein g Sim ply

a t of a a n e or im a ssa e S o . th t gl d, p bl p t

‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ I r letha n r oa ll da n r oa lle . We s 1 6 . d re a , b d ; l h y , b d , , b dth ,

’ ’ lled en a ﬁa t- ﬁsh hen - ll da n the r ou n ir wor hen , , y , d b th t ,

’ ‘ ll da n br oid the rea er a n a in Corn is en - lida n a n y y ﬁ , g t p l t ; h , pl

’ ’ - - ’ r k a r if r oa ﬂ air a rea a /a th a o G . a a n tr l e t g ; e, b d , s, b dth , s,

’ ’

r Li . la ta s ro a kr r tha s O ri e n a a n e e e S . t l p l t ; th p , b d ; p ,

’ ‘ ’ r The l m of r o a a r e r atha s ea . O d We sh for b d , l g , p , b dth l ll da n w a s wri e n li ta n a n d the Ga u is w a s i e n i a for y tt , l h d t c l ; w e e a rn fr om Liv iii 24 a the r oa fore s in th e l y (xx , ) th t b d t

f h B oii in I a w a a Li te r r itory o t e t ly s c lle d ta n a Sylva .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 We sh ll w a r u e r ll wi o to s e er or r u e ll wi wr 7 . l y , dd , y , t l , y ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ a h e lm sm a n ll w dd a ea er or re si e n ll wi a wdr a , y y , l d p d t , y ,

’ ‘ ’ ‘ r u e r or o ern or ll wodr a eth o er n m e n B r e n léa ia to l g v , y , g v t ; to , ’ ’ ‘ i ’ ’ s e e r leo ier a o or s e ersm a n Gr . 7r7t ew fu t . wh eﬁa o a t t , , p l t t ; , a ,

’ ’ ' ‘ I sa i wk éo c a sa i in a vo a e wh o to v a n oa in l , , l g, y g , , y ﬂ t g ’ ” ’ t a l " B u . oa I r r f 0 . a a i v e ss e o a sa Skr . la va a l c t ; lg p , p j , l ; p , — boa t or Skiff we lea ve ou t the m a n y kin dre d w ords which

' ‘ ’ de i a te to o her m e a n in s su a s La t . la oi a r a in En v t g , ch p , ; g.

flo w ood e e a n d o hers. The We sh for a ru er im , fl , fl t, t l dd

i n f ie s a form ta a ta s iffer n in e er r om the Gr . wh ofo f r pl , d g g d v o

WM LO V a n d we se e m to m e e wi it in I ris a s ldi a n d hit F , t th h ,

in a a ssa e in the B ook o the D a n 68b w er e a wa rrior p g f , , h is de scr ibe d a s a rm e d with a Swor d which wa s a s lon g a s the

lai of a cor a e w er e w a s r o a m ea n the a e or cl , h by p b bly t p ddl

’ n scu ll u sed in pr opelli g a cora cle .

' ’ 1 in h M em ir s l 8 0 0 d L in u isti See M owa t s a rticle t e a e de a . e g qa e de

- Pa r is ii 224 7 . , , H 68 NOT ES ON CELTIC P ONOLOGY.

’ ’ ll’ 1 8 r a le a ile a ll a illia m ore We s a ll ha ll a . I . . , , , , ; l h , , The m e a n in gs of a il e a n d a illi a wou ld se em to in volve a n

’ ea rly spe cim e n of a n I r ish bu ll ; bu t the expla n a tion p r o

’ ’ ba bly is tha t the m u ch a n d the m a n y in this in sta n ce

’ som ehow ca m e to be the whole ; a n d if we r ega rd the

’ ori in a m ea n in of a ile a n d a ll a s m u a n d a e th e ea r g l g ch , t k ly

’ fo m s e os u a e n a m e a l a s a l a ol on in o a ou n r th y p t l t , ly, j , j , y , t cc t, w e ﬁn d them fa llin g eas ily in to their pla ces a s the cou n ter

’ n o m u wi M for a rts Of the G ee wa n d e . vr i) p r k s. g , ch , th

i n n i m tim su ose en the ea r er X a d ot 7t a s s sO e e S . l j , F, pp d Th

’ I ris li a m ore m a e s La t lu s a n d la te s for leor es h , , tch . p p , p ,

’ ’ m r e w i e I ris i l m u u ra ili is u se i e Gree o h l h , ch (pl l ) , d l k k ’

v i I n I r ilda tha ch Gr . oh i o i la Ger o el m u a s . r G . , th c ﬁ , , ch , ,

’ f n r n I r o d r . lch wok é oo s Ger . a ie a r bi O m a o ou s a i xp , lf g, y c l ;

h r v l esta lti m u iform o m a n i ké o e . ie r t a ch Gr . wo o a G , a p d s, g g, lt

’ fo ld .

’ 1 I r r m u in r om ar er 9 . o er r ea too a s . , v y , g tly , ch , , v y

’ ’ r h t a r ﬁx d to ea oe a l d er n or e essi e s e e . P e e gr t , , v y lo g xc v l p

er s it ha s the for e of for w a r s a s in r a chim I rea h or v b c d , , c ,

’ ’ om e u to r a cca im for r o - a cca i m I rin a ffero bu t it is c p , , , b g, ;

m os l u se for is in c ion s of en se or m oo a s in r ocha n t y d d t t t d , ,

’ ’ ’ ce cin it r a r e a r t s o on dit r a m ea r soon r om a t , g , p p ; , ly, , ,

‘ ’ ’ cora m t e r oim e or a m e o r a m a i n d or a m n o is We s , , c , , c b l h

’ ‘ ’ ‘ r h e r too a s in r h a wr too rea r h ben d e trem e y, v y, , y f , g t , y y , x ’ en a n e reﬁ e to v er s it is u se m u a s in I r is or p c ; p x d b d ch h,

r a er it w a s u se SO w i is n o on er the a se a s in th d , h ch l g c ,

’ ’ ’ r h weleis I sa w r h dd od en isse fr m d a d e n ire y , , y yf , v o yf , v ;

a n d it is fou n d with a person a l term in a tion in the m ediaeva l

We s form u a Of a n e rsa i n a a — r o a cla w be l h l co v t o l o th y f ,

’ ’ w een m e a n d God m or e eral e a n m oi e t Dieu t , lit ly, d v t , espe cia lly a s the Fren ch de is the etym ologica l equ iva len t of

We s r u the e e se . W en a ce n e a s in r o the o l h y h d h c t d , f ,

em a in s u n m o iﬁe o er wise it e om es ron ou n e i a r d d , th b c y, p c d l ke

‘ ’ in the En is wo bu t a n d w en the ﬁ is a a i gl h rd , h p re x g n NOTES ON CELTIC HONOLO P GY .

a h a n d em a sise a s it som e im es is in m ern We s de t c e d ph d, t od l h , th e vo w e l ha s a ppr oxim a tely the sou n d of Germ a n a in N orth

of I a ia n i in Sou W e Sim i a r is a r W a le s a n d t l th a l s. l ly th p ti cl e i s wr i e n a n d r on ou n e r ein B re on bu t in Old B re on tt p c d t , t

‘ ’ r o e r n a m es it u se to be r o a s in R oderchu s We s R h p p d , , l h y

’ dde r c h a n d the Ga u is wa s r ho or r a w i a oss on the ; l h , h ch gl ’ ’ 1 in Th n a m e R hoda n u s e xpla s to ha ve m ea n t n im iu m . e

‘ o n a t e w or s in u e a m on m a n o er s La in r o efor e c g d cl d , g y th , t p , b , ’ f ’ ‘ ’ B u . r a r o r i r a for f . L e 7r 6 O e o e . e or ; Gr . p lg p p b ; th p b ; ’ i r N orse r a m for Sk r a f r a wa e s e a e . r . O p , o th , y , p c lly , v y ; f ,

’

w a r s fu r er En . r om . d , th ; g f

’ 2 I r r é r m n whi w f l a . a a en o w s a 0 . o e o e , c , t , ch , h l d by yll

ble w i a r a owe ha s its é reso e in o i a : a e for th b o d v l, lv d t t k ,

’ ’ e a m e r esi n a n r i a a a i n for All - w e S e e H al o s. x pl , , t , mf , b l

B o h form s a r e a so en i e to a ﬁn a n a s in r ia n - du l t l t tl d l , ,

’ ‘ e fo re oin r i a n - a m n a i in fr on a n d on e a f of his b g g , , t b h l

’ wif Wi th rs n a rm in on w f rm e . th e pe o l te a ti e ha ve su ch o s a s

’ ‘ ’ r i a m efor e m e r i a t efor e ee bu t it is m ore u su a to , b , , b th ; l

e m lo th e o er r e osi ion r a a rea dis u sse or e se a p y th p p t , l dy c d, l

’ for m e n in in m r em r ia m efore of im e or a e a s in d g , , , b , t pl c ,

' ’ ’ r em i e fore him forw a r s r em i e fore her e a r sich , b , d , p , b , ,

’ r em a i n d e for e u s sa r a r em ib efore em in r e fere n e , b , p , , b th , p c ’ ’ s to t em r ia m efor e him cor a m eo bu t e m ora i h , , b , , t p lly th

’ a s m e a n s hi er to r e viou s a n tea in om osi ion r ém i l t th , p ly , ; c p t ,

’ a s in r ém ita a t racsu n t in er i a i ves su c a s r em a in , p d v t , h , ’ ’ 2 - m in n n d r em es ru r r i n W h h r e e e a e o e . e s a s r w p t , , l g l h yf ,

’ ’ ’ ‘ i n r hw a n to ea r hw a n a s r u i n om in a in k g , yf , l d , yf , l g, d t g ,

’ ’ r hw en dd a rin e or e a er r hw a da r a e a er Cor yf y , p c l d , yﬁ , l d ;

’ ’ r a r w in r a a n es u n r a a n a id i i ee i a . r a i n s . h f , y, k g , if , q , if , ,

’ 1 See Sta kes in Ku hn s B eitr a e e vi 228 a n d Diefen ba ch in his , g , , ; ,

Or i in es E a r o a aee . 408 wher e he u otes fr om the I tin er a r iu g p , p , q m l Hie r oso ym . 2 This seem s to be the m ea n in of the w or d a lthou h it is u su a ll g , g y ‘ ’ ’ re n der ed tim e a s for in sta n ce i n the voc bu la r to in di ch I r is , , , a y W s s che h r he iv r i r is T hi Texte w e e e s em . s w o u ld se em to m ilita t e a in , g f - ga st

o r in ter r eta tion bu t on t u r n in to the a ssa e in the L . n a h Uta r u p , g p g e, 0 NOTES O N CELTIC PR 7 O NOLOGY.

’ a n a ith n om Ven e i Bre n r oe a s in r er n a m e s f , ki gd ; t c to , l o p op ,

’ ’ ’ r in r oa n es u ee n r oa n teleh i Th oa n n om . e ea d , k g , , q , , k gd l

in w r a m on a ll e se is r hw or r a a n d it os u a g o d g th yf if, p t l tes

a n ea r n m n a i e r ém os the u ra of w i is we kn w n ly o i t v , pl l h ch ll o

in the Ga u lis R ém i the n a m e of the ea in s a e of th h , l d g t t e

B l ee AS in the se of o er Ga u is o th n a m e e . a e es e o f g c th l h p pl , the R em i su r vives in the for m of R heim s a s tha t of the ir

rin i a own w i La in a u rs a e Da r a ca r tor a m p c p l t , h ch t tho c ll d

R e a ra m The m os im or a n o n a e w or is th La t m . t p t t c g t d e in

’ r im a s ﬁrst for a n o er r eim a s a n d the Ir is r i a m p , , ld p ; h ,

’ a n e a is ex a the e m o o i a e u i a en of La in r im o t , ctly ty l g c l q v l t t p

or r i m a m w i e the ffe re n e of m e a n in is ro a to be p , h l di c g p b bly tra ce d to the Celt ha vi n g tr e a te d the tim e be for e a n othe r tim e

h r i r bu t the ea r ies f th tw On or a s n ot t e ea e o e o . e tw o l , l t e xa m ples will serve to illu stra te his preferen ce for the su p erla

i e : w ere a R om a n wou l a v e sa i u o difﬁciliu s e o ree t v h d h d, q p

’ cla riu s a n d a n En i s m a n the a r er the a s the r e a e r , gl h h d t k g t

’ ‘ the or a We s m a n sa s a a n ha wsa w a i th m w a gl y , l h y p f y g y f y

’ clod whi i e a re n ere d w ou l be the ha r es th e a k , ch, l t r lly d , d d t t s

’ ‘ ’ h r h r im i a the se n t e e a es t e . S r is in We sh g t t glo y l ly, co d l

r a il w er e a il is the e m o o i a e u i a en Of La in y , h ty l g c l q v l t t

a li a s a n d n ot of a lter a n d to e ress in Old I ris the La in , xp h t

sir e— sir e on e m a e u se of aid a n d sa i a id—a id som ew a , d , d , h t

a s ou on e were to sa in En is wha t—a r in s ea of th gh y gl h , t d

whether — a r .

‘ ’ ’ 21 Wi r h w n d s e ies h wia in . r Go i th y , ki , p c , y g, k dly ; th c

’ ff rin r r a io see O s a e . f , d, p g, c

’ 22 We r h dd fr ee wi dd u n i h in . s so e e t the l h y , , th ( d d l k En glish wor d this) sta n di n g for the sem i - vowel j (sou n ded ’ i e in the En is w or es Go i r eis free u r a l k y gl h d y ) ; th c f , , pl l

m i : r a En . r . n o . r a a cc n s ee f ij , f ij g f

’ fol l 2 1a of the R o a l Ir ish A ca dem s a csimile Du blin w e ﬁn d . , y y f ( , ’ the r ea din there to be r i a r em is du rin his r ei n in a llu sion to th g f , g g , e

- we ll kn o wn in of Ulster C on choba r m a c N e ssa . Sin ce writin the k g , g ‘ ’ for e oin I ha ve com e a cross r em a s r u le r ei n in a u ota tion fr g g , , g , q om ’ O C on n or in n ote W to the Fou r ill /aster s e n tr for t he ea r A M 453 3 y y . .

’ H NOTES ON C ELTIC P ONOLOGY . pa rt of the word r er edos com es from the sa m e sou r ce a s

Ga u is r heda a n d the I is ve r r ia d a i m I ri e in a l h , r h b , d v

’ i o i e n o u m en ts of a S a n is ori in c a o or e e c . I h r t , th r v h l d c p h g the form ver ed a o u r s in the sen se of s - r oa a n d o n e cc po t d, ca n ha rdly se ver from these in sta n ce s the n a m e of a R om a n s a ion n ea r Old Pen ri h in Cu m er a n : the m a n u s ri s o f t t t , b l d c pt th I n r f n in u r Vor ed a a n d Ver eda e ti e ra y o An to s ehd .

‘ ’ W wa r n ow r e u e u su a 2 . I r n u n s 6 . or O e f , , po ; l h g , d c d lly

‘ ’ - to a r bu in W sh s m e im es a r La t . s a er a ove t 0 . e g , l o t to g ; p , b ;

’ Gr é kr a a r i a o e u n Go hi a a r ve r . wé S . p ; p , b v , po ; t c f , o ,

’ La su er a I r or s a n s to a a s t. o e efore E n . er . b v , b ; g ov ; f t d f p , ' r b a r es e i e a n d i e G . i a a r to su in ro n ré Go . p , th f , , , f, p ct v ly, , l k the form er is u se wi the a i e a n d the a u sa i e bu t , d th d t v cc t v ; the We sh e u i va e n is on e m o e a s a r e ﬁ a s i n l q l t ly pl y d p x ,

’ ’ or ddi er a n from di a n r or ll da n er y g, v y gry , g, g y , g y , v y wi ’ h h’ I r . or etha n h a m e or en to ﬁn i I r e l t e s s . a r d , f , ; y p , , f

’ ‘ ’ ce im n i fr m n s a n r i . n n I ﬁ s en a d c e a es e e . I n , h , o p , h d , p ct v ly

B re on the n a sa n i e in su We s form s a s a r n a on t l ot c d ch l h ,

’ him a ea rs a s in is re osi ion a s for in sta n e in wa r , pp l o th p p t , , c ,

’ n ez a u him i La the Ga u l s w a s oer on a n d the e . s , p , l k tly, i h ,

’ a s in r er tr a os a r e ou n w en e the I a ia n veltr o a n d y , g yh d , h c t l ,

in ro er n m i er ca ssi vella a n a s a n d Ver ci n et r p p a es l ke V y o ip .

N ei er or wor n or a wa ou a e a ssu m e e se th f , y , f , g , c ld h v d th form s u n less they ha d bee n a cce n te d on the ﬁn a l sylla ble

' - i e the Gr e e Im é a n d 57rd w i h is ro e to a e e en l k k p , h c p v d h v b the ca se with other Ir ish pr eposition s by Zim rn e r in his

n 4 K eltische ta die ii . 1 6 S . , , p

’ ’ ’ 2 ia e en n i a h on e s sis e r s son W I r . n i 7 . O . . t e s n e , g , t ; l h ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ L n e i r a n n i n w a t e a s . n ot s so n n a e e . n e es e a n , ph ; p , g p , g d , d c d t

’ i n kr n a dt a e n a n or r a n E . n e e w : the S . s e p , d c d t g dch ld ; g ph La tin stem is m a tche d e xa ctly by tha t of the I rish in its e a r form of n iott in the n a m e Ni a ttor ece a er N a dfr a oich ly , l t ,

on a n o a m - in s ri e s n e in the a e of: Du n os n ea r g c b d to c v l ,

Killa rn e y . NOTES ON CELTIC HONOLO 3 P GY . 7

I I .

I n a few in sta n es in m in a ion wi a n o er con c p , co b t th th so n a n t ha s e en r ea e in o er w a s t ein m a e in o a t , b t t d th y , p b g d t a n d s i n o h or a s in the fo owin w or s p t p f , ll g d

1 a The Ce ti w or s orre s on din to La in se tem ( ) l c d c p g t p ,

’ se v e n resu ose a form w i a t for t u s : I r is secht , p pp th p , th h , ’ sea ch t se en We s sei th sa i th the sa m e a n d SO wi , v ; l h , , ; th th o se r ela te d to

’ 5 I ris n i a e We s n ei n e ew a n d co e s on in to ( ) h l h , ph , rr p d g

’ th e L a in n e tis ra n - a u e r u s I ris n echt We s t p , g d d ght , th h ; l h

’ ‘ n i th n ie e form e in th e sa m e w a a s We s llith a e sson , c , d y l h , l

’ r e a d i n r w i i th La t lect o rr ow I r l a cht u i o . i . s e . e ch ch , h ch b d , ( c) Sim ila rly p seem s to ha ve been m a de in to a in th e

C e ic wor s of the sa m e ori in a s Gr ee 571-6 a n d to be lt d g k ,

e u a t e in s i e f som e ifﬁ u a ou th e u a n i of th e q d , p t o d c lty b t q t ty

‘ ’ i n i i a y owel wi Ox h é i h a s e a r e re s e i e t l , th pn s h g , th y p ct v ly W ’ ’ e s a chel i I r . a a sa l n o e a n d a ea r in a n ien l h , h gh ; , bl , pp c t

a ce - n a m e s a s w eel or a ccell- z u s Pto e m y in his Geo pl th l ,

r a h 11 3 6 m en ion s a ow n in the ou n tr of the Sel g p y, , , , t t c y

o vse a n d si u a e n e a r the m ou of th e ri er Ni a e g , t t d th v th , c ll d

’ O d eM t o r n o u n u m or i own v. e e wa s a s a U x e f Th l o ll d , h gh t ,

n e a r the m ou of the E e n in Cu m er a n a n d a n er in th ll , b l d , oth

th e c o u n r of the Ca du r ci’ in Ga u a s to w i the a ou n t y , l, h ch cc t

’ Of C aesa r s a in it De B ella Ga llica iii 3 2 40 e a ves n o t k g ( , v , , ) l

r oo f r u in h i i f h n a m L th m o o t e a a i o t e e . a s e d bt g ppl c b l ty tly ,

su e r a i e of the a e i e in u es ion is in We s n aha p l t v dj ct v q t l h f,

’ fo r a n O er a cha m i es a n d w e m ee w a n ea r ld , h gh t ; t ith ly

’ form wi e in P o e m s Geo r a h ii 6 52 ii 6 55 in t c t l y g p y, , , ; , , ,

’ ’ ’ O ri a a lca a n d O Ii a t a A r a 27ta w i wi the f a d E / p y , h ch, th re qu isite su bstitu tion of the E n glish com pa r a tive for th e

Ce i su er a ive m a be r en ere r es e ive U er lt c p l t , y d d p ct ly pp B a r ca a n d U pper Argeela : they w er e both town s in H isp a n ia T a r r a con en sis a n d the m o e rn n a m e is Osm a . , d NOTES OH C ELTI H N L C P O O OGY .

II I .

An other cha ra cteristic of Ce ltic phon ology is its r edu cti o n

of o or a w a s l a i a in o b a ea m en whi i s g y ( ith y l b c ) t , tr t t ch fa m ilia r to the stu de n t Of Gre ek ; bu t in La tin it is th e

e e i n the r u e e in sim iﬁ a i n dr O in th e xc pt o , l b g pl c t o by p p g

u u ra w i e in the e u on i a n u a es we a e It or c fo r g tt l , h l T t c l g g h v the g of the other la n gu a ges ; som etim es the com bin a tion

a e a rs a s u or hv bu t the v is ia e to di sa ea r a o e t er . pp q , l bl pp lt g h This will be see n m ore clea rly from a br ief stu dy of a few ca ses which a re in poin t

’ w n n 1 I ris ben om a e . m n f W w . d or bn a e s ben or h , , g , l h y

’ f m w m a n r B m en w e a e a o G . v i m cn ot a n a u d O . Pr u s y , l , ; y i, B ,

’ i a n n a en n a wom a n a n B u . n i n a s O . z e a Go g , g , ; lg th . g ,

‘ ’ o En u een a ea n wom a n . . ; g q , g

‘ ’ ’ 2 I r biu bea i in u i bea thu l f W . e e s b w . , , l v g, q ck , , i ; l h y ;

‘ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ivin b w d l fe La in viva I i e vivu s i in l g , y y , i ; t , l v , , l v g ,

’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ fe Skr . t l) t i vita ife Gr . ia s i v o e i va i in , l ; B , li ; j , j , l v , j , l v g , ’ - g i u s l i Got . En ck i va s . u i . L . th gy , iv n , h q ; g q

‘ ’ ‘ ’ I r d cow We sh bu ba w bu wch o L . c w t . ba s n 3 . b a ot , ; l , , , ; (

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ x if r w r o O e e co Sk. ox w i va s Ox G . ds a co Le sh ), ; B , , h , ; y , , ; tt ‘ ’ k a wis co w En . cow . n e. g , ; g , pl y

‘ ’ b t or br a t a o oa a i 4 I r r a t s . W 0 e s l. br i . . th , cl th , cl k , l ; l h p ,

’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ br h ‘ or o es M od. We s et n o N or o s 0 . s cl th cl th ; l h y , cl th ; e

‘ ’ hleehi o wi a n e e ion a en i i e u ra hlee ‘Bn a , cl th , th xc pt l g t v pl l,

‘ ’ rm n En . cl h kleial a e oth. T e Sa n s ri on n Ger . e er , cloth, g t ; g k t c g

’ is r a n th or r a th to tie or win u w ic su es s a n g , g d p , h h gg t

‘ a n a ion for the I r is br éit a s ri Of woo e n o a e xpl t h , t p ll cl th, ker chie f the lon g vowel bein g du e to the form er pr esen ce of

’ I t ha s een su es e in the wri er s Celtic B r i ta i n a n a sa l . b gg t d t

09 a the n a m e B r i tta n es m a a e ori in a m ea n (p . 2 ) th t y h v g lly t

- m n clothe d or cloth cla d e .

’ ’ h d b n ow da a I r da b a 0 . We s u e e 5. . , bl ck ; l , , bl ck , xc pt

a fe ro er n a m es wher e it is du a s in D u ﬂ n ro in w p p , f, y , p E O CE TI HO 5 NOT S N L C P NOLOGY. 7 n ou n ce d D iv in on the ow n ea r L a n over it m ea n s l , T y , l d y ;

’ a c h An o - I ris D u in Th i h o o i e t e . e a n t e Iris bl kp l , l k gl h bl h w or d is sh or bu t on in the We s : a n in on sis en con t, l g l h c t cy n e cte d o ssi wi the for m er resen e of a n as a su p bly th p c l, g

' e s d N r ddhkva for dan hva e b th . o se to r e O a en . g t y , , d k

‘ ’ d a r v I . a i u c com ou n s a s a ba n i 6 . r b n n s n e e a t a n d ca t , h p d f , ,

’ ché t=ba n a m con sen tim u s is th e Ce i r e e of van in the , , lt c ﬂ x

’ ‘ ’ ’ /w I o La in r . a k ven i a I om e G ir S r . a m to o t , c ; ﬂ , g ; y , g ;

’ G h m B u t the I ri o . n o e . s r t gi m a n E g. c h ve b ha s been

’ in e ri c a on fou n e wi the form s of the er to be a s xt bly c d d th v b , 1 h a s b e e n m ost in gen iou sly pr ove d by Ascoli : the sa m e co n fu sio n h a s a so a e n a e in W e s ou the s e s a n n o l t k pl c l h , th gh t p c t

h e r e b e r a ce a s in I ris : witn ess the We s w or d a d t t d h l h d yf , w i h e m o o i a re a r e s ou a e m e a n a desse h c , ty l g c lly g d d, h ld h v t , z u sei n w her e a s its on r ea m ea n in is a dven i r e z u lcom m en , ly l g , . I t is pr oba ble tha t this a ssim ila tion of gv to b wa s com m on to a ll the Ce ti a n u a es hou n o er a in in s a n e f i l c l g g , t gh c t t c o t ha s e e n i en iﬁe in Ga u i s ossi the n am e for ex b d t d l h ; p bly , a m e oi the r iver D u is n ow the D ou s is to be in r pl , b , b , te

rete d a s m e a n in a c a n d i en iﬁe wi the I r is a n p g bl k , d t d th h d

We On the o er a n d the on r in s du b. e a e l h th h , ly c t xception

‘ ’ to th e r u e is the We s wor iea sin e ws of the a m l l h d g , , s e

‘ ’ ori i r o w kr n a s the G e e a b S . a a ows rin g k ; fy , b t g ;

‘ ’ Li r or rin All w r é a t e a s . ese o w r . i s e e o on e th g j , h d t g th d xyt ;

a n d it is r o a e a the We sh i ea n ow w ri e n i a u p b bl th t l y , tt y ,

a n d a e n e on the i s a n ds for a n O e r vi oa or wi ow cc t d , t ld g g

a en e on the a SO a the i e a m e a s a i a n d in cc t d , th t b c yll b c,

fa a se m i ow e i e the sou n im m e ia e r e e in it ct v l , l k d d t ly p c d g . I n tha t ca se a Sim pliﬁca tion Of the in itia l com bin a tion m a y

be su ose to a ve a e n a e r o in the w u s a s pp d h t k pl c by d pp g , j t

‘ ’ ' Mo Welsh widlen a rod is u su a ron ou n e idlen r d. o g , , lly p c d g

idla n a n d wi the w w ou be rem o e the on g , th ld v d ly

i u ion f f r ca u se which ten de d to the su bst t t o b o g ; bu t M od.

1 N I r l n d si Mila n 1 83 3 a te a e 8 . ( , , p p ON ELTIC O 76 NOTES C PH NOLOGY .

Welsh goe s still fu r ther in the sa m e dire ction in the ca se

efo e u s for i eu ie s a deri a i e ew n w i is so S ok e n b r , g y ld v t v g y , h ch p e e in a a r of N or Wa es w e re it is iéw n wi h xc pt p t th l , h y y , t th i i r in N O e a n a ion of is n a tu r e e a sylla b c i st ll e ta e d. xpl t th Offers itse lf in con n e ction with the a ppe a ra n ce of b in th e

La in bos a s a a in s the v of su w o s a s ven ia a n d the lik e t g t ch rd , a n d on e ca n ha r dly a void the in feren ce tha t the y belon ge d or i in al n B u h i n f g ly to differen t I ta lia dia lects. t t e po s tio o La tin will a ppea r still m ore r em a r ka ble in con n e ction with the n e in in i on lo be n e xt po t Ce lt c ph o gy to otic d .

IV .

La s the Ce a n u a es ha e b d or re s o n to tly, ltic l g g v , , g, to c p d

Gre e 8 a s we a s to Gr ee 8 r e s e i ve k d, , X! ll k B, , 7 p ct ly ; w erea s La in in the form er ca se s o ws h in i ia a n d h t , , h f , f , t l b d in er si ion s a s w a e a r fr m the f owin , , y oth po t , ill pp o oll g sche m e

Fr Om this su m m a r y it will be seen tha t con son a n ts which

i in ser ie s in Sa n s ri Gree a n d E n is a re form two d st ct k t , k , gl h con fou n de d in Celtic a n d in the Litu - Sla vic la n gu a ges which

La in b n 0 . B u a ria n a n d a e a r e her e re pr ese ted by lg ; th t t ,

in on si er a e a r ia i for the s ir a n rea s sides show g c d bl p t l ty p t f , t t

a r in the sa m e w a a s Gree a n d the two series p tly y k,

i u s the Ce s a e b in the Iris pa r tly a s Celt c. Th lt h v h

ir We s br a wd orres on in to the La tin r a ter br dtha , l h , c p d g f ,

bhr dta r a n d En li s br other sim a r e a ve I is Skr . , g h ; il ly th y h r h E H O OG NOTES ON C LTIC P ON L Y . 7 7 bdi W e s bu for La in a it a ll of the sa m e ori in a s , l h , t f , g

’ th e S k r . bhu to be or e om e Gr . da ) to a u se to , b c ; d , c - ’ be E n be bei n been bu t La in u se s the sa m e oo wi ; g , g, ; t r t th ’ b a s w e ll a s w a s in a m a ba I s a e a n d a u dieba m ith f , , h ll lov , ,

’

I u se d to ea . ere is o we er n o a sion to ea h r Th , h v , occ h p i n sta n c e s o e er a s a n on e who wis es for t e m ca n ﬁn d t g th , y h h

’ th e m i n their proper pla ces in Schleicher s Comp en d iu m a n d

’ Fick s D icti on a r y . I t i s cle a r tha t the position of La tin with rega r d to the

in dr e d a n u a e s is a er e m a r a e on e a n d it w ou l k l g g v y r k bl , d h a v e b e e n highly desira ble to Show how La tin m ore closely re se m b l e s Celtic tha n a n y other la n gu a ge ; bu t this pa per is a l r e a dy too lon g for m e to begin to en u m era te the m ore

s r i i n oin s of a r e em en e w ee n the tw o I wi on t k g p t g t b t . ll ly a dd th a t the Sim ila r ity of Spe e ch ha d its cou n ter pa rt in the po li ti ca l in stitu tion s of the ea rly R om a n s a n d of the a n cien t

Ga u s a s I a e a em e ri e to S ow in the se on l , h v tt pt d b ﬂy h c d

h r m i n Celti c B r i ta i n B u t it i a c a p t e of y l ttle book o . s su b j e ct w hich de serve s to be stu died m u ch m ore thorou ghly tha n

i er o e n n fa r a s I n o ha s h th t b e do e a s k w .

II V O L . V . A ' ROY L CAMBRIAN ACADEMY OF AR T .

’ B Y T H T H M A O AS R . . C . , . .

THE win n ere s in Art E u a ion a n d m a ers re a n gro g i t t d c t , tt l ti g

Art w i is di s a e in Wa e s m u s be i sa is to , h ch pl y d l t h ghly t fa or to a ll o er s of u u r e a n d e s e ia to n a i es o f ct y l v c lt , p c lly t v the P in i a i or ers n s n n e e w it ties o f r c p l ty , p o co ct d ith by in eres or a sso ia n t t c tio . To a ll of these the fou n da tion Of the R oya l Ca m bria n Aca dem y of Ar ts m u st be plea sin g a s fu rn ishin g a m ode by which a rtists of Welsh birth m a y Obta in recogn ition in their own u n a n d a r s s of er oo w ose s m a hi e s co try , ti t oth bl d , h y p t

a e een e i e the ea u ies of ou r a n a n d w ose h v b xc t d by b t l d, h

es a en s ha e e en e i i e in eir e in ea ion m a b t t l t v b xh b t d th d l t , y

i a m fo N or is it of e s im a n e a t re ce ve ee d there r. l s port c th

‘ a m on g the n a m es of Hon ora r y Aca dem icia n s shou ld be fou n d those of a r tists of re n own whose wor ks ha ve pa ssed in to the r a n of he a n ow e e m a er ie of ou r e ri k t ck l dg d st p ces p od . After con sider a ble discu ssion a m on g a rtists a n d frien ds of

Art in Wa es who fe a som e en ra oin u n w i h l , lt th t c t l p t, po h c the sca tter ed a r t sym pa thy e xistin g in the Prin cipa lity m ight

on er e wa s re u isi e for the du e en ou a e m en of Art c v g , q t c r g t in the ou n r it wa s r es e to es a is a Ca m ria n c t y , olv d t bl h b ” A a em of Ar t w i S ou m ea n s s m i a ose c d y , h ch h ld (by i l r to th e m e the R a A a em ies Of En a n S a n ploy d by oy l c d gl d , cotl d, a n d I rela n d) give a n im petu s to the fu rther developm en t of f Art in Wa e s. A n the Ca m ria n A a em o l ccordi gly, b c d y Ar t w a s in stitu te d in Febr u a ry 1 882 ; a n d in April O f the

THE R OYAL CAMBR IAN ACADEMY OF AR T the We lsh in to on e strea m of in ﬂu e n ce is du e ; a n d in th e ca se u n der con sidera tion it ha s a str on g effect.

It a n n be for o ten a i in i a n d ea se of com c ot g t th t, by v c ty m u n ica tion the en es of Ar t in te i e n ce a n d Of sa e for , c tr ll g l ,

N o Wa les a re n a u a the rea i ies of Li er oo a n d rth , t r lly g t c t v p l

M a n es er in w i a s r n im e u s a n d m os e n e rou s ch t , h ch t o g p t t g su s e n a n e is i e n Art eff r w i e on the e r side t c g v to o t ; h l , oth , the a rtists of those cities n a tu ra lly rega r d the m ou n ta in

e ion of Wa es a s eir s ia a in in - rou n for w er e r g l th pe c l p t g g d h , e en in ese s a n s so ﬁ e w a rie ea u ca n a n v th i l d ll d ith v d b ty, y region be fou n d wherein scen ery so a bsolu tely perfe ct fr om the spe cia lly pictoria l poin t Of vi e w is to be stu die d ? Wher e ca n m ou n ta in s Of n o very grea t e le va tion be seen which a r e yet SO Al pin e in cha ra cter ; wher e su ch richly- colou red m ou n

a in a n s w ere s rea m s so er fe in ea e or m or e t ﬂ k ; h t p ct p c ,

a a e ris i in o or ra efu in a s a e w ere a re the ch r ct t c ﬂ od, g c l c c d ; h w oo a n s m re a a re n rim e a a n d w ere re sse d dl d o pp tly p v l, h d in m ore brillia n t robes of sprin g tim e or a u tu m n ?

A is s from a ll i ies en e a e the n oo s of N r Wa e s rt t c t p tr t k o th l , a n d es e ia do ose Of the i ies m en ion e n re a e p c lly th c t t d co g g t , a n d so fu of a rm is the a n m a n rem a in a n d a in in , ll ch l d , y , , p t g a n d re a in in s en es so ea u eou s e om e o e of he r p t g c b t , b c , by l v a n d en iz n a ion a r is s of W s e a e . by d t , t t l

Am on the rou s of a r ists who fr m im e to im e in the g g p t o t t , his r of the En is s o of a in in a sim i a ri of to y gl h cho l p t g, by l ty

rea m en of su e or u se of e u ia r e n i u e or o h t t t bj ct, p c l t ch q , b t ,

a e e en a ssu m e to be a im e to be a S oo the h v b d , or cl d , ch l ” so- ca lled M a n cheste r School ha s n ot bee n the leas t dis

n t h s is in ti e m e o s a n d a r is i a im Ar is I a s. s ti ct. d t c v th d t t c t t who m a y be ca lle d m em bers of tha t school bein g a m on g those of Whom I ha ve Spoke n a s la bou rin g e a r n estly in the

e resen a on of We s s en er a n d resi in in Wa e s w er r p t ti l h c y , d g l , e a m on g the ea rlie st su pporters of the ide a of for m in g a n

A a em fo Wa e s a n d w en f u n e we e a m on its c d y r l , h o d d, r g AND ITS ED CATI ONAL HEME 8 1 U SC . e a r ie s m m i in e e s. So s wa s is the a se a a fe w l t b r d t ctly th c , th t a r is s w e u a iﬁe to a id the wo a n d w ose resen e in t t ll q l d rk, h p c th e r a n ks of the Aca dem y seem s a lm ost n e ce ssa r y to its

tru n a ti n a a ra er esi a te to oin in the in i ia or ly o l ch ct , h t d j t t y

m o em en u n er a e ief a the n u en e f th s oo v t, d b l th t i ﬂ c o e ch l

m e n i n e w u b too on hi in w a a e s . s to m m s t o d o ld tr g T , y d,

m is a e N 0 su m o m n a n b w i o riou s t k . ch ve e t c e sta rte d th u t se

t ou m u a u r a n d onsi era e ris a n d the wise h ght , ch l bo , c d bl k, a n d on ly j u st cou r se is to a id in the effort m a de by wha te ver

se on of ou r n u m r w r n f r cti erica lly sm a ll Welsh A t o ld . I so a a s the in stitu tion of the R oyal Ca m bria n Aca dem y is the

w or of a is s a n d Art er s n ot in a s ri sen se We s so k rt t lov t ct l h , fa r shou ld we who a re Welsh tha n k them for their e a r n e st

w or a n d so fa r a e som e n es s a m e to ou se e s a k, t k ho t h r lv th t

w i n i u An if e d d ot e a r lier p u t ou r ha n ds to th s plo gh . d

’ su m en so wor in a id of ou r ou n r s n ceds w e Sha be ch k c t y , ll w a n tin g in gen er ou s feelin g if we do n ot con sider the m a s if

fe ow C m r I n the ea u ifu a n u a e S o e n the ll y y . b t l l g g p k by

M u se of Art e re is n o B a e of ia e s a n d the m im i th b l d l ct , c “ ’ ” s en e in Fa ir s en or a m on ra s of Er ri ie s u s c y gl , g c g y , y ld

the sa m e u ie ea su re be the a in er Wclsh or En is q t pl p t gl h . While w e ha ve to tha n k m a n y a rtists origin a lly fro m be yon d ou r borders for their se rvice s a t the birth of the

A a em we m u s in n owise for e t a wi em we re c d y , t g t h t th th

m a n en em e n is in We s a in fa the a r e y g tl d t ctly l h, th t, ct, l g

m a ori who wor e in s m a e w ere SO a n d a j ty k d thi tt r , th t th rou gh their e fforts a lm ost en tirely the Ca m bria n Society “ ” o f Ar is s a s it wa s a t ﬁrs a e e w n o the A a em t t , t c ll d, gr i t c d y ,

’ a n d ﬁn a H er M a es s om m a n in o the R a lly, by j ty c d, t oy l ” C a m bria n Aca dem y .

D u rin is er io Of row it s ou be em e m ere g th p d g th, h ld r b d, the I n stitu tion ha s been w orked a n d su sta in e d by a sm a ll

Th u r o n u m be r of m em bers a n d a ssocia tes. e list wa s p p se ly

e o en so a a i ion s m i be m a e fr m im e k pt p , th t dd t ght d o t to THE R OYAL CAMBR IAN AC ADEM Y OF ART tim e w hich shou ld a ssu re the su cce ss of the effort by a ddin g the n a m es of a r sts of m eri a n d ren erin the er son n el ti t , by d g p

o ou hl n a t n al th r g y io . I ha ve a lrea dy a dverted to the division which ( a s rega rds e er e ffo a n d n ot Art a on e e is s between the n a n d v y rt, l ) x t orth sou of Wa es so a w i e the u of N or h Wa es th l , th t h l tho ght t l

a ita es owa r s the rea N t e n c es a o f Sou gr v t t d g t or h r iti , th t th Wa les gra vita tes towa rds Lon don ; a n d it is the ca se tha t a n a rtist m a y be well kn own in the North of Wales a n d the ﬁrst n a m e i ies a n d t e kn wn in Sou Wa es the c n a d c t , li tl o th l , o tr ry

n n a lso ha ppe i g. It is a con sequ en ce of these pe cu lia r cir cu ms ta n ces tha t gre a t difﬁcu lty occu rs in ﬁn din g a poin t Of u n ion betwe en the

No a n d ou whi e a t resen ere is the a a in the rth S th l , p t, th p r dox

osi on of the I n s i u i n a the Cou n i a n d m a n Of the p ti t t t o , th t c l y m em bers ha ve n o poin t of m eetin g coin ciden t with the

u i i ifﬁ u h i e n r es Of o a n . m ee s t e C u n c t p p l t o To t th d c lty, o c l

oo e ow a r s the en se e e di s i s of Sou Wa es l k d t d d ly p opl d tr ct th l , a n d e s e ia Ca r iff a s a a e wi w ea a n d e n er p c lly to d , pl c th lth gy su fﬁcie n t to ren der it the p e rm a n en t dom icile of the

Aca dem y . I n a ll this a very de ﬁn ite in clin a tion wa s evin ce d by the Cou n cil a n d m e m bers to re n der the Aca dem y a s distin ctly

it n b m a I t is w e e r o o a the n a ion a a s ca e e . u s t l d , ho v , bvi th t pow er to ren de r it so does n ot wholly rest with the Cou n cil an d m em ers bu t a erfe t su c ess in is ire ion b , th t p c c th d ct depe n ds very gr ea tly u pon the re ception by the people of

f h u ion s m a to m Wa les o t e s ggest de the .

I n re a r the in s a a i on of the A a em in Ca r iff g d to t ll t c d y d , the re wa s a t on ce a very con sider a ble loca l in te re st e vin ced in

M in we e e a t w i the a n w a m e . ee s s con the sche t g r h ld, h ch pl

ider ed a n d e to be fe a si e a n d a s a m e a n s of a i n in a s , h ld bl g g su m which shou ld be the n u cleu s of a fu n d for e re ctin g a

i d n su i a e for the u r se s of the Aca em a Fin e bu l i g t bl p po d y , AND ITS ED CATIONAL SCHEME U . 83

Art L a n E i i n wa s en e a t the in a n of h o xh b tio op d , st ce t e

C a r iff S em e Com m i ee w i to the rea re re of its d ch tt , h ch , g t g t

r om o ers resu l e in a ﬁn a n ia fa u e so n si r p t , t d c l il r co de a ble a s to n si e a in u re for the im e the en era s m e B u t co d r bly j , t , g l che . a s tha t Exhibition wa s n ot origin a te d by or u n der the con

r o of the R o a Ca m ia n A a em the C u n wi t l y l br c d y, o cil ll,

d u ess o ee u n e r a n a n d in a or a n ce wi o btl , pr c d po th i pl , , cc d th

h eir u su a ra i e a e m ea n s for the o in of eir t l p ct c , t k h ld g th

E i i i n in s m e on e of the r n a own s of Wa e s xh b t o o p i cip l t l ,

a n d is o e a n d e ie e a Ca rdiff wi be se e e it h p d b l v d th t ll l ct d.

A ra n em en s a r e it is u n ers o so fa r om e e a t r g t , d t od, c pl t d, th there ca n be little dou bt bu t tha t the ﬁrst Exhibition of the Aca dem y in Sou th Wa les will be held thi s yea r in m ost com

m odiou s a l eries in Ca r iff wi it is e li e e a o e i n g l d , th, b v d, c ll ct o o f works which will Show tha t the m em be r s a n d exhibitors a r e determ in ed to do a ll in their power to ren der the schem e

u e sfu l s cc s . It ha s be e n n o ted tha t the ﬁrst m ovem en ts Of the Aca dem y w ere m a de by a body of a rtists m u ch sm a ller tha n the con

itu i f h m n ﬁn st t on o t e Aca de y co tem pla tes a lly . On the dra win g u p of the Ca r diff schem e a fe w m em bers in Sou th Wa les w ere elected ; a t the su cceedin g election s

Of 1 884 fu r e a i on s w ere m a e the is a n d a few , th r dd ti d to l t, r em a rks m a y be m a de u pon the m a tter of these ele ction s a s S howin g the wish of the Cou n cil a n d m em bers in rega r d t o

r en erin the m em ers i n a i n a a n d a so in a n o e d g b h p t o l, , l , th r

r es e in i a n w a I a n n bu t in be a wea n ess p ct, d c ti g h t c ot th k to k

i n the ri in a ru e of th A em On s r u in isin the o g l l s e ca d y . c t g

l is of a i ion s the m em ers a n d a ss a es sin e 1 883 it t dd t to b oci t c ,

w be fou n ha e a n e u n er f u r ea s 1 st a few ill d t t th y r g d o h d , ,

m em e s who f m r esi en e or o er r ea s n s m a be su b r , ro d c th o , y p

se a id in the Ca r d ff s em e 2n d Ar s s of We s po d to i ch ; , ti t l h

ir or n esi en e 3 rd Ar is s w ose w r s a e ee n b th lo g r d c ; , t t h o k h v b a lm ost exclu sively represen tation s of the la n dsca pe or life of THE R OYAL CAMBR IAN ACADEMY OF AR T

Wa e s 4th E n s a is s of dis n S i w ose s m a ies l ; , gli h rt t ti ct k ll h y p th

a e led em a for a sso ia e s i a n d w ose w o s h v th to pply c t h p , h rk

ca n deﬁn itely a dd grea tly to the a ttra ction s of the Exhi bition s.

Of ese a sses the ﬁrs two f m on e from the n a i n a th cl , t or , t o l

oin of ie w w i e to em m a m os a ir be a e the p t V , h l th y t f ly dd d

ir a ss w i ha s a n u n ou e a im to be n s e e in th d cl , h ch d bt d cl co id r d the distr ibu tion of a n y hon ou r s a Ca m bri a n Aca dem y ha s to

st w t r I el e e e o . Cou n in e n t e se ree a sses e e b t g, th , h th cl tog h , b i v

tha t they n u m ber thre e - fou rths of the r ecen tly ele cte d ; a n d a s r e a r s C a ss 2 I in I a m ri in sa in a e er g d l , th k ght y g th t v y

We s a r is who ha s e n e e a s a a n i a e a n d w se l h t t t r d c d d t , ho

w or s a e een in e i en e ha s ee n e e ed. k h v b v d c , b l ct Tha t the Cou n cil fu lly sym pa thi se s with the wish to ren der the A a em is in Ca m ria n is S own a so the c d y d t ctly b , h l by “ R u e 9 Of its on s i u ion w i en a s a Ar is s who l c t t t , h ch ct th t t t desire to becom e As socia tes m u st m a ke a writte n a pplica tion to the se re a r on or e fore the 3 1 st da of De em er c t y, b y c b ,

re e in the An n u a Me e in a n d n o on e ca n be ro ose p c d g l t g, p p d a s a n Associa te a fter tha t da te .

P r eceden ce sha ll be iven to Welshm an or r esi den ts in g , ” Wa les .

Wri in a s I s in from the s a n in of a We s t g, do , di t ctly t dpo t l h m a n a n d on e ee a n iou s a in the u n u Of a n , d ply x th t, b ildi g p

n s i u ion es in e to do a m os a u a e wor in Wa es i t t t d t d t v l bl k l , n a tion a l a rt a n d n a tion a l a rtists shou ld hold their du e pla ce

o n u m eri a a n d m eri the a o e i a ion rin s m e b th c lly by t, b v c t t b g to the poin t in the con stitu tion of the Aca dem y which n eeds

n i n is is the a of the u e re co s dera tion a n d cha ge . Th p rt r l “ re qu irin g tha t a rtists who desire to be com e Associa tes ” ha s n a n d m u s a e a wr en a i a ion . is ee t m k itt ppl c t Th b , a wa s wi em a in a n si era e ba r to the en ra n e of the l y ll r , co d bl t c

a ss of We s a r is s a n d ha s on ee n w the best cl l h t t , it ly b ith

re a e s ifﬁ u a m e n n ow m em ers or a sso ia e s a e g t t d c lty th t , b c t , h v h m be en in d u ced to en te r t e selve s. AND ITS EDUCATIONAL SCHEME.

I t will n ot be r ea son a ble for r ea ders to excla im he re u pon ” — the en u s ir ri a i e a r is s a s a r u e a r e n ot ir ri a e . g t b l , t t , l , t bl

There is here a re a l difﬁcu l ty ; for n on - ele ction of a Welsh a rtist to his N a tion a l Aca de m y m ea n s fa r m or e tha n it cou ld

m ea n a n a r is n on - resi en er a s a n d wi ou a to t t, d t p h p , th t th t de ﬁn ite cla im t o con sider a tion which Ca m bria n blood cer

a in ] i e s a n d w i the A a em a dm i s. t y g v , h ch c d y t The e xisten ce of this ru le will a lwa ys expla in the fa ct of Welshm a n em in en t a s a r tists who a re yet n ot m em bers Of

the A a em w i e eir a sen e fr om the Cou n i s a n d the c d y ; h l th b c c l , loss of their a id a n d in ﬂu en ce in fu rtherin g the a im s of the

I n s i u ion wi be a t on e a n in u r to its e u a i n a t t t , ll c j y d c t o l m f it i s e e s a n d a im in u ion o s res e . ch , d t p t g

The n u m er is n ot a r e bu t t ere a r e a r is s n a i es of b l g , h t t , t v T “ a es who o er is i n u is e osi ion s in ea c of the l , h ld v y d t g h d p t h

e a r m en s of Ar t of w i h the A a e m a e o n isa n e d p t t h c c d y t k c g c , a n d whose m er its Shou ld be re cogn ise d withou t r equ irin g the m to pr oceed by a cou rse a s to which they wou ld certa in ly

h i a a n d r in o a e es t te p oba bly decl e t t k . B u t the a r tists of We lsh bir th ha ve them selves con sider

a m in th w o e m a er ere ha s n a m bly to bla e e h l tt . Th bee on g them little or n on e of tha t a la crity of in qu ir y a s to the n a tu re of the pla n s whi ch were be in g evolve d which m ight

a e een e e e a n d a er on si era e a m ou n of in h v b xp ct d, v y c d bl t

clin a tion ri i se w a ha d een on e w en too a e for to c t ci h t b d , h l t

n u n i i It i to a u sef u r ose ha s ee e e . s be o y l p p , b xh b t d h pe d tha t in fu tu re ther e will be m ore in clin a tion to a id tha n to

i i ise a s the Cou n i ha s a wa s S wn i se f to be u i e cr t c , c l l y ho t l q t

o en to su es ion a n d es e ia so in re a r to m a ers p gg t , p c lly g d tt

n w u con e cted ith So th Wa les.

At the im e of wr in the is of Ca n di a es for Asso ia t it g, l t d t c te s i ha d om e a n a n d its n en s a dd er rea fo h p c to h d, co t t v y g t rce

to w a ha s u s een sa i . Ou t of a is of a s re of n a m e s h t j t b d l t co ,

o o Th i bu t tw a ppea r to be th se of Welshme n . e l st con ta in s T HE ROYAL CAMBR IAN ACADEMY OF ART a a e n u m e of m en who a r e es en s in Wa es a n d a re l rg b r r id t l ,

a in ers of We s s e n er or su e s a n d o e s whose p t l h c y bj ct , th r e e ti n w u o f r a u to a ri in i i u i n l c o o ld be g e t va l e s g n st t t o . U n der su ch circu m sta n ces the m em bers of the Aca dem y m u st n a tu r a lly choose the n a m es of those who com e to the . fr n a n d who the m eri of eir e hi e w r s a n d o t, by t th x bit d o k , by

eir esire to oin the A a em S ow em se es to be th d j c d y, h th lv w o i im An if r i a n d i n s m a wi ts a s. d se a s s rthy, y p thy th tho t t who a re distin ctly Welsh will n ot p u t them selve s in a position in w i eir a im s ca n be a recia e n ow a fter the h ch th cl pp t d, , R oya l Ca m bria n Aca dem y ha s be en for som e ye a rs before the

u i it is a n d w ll be Sim eir ow n fa u if ose p bl c, , i , ply th lt th

r r cla im s a ppe a to be pa ssed ove . Now tha t the r a n ks Of the Academ y a re be com in g so ra i ﬁ le a r is s of Wa es who w u l es e to in in p dly l d , t t l o d d ir jo the m em e n s ou a n a ll a ou n s a n d es e ia on the ov t h ld cc t , p c lly

s o e of a rio ism en ro em se es. c r p t t , ll th lv At presen t the la rge m a j ority of m em bers a n d a ssocia tes a re We s or of on re si en e in Wa e s a n d a m on the l h , l g d c l ; g m in ority a re to be fou n d a lso som e of ou r be st kn own delin ea tors of Welsh scen ery livin g. TO wha t a grea t e xten t the repr esen ta tion of Ca m bria n s en es is a r ie r ea the en ou a em en i en c c r d, g tly by c r g t g v by the es a lis m en of a n A a em a a n e a t the a a l o u e t b h t c d y, gl c c t g

of the a s E i i i n e a t R w ll S w . It will be l t xh b t o , h ld hyl, i ho fou n a ou t of a ota of 293 w r s from a ll sou r es n o d th t t l o k c , le ss tha n 91 scen es in Wa les were e xhibite d by m em bers a n d a sso ia es ein a u two i u res for e a e u si e c t , b g bo t p ct ch, xcl v of s u ie s to w ic n o o a i wa s a ssi n e m a n Of whi t d h h l c l ty g d, y ch w ere a so of in i im fa o w n o m l l pla ces Wa les. Th s s ple ct sh s s a l ea rn estn ess to cha r a cterise the Ca m bria n sym pa thie s of the a r is s S o n f t t p ke o . While this a rticle ha s been in pr ess a n ele ction ha s ta ken

a e wi the re su a ou t of ei a sso ia e s e e e Six pl c , th lt, th t ght c t l ct d,

HE R AL CAMB RIAN ACADEM OF AR T T OY Y .

a io n of w a s so m u of a su a n a e ife v t hich dd ch ple re d gr c to l , while the Obj e cts r esu ltin g from tha t cu ltiva tion a r e SO du r a ble tha t they form on e of the richest lodes in the m in e of is o For sa s e i e Ga u ie r h t ry . , y Th oph l t

’ a rt r u st T ou t p a sse . L ob e ’ Scn l a l étern ité

Le bu ste

Su rvit a la . cité .

E t la m éda ille a u ster e

Q u e trou ve u n la bou r eu r

Sou s terr e

v l u n m r u r R e e s e p e e . A AG E T HENGW ‘ 2 RT O 20 . N . FR M N FROM MS.

THE fra gm en t of the thirte en th or ea rly fou rte en th cen tu r y

er e r u from H n w r N 2 2 is a ll a r m a in s e e e t M . o S . 0 e h r p od c d g , th t

f m u t to u s o w a st a e een a m os a u a e We s M S . o h t h v b t v l bl l h , ju dge from the pie ce s com pri se d even in the sm a ll portion tha t ha s es a e e s ru ion whi on sis s of ei fo ios n u m c p d d t ct , ch c t ght l (

ere on em ra n e ou s ii— i on e u m r u e b d c t po ly xx xx x) v ll , d ly

i n th M S u m w r a r n f st tched i to e . vol e he e they e ow ou n d a t som e eri o su se u en the in in of a o u m e bu t p d b q t to b d g th t v l , w n a n d w om a n n o n o w be a s r a in e The fra he by h c t ce t d . g m en ea r s e i e n e of a in e en for a on im e efore t b v d c h v g b , l g t b it wa s n si n e its r e sen a e e a e from th co g d to p t pl c , d t ch d e volu m e of which it origin a lly for m e d pa rt ; the ou ter m ost

a e s a re a oo ea w rn e s e ia the ﬁr s on e w i is p g g d d l o , p c lly t ( h ch a so m u s o ou re wi di r a n d ha s ha d its ou erm os l ch di c l d th t, t t lowe r corn e r worn a wa y) ; the other folios ha ve lost on ly a fe w sm a ie es of eir wri e n n en s bu t a re a ll m or ll p c th tt co t t , e

ss s ai n e a n d worn a t the e es a n d the a s two a v or le t d dg , l t h e ha d ei m a r in s irre u a r cu t Off the w o e fr a m en th r g g l ly h l g t, too a ea rs a e su ffer e m u from the a ion of on , pp to h v d ch ct l g

on in u e a m if n ot of wa er . N e er e ess In S i e of c t d d p, t v th l , p t the sorr r ea m en it ha s su s a in e ere a re bu t f w y t t t t d, th e letters or words of the text either gon e or a bsblu tely i illeg ble .

B efore r e e in w a n a ou n Of its on e n ts it wi p oc d g ith cc t c t , ll n ot be ou t of a e to i e a s r es ri ion of the M S pl c g v ho t d c pt .

o u m e in w i it is n ow fou n e s ec ia a s th v l h ch d, p lly e s e

i of o u m i th a Mr n e n a e n e e . W W ou . E . c t g v th t v l l t . ’ “ ” a o u e of H n wr M a t Pen ia r h Wyn n e s C a t l g e g t SS. t (Ar chaea 90 A FR A MENT FR M WR T o O HENG MS 2 . N . 2 G . 0

la ia Ca m br en si s i d v 3 3 S i s l NO . e e o . . 7 g , Th r r , xv [ p ;

O r 1869 i n ot u i om 202 e s e e H n wr M S N o . e . e t . ctob , ) q t c pl t g

i of 4 siz a n d ou n in h i a illu m i s . e t e rem a n s of ﬁn e to , b d ly n a ted Ca tholic Service Book of the ﬁftee n th cen tu r y ( con

a in n a m on s o er in s the Ofﬁce for the V isi a ion of t i g, g t th th g , t t

the S in La in a n d Old E n l is of w i two e a es ick , t g h) , h ch l v

a e een reserve a t the e n n in a n d six a t the e n d of h v b p d b gi g, , th u m On the ﬁr a of th e on Of ese e a es e vol e . st p ge e s c d th l v we ﬁn d wri en in a a n of the en d of the si een e n u r tt , h d xt th c t y

er sim i a if n ot the sa m e a s a of the ra n s ri (v y l r to, , th t t c pt con ta in e d in the for ty pa per folios which form the grea te r pa r t of the u m e H u o E a n s On the o er si e of vol ) , g v , th d the sa m e folio is a lso written H u go Eva n s in a wr itin g of a differen t type (form ed on the m ode l of sm a ll R om a n

rin e a ra ers bu t a a ren on em ora or n ea r p t d ch ct ) , pp tly c t p ry ( ly so wi the form e r en Moreo er the a e - m en ion e ) th try . v , bov t d tra n script con clu de s with the words Llyfr (Llyfer in the ﬁrst en try) H a gh E va n s yw hwn A n n a 1583 This is H u gh ‘ ’ E a n s B oo wi e e e a e the ﬁ s en r ha in v k, t c r p t d ( r t t y v g

een s u ou t a n d en ewri en in a fa r er a n a n d b tr ck , th r tt i h d) ;

a n s a re of the en d of the si een e n u r ou both h d xt th c t y, th gh in a ra er e n e er resem le e a o er n or the a n s ch ct th y ith b ch th , h d in which the sim ila r en tries a t the com m e n cem en t of the

u m a r n An d w e n it is a e a wi the vol e e writte . h dd d th t ( th exception of the Older fr a gm en t prin te d in the followin g pa ges) the con ten ts of the Volu m e (to sa y n othin g Of their hom ogen eou s cha ra cter) be a r u n m ista ka ble evi den ce of ha vin g been sim u lta n eou sly bbu n d (or r a ther stron gly s i he e er a n d a the ra n s ri s a e a t its con t tc d) tog th , th t t c pt t t d elu sion to be lon g to H u gh Eva n s is certa in ly of a bou t the da te to which the fou r en tries con ta in in g his n a m e ha ve

n a o e a s r e e m es ea r a the o u m e wa s bee b v c ib d , it b co cl th t v l

l a n d ou n or for is H u E a n s a n d a he com pi ed b d by th gh v , th t —3 wa s livin g in the ye a rs 1 582 .

A FRA E T FROM HENGWRT M M N S . NO 2 G . 0 2 .

En is ersion s iffer m oreo er a s wi e from e a er gl h v d , v , d ly ch oth ,

a n d a re rbba bl im m e ia e a ea e ori in a s w i p y d t ly tr c bl to g l , h ch ,

‘ while divergin g a s m u ch fr om ea ch other a s from the La tin

vers on wer e n e en en a ri e or a a e fr m it in i , i d p d tly b dg d d pt d o

th ﬁ s in s a n e r t t ce . The Welsh copy of the Elu cida r i a s ha s be en m a de u p in

in u r m a n n r M r H u E n h a a . a s a d m w s g l e . gh v so eho con trived to possess him se lf of twe n ty folios of a n old Welsh

te of a w r w i n ow r e to a e ee n a s r ed xt th t o k, h ch p ov h v b b t act f m h a u ifu u m n own The R ed B o k o ro t e be t l vell M S . k a s o f

Ta l a r th Y Ll r Ca sh 0 Da l a r th or Ll r Cosh Ta l a r th g ( yf g , yf g ) presen te d by John Powel of Ta lga rth to the cele bra te d

M oses Wi i m in 1 1 w i M S n ow on in wi a s 7 9 . e ll h ch , b l g g ( th the rest of the colle ction of tha t em in e n t Welsh schola r) to the Ea r of M a cclesﬁeld in w ose i ra r it is n u m e re l , h l b y b d

1 1 3 E wa s wr i en i n the a e a f of the ﬁf e en . tt l tt r h l t th

u n a s oin e ou t th a M r W n n in cen r a d e e . e t y , ( p t d by l t y

br e is la c cit th a m ri r Ar chaeolo ia Ca m n s . . e s e s e a s w e g , ) by c b ot

- f h a i Gr t the wel n wn M S . o t e S n t ea n u m e re 49 in the l k o , b d

ion The e a e r ion n w H en gwrt Colle ct . d t ch d po t begi s ith the “ n ir d a r a ca r a f t n e rb n n d d a n w or ds e n w e . d gy y y y y y y k d t w a red y r a rgl6yd . a n d en ds with he ords p on ybydei ytti

wi th w rd i O . e a s o e n y gen iu er lle wen yd. ( l t b g the ca tch w r for the n e a e a n d ri in a for m e fo ios 2 1—40 o d xt p g ) , o g lly d l

w en e it wa s a en its is o e r a a u a e Of the MS . h c t k by d c v y v l bl

r a s is m a e rf H a in te xt of the We lsh E lu cida i d pe e ct . v g

u u f a We s Elu cida r i a s H u u s se u e the n e s o M r . th c r d cl l h , gh Eva n s de term in e d to com plete the wor k by su pplyin g the

n a n d e n d from som e e s u r e a n d with com m en cem e t oth r o c , this Obj e ct m a de or procu red a com plete tra n script of the

in or i n s w i he ou n u wi his fra m e n of the m iss g p t o , h ch b d p th g t 1 k o Ta l a r th. The ra n s ri is on a e r a n d con R ed B oo f g t c pt p p ,

1 n tw n the e n d of to 3 7 of the a er There is a slight la cu a be ee . p p n t T h fo h old r fr m e . e r m tra n scrip t a n d the com m en cem en t o f t e e a g er 93 A FR A MENT F M HENGWR T M NC . 2 2 . G RO S . 0

sis s of f f i s wen - se en e f e a n d een a f er t orty ol o , t ty v b or , thirt t the vellu m fra gm en t whose deﬁcien cies it su pplies ; Of the

a s r een six a n d a a a e a en u the Elu cida ri a s l t thi t , h lf r t k p by ,

a n d the rem a in der by the short tra cts m e n tion e d be low . ” At the to of th ﬁrs fo io is wr en Elu theriu s in p e t l itt , the sa m e ha n d a s wrote the Sim ila r hea din g to the p re

ce din E n s E lu cida r i a s a n d it is a s ea e th e g gli h , l o h d d by

a n s i er m se f Y disc bl a r d ihr a The Dis i e a n d tr cr b hi l , y c pl

- w r which is a w ell kn own Welsh title of the o k .

d wedir The t a n s ri e in s wi the w r s D . Ef a d r c pt b g th o d , y

n a w r n eb e w Dvw the ﬁrs u es i n Of the Dis y b th y , t q t o cip le a n d thou gh n on e of the other te xts kn own to the wr ite r begin with these wor ds ( which in them a re p re

ce e refa es of a u s e n et in a sm u a s the d d by p c v rio l gth), y , ch

w r s e in the m a e a ion of the a u e a n d the o d b g t ri l port di log , con te m pora ry hea din g is n ot repe a te d on a n y of the su b

se u en a es it is e r a e a n n is ere os . q t p g , v ry p ob bl th t othi g h l t

I t is ri a dd we e a the w o e of is a er ght to , ho v r, th t h l th p p tra n script bea rs m a rks of ha vin g bee n previously stitched

a n d u n s c ed a n d so e a s it a n a a e fo m e tit h , , p rh p , m y origi lly h v r d

a rt Of a n d e n een e a e fr m s m e o er M S. u m e p , th b d t ch d o , o th vol ;

on s su s n the efa e m a a e een eft in a thi ppo itio , pr c y h v b l th t

v lu m e in or er n ot to ea u ei e its n n or s m e o d br k p , th r bi di g, o

o er r ea se n ta in e ere n The e n d of is E lu cida ri a s th t ti co d th i . l th

” ” e n ds with the words a o ew llvs to which r Ar lw dd is wyp y , y g y a p p e n ded in a difier en t ha n d Of a bou t the sa m e da te by wa y of ca tch w ord ; whilst in the bla n k sp a ce a t the top of the first lea f of p a r ch m en t a r e written in the sa m e ha n d as the ca tchword the w ords yr A rglwydd a g n a s gwn el g[wa r] efiyn [lla wer ] y ga ifi hwn n w : a p hwy ’ b yn n a c n i m yn a n t wr a n do da a g a ddrem ygon t ddysgv r hyn a ddylon t wn eithvr dw boen a a fia n t vn dr i tr em ie m b dio o hon n t y , y g , oe a ei y ” da n i v ihod the followin g words a re yet n ecessa ry to fill u p the la cu n a r eil 6 a m drem u d scu da m e s d wedir n efoed , y y yg y . gy y y . y ” ossa n t u a da n g e . ” I t shou ld be n oted tha t the words E a dd wedir etc a re here f y , . , ’ d t com m c h bein m a e o en e t e Discip le s first Sp eech (a s is shown by D . g

VOL . VII . 1 94 A FRA M FR OM HEN WRT MS NO 2 C ENT G . . 0 2 .

a rees w a of the o her o es The r em a n er Of the g ith th t t c pi . i d

n n i f th f 1 fo 3 413 tra script co s sts o e ollowin g shor t pie ces : ( ) [ . ]

’ The iffere n se ion s of the A s es C ee ea re e e d t ct po tl r d, ch p c d d

the n a m e of on e of the A s es in La in a n d the by po tl , t ;

w ell - kn own short We lsh tra cts with the followin g hea din gs

2 to va l h n d weit hv sa in O weddi a e ( ) [ . y y y t y p d r

’ f v a l h n n t H u on th L r s 3 0 . S . gh e o d ( ) [ y ” Au s in on the y dyweit sa in t a wstin o weddi y pa der St. t ’ ” 3 “ Lo r s Pra r to 3 9 ca s d n ion sel f va b da v dd u t d ye ) (4) [ . 1 y y y y ” ” ra i h n n The m en a e fu to So m on so n of D a y y h t l lo , vid )

5 f a n o a d elw d ellir ta t a r m a b a r ( ) [ 0 . d g s p d y y y ” s r t a n n vn dd H ow the Fa er Son a n d H y p y gl y th , , oly

r n s ri Ghost a re u n derstood to be On e The M S. t a c pt ” ” is on u f 40 wi the w ﬁn is e ow w i e on O. c cl d d th ord , b l h ch a re writte n the two e n tries (a lre a dy discu sse d) sta tin g tha t the oo 1 8 b k belon ge d to H u gh E va n s in 5 3 .

reﬁ ed to them whe rea s in a ll the other te ts the occu r in th e p x ) , x y m iddle of tha t s eech bein receded b som e refa tor r e m a r s . p , g p y p y k T his is a n im orta n t ria tion p va . ’ 1 t n on Willia m s A m ode rn MS of NO . 2 ha s been rin ted in the la e C a . ( ) p H en w t M SS l ii 91 n d ld r M f th tra ct occu r in r r . vo . 2 a o e SS . o e g , . , p ; n f r A n c r wr itten in 13 46 a n d n ow in the Libra r of esu s Colle e y g y ( , y J g , ' O ford fo 123 in the r C a ch a Da l a r th wr itte n in the la tter x ), . , n f g ( h ha lf f h 14 h n r I 47 a n d im r f in the M S . of t e o t e t ce tu O . e ect y), , ( p ) h l e n n v l iii 1 5t cen tu r n own a s Didr a n Ga s ia d or Didr o . y k f g ( f y ) , Shirbu r n MSS 1 3 c 41 6 a co l occu rr ed in the lost 1 . a so ( . , . p . ; p y

White B ook o H er ast NO A MS of 3 is fou n d in Ll . C . a D . f g ( . . ( ) , d th r w h l a from the con tem fo 51 a n e e as a n ot er in L . r a s a e rs . , y p p o ra r in de to tha t book bu t it is n o w lost or era sed to ethe r with p y x ; , g

h r tr m n ti h in f 4 cu r in L l C a D . n o d M S o oc . a t e a ct e on ed in t a t e S . x . . ( ) , ’ D £0 a n d 1 4 a n d f l 1 4 L l. o fO 6 5 L r fo 3 . o in . . , ( ) y . , C. ., idre n n l iii 4 1— h M of the Welsh E lu cida r ia s D vo . 3 3 O t er SS f y , . , p p . . cu r in n h c n tu a n d NO 21 14th oc He wr t N O . 57 13 t e r . g MSS . , ( y) , ( ce n tu r These r e resen t the Oldest form Of the t e t : a la te r te t y) . p x x s N (with a lon ger p refa ce) occu r red i n the White B ook of H erge t ( o . f hi h i li m f T r friw in 1 5 4 is o w c a co m a de Dr T hos . W l a s o e 9 p y ( by . , ) fortu n a tel reserved in Hen wr t N o 3 06 a n im erfe ct co of M8 . y p g . ; p p y

hi i n i f ll 23 . t s e r s u n in u s . n M No v s o o d es C o O o SS . J , x ., , .

A FRA MENT FROM HENGWR M8 N T O . 2 . G . 0 2

’ ’ ’ ’ 1 of a s n s i s a n d m s Th . ha n r r o u e M S. s , , , bee ep d ced

’ e a c a s s a n s wi a ll the s ri e s n u m erou s e r rs x tly it t d , th c b r o ;

e ce t a t the wo s a 0 t i e c . a e e en i e fr m x p th rd , y, , , h v b d v d d o

the wor s w e o e rn e en in a se s w e e the a ir Of d hich th y g v , v c h r p

w rds is w i ten a s on e w rd in th M i h n n o r t o e S . Th s a s bee do e on a ccou n t of the difficu lty of fin din g a n y fixe d prin ciple on

w i to re a ese m n a ti n s w i a re s m e im es h ch t t th co bi o , h ch o t

wri en as se a a te w r s s m e m es a s on e wor a n d som e tt p r o d , o ti d , tim es with a n in te rva l be tween them less tha n if they were

s ra wor u e a e s b t r ea e a n if e we e the sa m e w r . p t d , g t r th th y r o d

The con en s of the M a re a s f ows t t S . oll

a N o 1 I n Y P r da i n of s. I a d Tr ia add n s The a s ( ) , , V, y y Tri d

the I s e of in t r e s i n s N o VI Tr i oedd e e . l h ct o ; , y M h Th 2 air c e a of h a n d No x O e T s. s t e . a Tri d , th r ri d

1 When ever there is a n y rea son a ble dou bt a s to which letter or letters a re in ten ded a n ote is a en ded The on l rea l difﬁcu lt resen , p p y y p ts itself in the ca se of som e of the r a re p rop er n a m es in the T ria ds the u su a ll , , y received form s of which a re (the writer believes) a s likely to be wron g a s ri ht a n d to resu lt from the ori in a l m isco in of a u for a n n r g , g p y g , o vice ver sa The tra n scriber occa sion a ll writes a n u n m ista a ble u h . y k w ere n it in m m n Welsh wor d he shou ld ha ve wr itte co o s.

3 n 1 ea ch of th va riou s com sition s n t n I ou r MS . ( ) e p o co a i ed therein com m en ces with a la r e ru bric ca ita l to which a hea din i r i g p , g n ru b c is fre u en tl refi ed 2 in the T ria ds ea ch se a ra te Tr ia d in the other q y p x ( ) p , r s a rticles ea ch se a ra te hea din or in te ra l se n te n c a n p o e p g g e , d in the oetr ea ch se a ra te sta n z a com m en ces ith a la r e bla c ca ita l p y p , w g k p , u su a ll ru brica ted m a rked with red a n d eviden tl in ten ded a lwa s y ), y y to be so I n the rin ted te t a ll the ru bric ha s bee n r e rodu ced in bla c . p x p k lette r typ e ; a n e w p a r a gra p h in the p rose a n d a n ew sta n z a in the tr e ce t in the An r ha Ur ien which sca rcel a d m its of su ch divi p oe y ( x p g , y sion ) ha ve been com m en ced a t ea ch of the ru brica ted ca p ita ls ; ea ch of a r a t a rticles ha s been n u m bered in la r e R om a n fi u res a n d ea ch the se p e g g , of the T ria ds a n d Prover bs in sm a ll Ara bic fi u res both in br a c ets the g , k , r d a cc rdin to the se u en ce a do ted b the M v T ria ds bein g n u m be e o g q p y y . r ch a n d Pr ofessor R h s a n d the Pr overbs sim l in a ccorda n ce with A . y , p y ir u n ce in the MS The lin es Of ea ch oem ha ve a lso been the se q e . p

n n u m bered in the u su a l m a n n er . I n the ita licised a n d divided, a d ’ l - l t r words the dots over the s ha ve n ot be en re rodu ce d in b a ck e te y p , h n of su i l t con sequ en ce of t e wa t ta b e yp e . 9 NO. 2 . A FRAGMENT FR OM HENGWR T MS . 2 0 7

is seri s of ia s m os u n fo u n a e in m e e from the Th e Tr d , t rt t ly co pl t

n m n the m i e of r a 13 is a s fa r a s com m e ce e t to ddl T i d , ( it goes) the sa m e a s tha t preserve d in the R ed Book of H ergast f 0 i the c 588 a n d r e ro u e a s a r a s N o. 6 n ( oll . p d c d, , ’ l ii —22 Gee s M r r ch l vo ot om s of . 1 v i a n A a ia a . y y gy, , (b t ) pp (

i n 5 a n d in its en ir r f ssor s e o . 3 9 e P e R dit , pp ( t ty) by o hy

f Y m r vo ii 2— e a i . 5 63 e in the a es o C m a dar l. p g y , , pp , xc pt th t the si x con clu din g Tria ds of the la tter series a r e a bsen t fr m h form r on e The o r r o u e ou o t e e . e e e c py h pr d c d, th gh in fe rio to the R ed B ook on e in in of om e en ess is r po t c pl t , show n by a com pa rison of the ha n dwritin gs a n d or thogra phie s 1 f th two M SS be su e rior to it in oin of a n i u i a n d o e . to p p t t q ty,

u h n w f i v r thu s is of espe cia l va l e a s t e olde st k o n M S. o th s e z i h Tr i The se Sim a ri of th two o ie s s n of t e a s . e o d clo il ty c p ,

’ 1 Se e S en e s Fou r A n cien t Books o Wa les 11 423 where he ives the k f , , , g — followin da tes to the writin of th d B ook : C oll. 1 999 ea rl 14th g g e Re , y c en tu r coll 999—1 143 la te 14th cen tu r col 1 143 —en d a a ren tl y . , y ; . , ( p p y) ’ h M r ken 1 5th cen tu r T he writer is u n a ble to a ree with w a t . S e s y . g w or ds se em to im l tha t coll 1—999 a re in the sa m e ha n d thin kin p y , . , g tha t a t lea st two se p a ra te ha n ds a re p la in ly tra cea ble in tha t p ortion of the boo in the la ter on e of which a r e written the Tr ia ds k, . 3 n l ss th T ria ds con ta in ed in a MS sa id to be of a bou t the sa m e U e e . da te H n wr t NO 41 1 tu rn u t t b n older co of thi s e M . . o o e a , g 8 , p y ” version A u ite in de en den t version of the Historica l T ria ds . q p “ N 0 8 . I I I a n d V ca lled Tr ioed A r thu r a e w r Tr ia ds of Ar thu r a n d , , ), y ( his is fou n d in a Hen wrt MS of a bou t the sa m e da te g . , N O 53 6 a n d ha s been rin te d with a n occa sion a ll in a ccu ra te tra n sla . , —p ( y tion in Sloa n e ii 456 465 This v ersi on con ta in s m ost of the Tria ds of ) , , . the R ed B ook version bu t in u ite a diﬁeren t or der a n d wha t se em s , q , ( to show su erior a n ti u it som e of them in a sim ler a n d m ore u n in p q y) p , ’ r T h h i cu m be ed form e R B ria d 24 w ich in t e R B . vers on ha s a .g. , . . , . ” clu m s a ddition or a form in n a rt of the Tr ia d in the strict y t g ( g o p , sen se Of tha t w ord a n d d t it The iter n ows of n oth r e e o . wr o e ) , p p k ” th - M SS . of e Histo rica l Tria ds Older tha n the t ta Cyf a r wydd a For a n w Hen wr t N O 4 written wil m T in MSS 3 b G ew 1445. ( g g), g . , . , y y B u t com a ra tivel m odern tr a n scr i ts ta ken fr om older MSS n ow p y p ( . lost) of other version s Older tha n the 1 5th cen tu r y m a y of cou rse exist a m on g the collection s of T ria ds m a de by John Jon es a n d R obert M FR M H E W T M8 NO. 2 0 2 . A FRAG ENT O NG R . es ecia l in the i en i of t ei m sta es is so s ri in p ly d t ty h r i k , t k g, tha t it is im possible to resist a rrivin g a t on e of two con clu

s : r h n is ta en f om the er on e sion eithe tha t t e la te r o e k r old , or else tha t both a re a lm ost im m edia tely tra cea ble to a c m m on ri in a n o Am n th m os em a a e of o o g l w lost. o g e t r rk bl the in ts of sim i a is the fa a t the w i e s of o po l rity, ct th r t r b th copies ha ve a like left a bou t fou r lin es bla n k a t the en d of

ia 14 v u sl w the iew of su in the a st a t Tr d , ob io y ith v pply g l p r

' of this in com plete Tria d from som e other sou rce ; this shows

from a th i h M or M SS. e a m u s a e e e n in t e S . th t Tr d t h v b , w i ea c wa s i e a n s i e ei e in om e e h ch ch opy d r ctly tr cr b d, th r c pl t . n " a r ia i On e of the m os s ri in e r r s or o ly p t lly leg ble . t t k g r o com m on to co ies o u s in ria 15 whe e w eir , é n ed both p cc r T d , r g y ,

‘ ’ ” fr om M a en (or Ma in ) Gwyn edd (a pla ce on the B erwyn s between Lla n rha ia dr ym Mochn a n t a n d Lla n drillo yn Eder n i n has een on e te u the or i in a er ror of som e o ) , b c v r d, thro gh g l

o is a ssu redl m s i n ra n of Pow sia n a c py t ( y o t g o t y topogr phy) , in o 0 6min w m d Ow n w n n f Wa es e G e P e o N . t g y y dd ri c l ,

1 1 3 - 1 1 69 a n d it m a be a e en a ssa 'n t a u g the 7 ) y dd d p , th t tho h form er ea n is n e essa r for the sen se a n d the a er on e r di g c y , l tt m a es u e u n r a m m a i a n on sen se S e en s n e a u ed k tt r g t c l , t ph o c dd c this Tria d a s eviden ce tha t the series of which it form s a m em ber cou ld n ot ha ve bee n written be fore the tim e of tha t prin ce Perha ps a m ore extra ordin a ry e rror is the on e in Tria d

29 b w s i e s a e n e e An eir in m chte r n , y hich both cr b h v co v rt d y ” “ ” m hd r n b i r d An u rin P n e of Po in A r eh c e e e e s o . m e y y ) , , ri c t , t ’ “ ” te r n beer d A a u er of Te rn beirdd a u n wom a n y , d ght y , yo g whose obscu re life wa s u n ha ppily brou ght to a con clu sion by ” the u n chiva lrou s in ﬂi ction of a n a xe - blow on her hea d (yn

hen n en ! s u n e es n ot in ee sa m u for y p or f ) Thi bl d r do , d d, y ch

a u ha n in th 1 th a n d 17th cen tu ries a n d reser ved a t Pe n ia rth V g e 6 , p ;

a n d the a e of the ﬁrst fou r MSS. of those s eciﬁed in M v A r c iii g p y . h , , “ ” Gee 3 88 a s con ta in in the version of the Historica l T r ia ds 1 ( , p . ) g —2 — in t d t th t f . 2 Gee 3 94 is n ot sta te d r e a e o o 1 . 88 3 p p p p ( , p p ) .

10 A A MENT FR OM HENGW T M N O. 2 2 . 0 FR G R s. 0 their u n ion in on e whole wa s m erely the work of copyists wh m fr m o r n d i n a ri u ta o e a te e e MSS . a s ot e xtr c d th o ld , tt b bl to the origin a l com pilers of this version of the Historica l a n d o r ria s The ccu rr n of n r u th Tr ioedd the T d . o e ce o e g o p ( e y

Metr oh itse f in the B la ck B ook o a r m a r then fo ) by l f C ( .

lo ii u l The S w 1 0 w seem in in the sa m e d re ion . , , ) o d to po t i ct w i e r ses u lis fr m im e to im e in Y C m m r odor r t r p opo to p b h o t t y , a s o r u n i a ffor s rre e ro u ion s of the ffer en ppo t ty d , co ct r p d ct di t

ersion s of the Hist a ria s a en from the ori in a v oric l T d , t k g l

MS in r i i m a a S . w t e o u so a ri sm be e hich h y cc , th t c t c y bl rea dily to work u pon these m ost in te re stin g r elics of W elsh tra i ion a l His r a n d M o o a n d u s n ot on l d t to y yth l gy, th y a s e a in eir r u e a u e bu t ra e eir o in a n d eir c rt th t v l , t c th rig th

e ve o m en from en u r to en u r d l p t c t y c t y .

6 I Y r No I I . ra on ra s P da i or Th I of B r i a in . n e s e . ( ) T ct y y , l t An other copy of this in terestin g little tra ct a ppea rs (in a

a n of the 14 en tu r a t the en d of H en wr t MS o h d th c y) g . N .

' 57 w i i es (Ja er llz on in s ea of M n 6 a s the sea of , h ch g v t d y y t the thir d Archie piscopa te of Brita in ; from which differen ce w e m a y with certa in ty con clu de tha t the origin a l of on e copy w a s written i n Dyfe d ( or perha ps on e shou ld ra ther sa y in ” the kin gdom of Din efw r ) a n d tha t of the other in Gwen t or

n A m u e a n a n d erefore esu m a M orga wg. ch xp de d ( th pr bly

a er ersion of the r a o u rs in the R ed B ook o H er est l t ) v t ct cc f g ,

600 a n i i h it w a s in the 1 5 en u r col. d n s s a e th p , th c t y, ” i s a n d f rm s N os 1—6 a m a a m a e wi the His ori a r a . lg t d th t c l T d , o

h of 1—22 f the serie s en in M r Ar ch ii a t t e o s . . o . giv g . , ( t p ) pp

’ 1V A n r he ien U rien s H e e we a e 0 N o. Ur ( ) . g r h v

n h i in M S of is o m for th a a e t e o es e s . e e pp r tly ld t x t g th p , copy

i l 1 4 o u r s in he a r of pre served n the R ed B ook ( co . 0 9) cc t p t

M r i h f h 14 e n u r Th tw . e o tha t S a sc be d to t e e n d o t e th c t y .

e s a r e er sim i a r a n d a e a r e er n ea r e a e t xt v y l , th t th y v y ly r l t d to on e a n other is shown by the fa ct tha t they both m a ke

he sa m e sin u a m is a e in the ﬁrs in e re e a in the ﬁr s t g l r t k t l , p t g t A FR AGMENT FR OM HENGWRT MS . NO. 2 0 2 .

’ tw o sylla ble s of gogyfer chez s a s a sepa ra te word ; bu t they

n iff r n I n in e 1 2 pr esen t on e or two im por ta t d e e ces. l l ” M rea s fr6 theu w ere the R ed B ook ha s ou r S. d y h ” ‘ ffr6 th eu a n d in in e 14 D6f r dr n u a s ben di 6 f y , l y y g y ” “ a s oc eu her6 d w ere the R ed B ook ha s D6f r di n kl y , h y y ” h r d is s iff r n di f ela a s. oc eu e w . a e u a s. be g6y f cl y Th l t d

n e is a n in s r u e on e for it is o i u s a cla w i e c t ctiv , bv o th t f ( h ch is su pe rﬂu ou s both to sen se a n d m etre) is a m a rgin a l or in te rlin ea r gloss in a dverten tly in trodu ced in to the te xt

r M w n e w w her e it occu rs from a n olde S . he c tha t te xt a s

eri e a n d fu r er a the wor m u s u im a e ha e d v d ; th , th t d t lt t ly v com e fr om a copy of the poem where it rhym e d to som e wor d like diyn u afi a va riou s r ea din g of diyn u a s in the ea rlier pa rt of the n e s a ssu m e a ria n a a r en the r esu of li . Thi d v t ( pp tly lt m iscopyin g a diyn u a s written with a ta ll fin a l s) seem s to ha ve been ta ken a s equ iva len t to dyu n af t A c o M r Si n h in f h M r r h a e . a E a n s e r ea o t e . d g g , d pt d by lv v , ” in his ra n s a i n of the e e es wa e in Sken e i 3 41 t l t o d p t t r , , , thou gh it is diffit to see how su ch a n in terpreta tion ca n

a e e en a e ed for d n a ca n n e e a e een a tri h v b cc pt , uf f v r h v b s a e w i s a s a is ll a e it a n n o be m a de s a n yll bl , h l t d y bl c t to c .

The M v r i a n o i es a s a a ria n d vn 'va s bu t it i s y y c py g v v t y , ra ther difﬁcu l t to u n de rsta n d wha t wou ld be m ea n t by de e p ” sha llow wa te r ; a n d the presen t writer ven tu res to su ggest ” tha t the origin a l rea din g m a y ha ve been yn diu a s yn ddifa s

w u a s a ow if so a ssu m i n the n a ﬁ itho t h ll ) ; , g y to h ve rst

’ The writer fou n d the followin g m ista kes on colla tion of M r . Sken e s

te t with the R ed B ook. Lin e 2 a n d 7 for Vr ien r ea d Vr en l 4 for x , y ; . , da 6 rea d do 6 l 5 for Jeu a r ea d I eu a l 6 for bra 6t r ea d vra 6t y g ; . , f f ; . , ; l 1 0 for en n n n essit rea d en n n essit l 14 for di u n a s rea d di n a s . u . , y y y y ; , y y ;

’ l . 15 for k n u z n a é l rea d k m u n a 6l l 26 for br th on rea d vr th on , y y ; . , y y y y ;

l 3 7 for ba r n a c r a r u a n d for wel d r r w d 6 ea d b a 6c ea d l l. 43 . , ; ry y y y ; , r ea d a fu ll sto a fte r da l essin N 0 n otice wa s ta en of the ca ita l p y . k p le tte rs a n d little of the word - li a tu res or u n ctu a tion in the a bove , g p , 2 A FRA MENT FROM HENGWRT Ms 0 . N 2 2 . 1 G O. 0 bee n m te d b the w te r of a n Ol e MS a n d hen in se te o it y ri d r . , t r d

him e din a s a n n ra n o st of su a M S m i by ov r , ig o t c pyi ch . ght

e ea s h a e m s a ce the a a n d so c n o e th v ry ily v i pl d y , o c ct d e m s e i u s word di n u a s u z z e fu u re en er a ion B o y t r o y to p l t g t s. th

a l in r r in f n M S . a re e e ea s o e 26 w e re in the S ik th i d g li , h se c n a t Of the n e e re a re f u s a es too m a n o d p r li th o r yll bl y, a n d in the a s on e too few for the m N ow th u u a e e . s l t , tr e l regu la rity of the m etre of this poe m (settin g aside the la st ” few n es w i a re a a l a e ta e on u o li , h ch p p bl g ) l a ds e to s pp se tha t the origin a l text ha s here been ta m pered with ; a n d it is su es e a the ri in a in e r a n u s Gor u t br th gg t d th t o g l l th , y y ” on n a t or on a r w e i th d The B ri n s ou a y y p y gy [ ] y to , [th gh] r em n a n s a be u s er the a n d a r t, h ll victorio ov th t a a n tyr r on is the in te rpola tion of a scribe (who su bsequ en tly forgot to r epea t the a r before gywethyd) desirou s Of in sertin g a re fe e n e a a e on the A n t r r on An ta r r on the i e r c to b ttl p/ (or ) , l ttl strea m which ga ve its n a m e to Ystr a t An ta r r on the V a le ” of a a e O os e the as le of A e s w w ere pl c pp it c t b ry t yth, h a ﬁght took pla ce between the Welsh a n d Nor m a n s in 1 1 13

ion 1 3 2 ou h the a u sion m a be B r u t T w so . ( y y y g , p ) th g ll y to on e of the n u m erou s con ﬂi cts su bse qu en tly w a ge d rou n d th wa of a m u - is u e s n An o er erro e lls th t ch d p t d tro ghold. th r com m on to both copie s is gyfu eryyr (gyfher gyr ) for gyfu ergyd

z er d e u ir e the r m e in l n e 22 to w m a (qyﬂ gy ), r q d by hy i , hich y 1 T i for tor r 'i in th a m in e perha ps be a dded a rr t r e s e l .

—1 46 a m n M r ch i Gee . e e A . O 50 The ) . m opy ( , , pp bov tion ed u s to be a e n from the R ed B ook a n d its n u m er , p rport t k , 2 r n m a M s em m a n to re su from the ou s diffe e ces fro th t S. e i ly lt

1 This w in ted ou t b Mr ilva n E a n s in Ske n e ii 450 Does a s o S v . p y . , , ” n ot the brea kin g of ston e wor k in this lin e refer to on e of the fre qu en t destru ction s of Norm a n ca stles by the Welsh 2 N otice is n ot ta en of the m erel ortho ra hica l va ria tion s It m u st k y g p .

be n oted tha t her e a n d else where in the M v Ar ch. a a re n tl in the y . ( p p y H a fod B on edd Sa in t Yn s Pr da in m en tion ed below the cha ra cte r 6 is y y , ) r e r esen ted b u NO dou bt th su titu i m de in con se u en p y . is bs t on wa s a q ce

A FR A MENT FROM HEN M NO WR T S . 2 G 2 0 . G .

osses in a M o i S . s w t a e een c ied s m e on e gl th t h to h v b op , by o who did n ot u n ersta n W s from n li M t e a ea r e S . a ea s d d l h , r l t a s Old a s the eleven th cen tu r y it ha s bee n prin te d in Ca m br o

B ri tish a in — S ts . 2 2 5 wi th a n a u r a A 7 e re es . , pp , th g t t i cc cy widely differen t version of this tra ct is to be fou n d a t the en d of Cott D . om itia n I w e e e a r s the i e of , , , h r it b t tl

’ Cogn a cio B rycha n vn de brecheyn ia wc dict est pa rs de m etie

i u w . s th a lli Th . e e writer w a s a We lshm a n (a s is shown by hi W s e s n o es in e a s of the M S . o u m e who w e l h t oth r p rt v l ), rot in a bou t 1 650 bu t the orthogra phy of the Welsh n a m es a n d words in his copy show s him to ha ve ta ken it from a fa r li M 1 r S . o a o th i n n A ea e f e ee ce u r . lis Of r , pr b bly th rt th t y t the descen da n ts of Cer edig is a ppe n de d to the e n d of this t a in e x iv a n d o er Old en eal o i es of the V s A . r ct p . th g g Welsh Sa in ts occu r 111 their La tin a n d Welsh Lives

- the i e in a m br r sh a i n s e . a t m s u s C o B iti S t . ( o tly p bl h d ) , g ,

h L in Lif f t a n n o o u rr n in Cottf e n d of t e a e o S . C ra t g, cc i g ,

Ve d a t th en d f h We s Li es of St s . A. a n e O t e . p xiv, l h v

f w i in H en wr t a i n d B u n th o s M S. O D a St. e e e v d o, ld t h ch ( g

f h ir n M rom n u r . S . NO 5 a es t e ee e S . 7 , ) d t th t th c t y Of the n u m er ou s texts of B on edd y Sa in t which a r e kn own

M n u n H a m r S . o o r i r t on fro m a r i e m o e n S e s . ly co p a t v ly d , cc

r H u om as 4 1 w it wa s o e M . M NO . 18 e e SS. , , h r c pi d by gh Th “ 2 from a f M r o n Lew s Of Llw n wen e in B a d MS o . . J h i y y,

1 App en ded to this cop y is a tra n scr ip t Of p a r ts of the other version ta en dir ect from Ves . A . xiv the ortho r a h bf which , k p , g p y r in ed I s n ot this rem a r a ble in a We lsh tra n scriber who is eta . k lived a t the p eriod in qu estion Theop hilu s Jon es ha s p rin ted the — D m I . in his H ist. o B r econ shire vol i 3 42 3 om o . . version fr f , , p p . , ” bu t he ha s fa iled to see tha t th e wor ds from R egressa s to the en d

' r ra h in his rin ted te t which be in fo 1 59 of Of the la st p a a g p p x ( g .

r - M a re m er el a n e tra ct f om the other version . See a B . the S . ) y x (

in ts 27 3 11. 7 Sa , p . ,

2 - b 4th Se ries v l . i 7 5 85 6 a n d a mb m se r ch C a m . o . G . For hi e A . , , , p p , , — C a m b 7 5 h i sa id be Of Ll n wer n in R e iii 3 10 1 . At Ar ch. . . e s to g. , , , p , y

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r hn L wis is b fou n d ? H e wa s the ow n er f M . 228 M o e to e O SS Nos. . J , 2 2 n d 2 1 in the H en wrt collection : in the ﬁrst of these he is 69, 7 0 , a 7 g described b his fr ie n d a n d con tem or a r Dr ohn Da f dd R h s a s y p y , . J y y , of Kin a r sley Kin n ersley in H ere for dshir e) ; a n d it is su ggested in h a m b loc cit tha t he w a s the sa m e a s on e ohn Le wis of r c C . . A . . , , J H a r ton H e wa s a ba rrister a n d lived in the r ei n s of Eliz a beth a n d p . , g - i h m r 3 54 he is u n a ccou n ta bl con a m es I . I n L l dd a et C . J yﬁ y y y y, p , y fu se d with ohn L ewis Of M a n a rn a wa n P e m brokeshire who lived 50 J , , ’ F n ton P m b ok shir 4 — r 0 ea rs la ter a n d for whom see e s e r e e . 7 . o 10 y , , p p

1 - th l u e of its con ten ts i n The Ca mbr o B riton vol . ii . See e ca ta og , , p p

5 10 . 7 , 6 T OM HEN M W T S . A F A MEN FR G R . NO 2 2 R G . 0

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ri u R M r s in his a a u of h n de sc bed th s by . or i c t log e t e co te n ts 1 1 u n M SS . 3 E 2 f0 f S . 8 . 3 8 N o o a . 12 th t book ( hirb r , , . ,

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R esea r ches The r e e e s iffer on si er a , th t xt d c d bly .

1 T he va lu e of la te r edition s of this book ha s i t is u n de rstood be e n , , , h r m a n a r cha eolo ica l oin t Of view m u c im a ir e d . An e ita h of f o g p , p p p t e occu rs in P em br okeshir e bu t the wr iter ca n n ot a t this this yp , , i b se e n in th ch h f m om e n t sa where . An other s or w a s to e e u r c o , y ( ) ’ ﬁr id n ea r B recon Se e o n es B r econ shir e ii Lla n sa n t a . , ( J , , 2 In the p ri n te d text the lin es a re left u n divided in a som ewha t in fa shion T he write r ha s n ot et ha d a n o ortu n it of a ggra va t g . y p p y r i in a l M S colla tin g it with the o g . 3 i d fr m 1 56 to 1 83 1 I n the C a m br ia n u a r ter l Edwa rd Da vies l ve o 7 . Q y

i 4 1 5 his tra n scr i ts of the C n veir dd e a rliest in e vol ii . M a a z . g , , p , p y ( ets a n d the Go n r e ir dd o e ts of the twe lfth thir tee n th We lsh p o ) gy (p , , A FR MENT FR OM HENGW T MS . NO 2 0 2 . AG R .

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m t r br a wt a a n a s m or n d es ob p y hec n iwa n a wt kyn dyd . g g

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da s efor e D om sda w ic Bis o M or u dd oo from y b o y , h h h p t k

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n u m r u n im or a n be a e u a e r ea e r The e o s a d p t t to d q t ly t t d he e . ' M r e a roa che s n e a r er to ou r s in a vin the ﬁf ee n y . t xt p p h g t “ ” i w r h l t L . R h s n s in the sa m e or er e e a s e G. . e r a n s g d , h t xt t

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a n d ea rl fou rtee n th ce n tu ries a re sa id to ha ve bee n ta k n th y ) e , e for m er h M o r illi m w n r m t M . a a f r D f S . bo k of W O e te wa rd o e r . n ( s W . O we u h a n d th l tt r fr m h f M r w n h P e e a e o t ose o . O e a n d t e R ev ohn g ) , . J

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—2 n —224 W i e R a n 1 18 1 1 es 801 8 ed. n a n . 7 , pp , li ( by h tl y

St es O fo ok , x rd ,

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n own of s em a n o e o as ri e to the ea r e k thi po ; th r c py, c b d li r

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r I 1 2 it er ha s r e d or R B d u l a : n . a t f . é t tic s é . s , p p d yg y y y y ,

1 These r em a r s wo u ld ha rdl hold ood If on e we r e to ta e Mr k y g k . ’ S en e s te t in Fou r An cie n t B ooks o Wa les ii 23 4—7 a s a correct k x f , , p p . , r e rodu ction of its ori i n a l in the R ed B ook O n the whole h n t p g . , e is o ver i n correct her e bu t the followin m i ta es shou ld be r tiﬁ y , g s k ec ed Lin e 1 0 for Pa n del ér thr n r ea d Pa n del r r thr n l 1 f , g y , gé gé y ; . 3 , or

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W 1 4 EN T Ms NO . 2 0 2 . 1 A FR AGMENT FROM H G R .

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d n d in 8 u ola te s r ee in e s etwe en m m r ed a n . 6 s p th l b yy y y y l , th

1 les ca lle d Aber don x= T he r e was a t le a st on e p la ce in N . Wa y ( Abe r

ddon a n d on e ca lled P wll Ydon in t he fou rtee n th ce n tu r T he ﬁrst I , y . wa s a p la c e i n L la n fa chr eth (M er io n ethshir e) the secon d wa s the l rook or cr eek in to t he C on w o n its ri ht ba n k m o u th of a sm a l b y, g , ’ l n r t a n d Mae n a n See Du da le s JlI on a sticon ed 1825 wee n L a ws . . be t g , , l I s eithe r the Ydon on which C a dwa llon fou ht vo v . . , p p g ’ f hi tra dition a l ba ttles m en tion ed in Sken e s F ou r An cien t B ooks on e o s , P em N O X V lin e l s ii 277 o . a e . of W , , p ( , 2 d d tha t the M S on which this t e t is m a in l base d I t shou ld be a d e . x y in 1 61 which is e r essl sa id to be in tr odu ced in to the n ot con ta . did , xp y ’ It seem s im lied in a n ote tha h M . t som e ot er M m D . e S r o E . S text f p . ’

l L M . M is n t n l 5 . e S u d om its . 8 . o i c ded in the ( which is n ot sp e ciﬁe ) . ” M te t is su r ession three te ts a s the r . s e cte d to be ba sed o n exp x , y x p f t he tw o ld x u t hi h i l it a s fa r a t lea st a s the l. 89 o o te ts o w c o n t on , , p p y ’ is i en . r om L s M S . v on e va ria n t f . M . g A FR A MENT FR OM HENGWRT M S . N 2 2 . 1 1 G O . 0 5

“ Pa n to cyfelin gym yrr edd ygwr Ai gweryd u i om medd Gwr thsyd yd ym m yn yddedd ” Pa n o s w dd wa n w n f ych g y g y , etc . a n d rea ds the two lin es which con clu de the poem in the olde r te xts a s follows

Am dywa u t wylyon m yn ydd Yn Aber C ra fn a n t cr ef dd y .

I t is to he rem a rke d tha t a t this poin t (for the ﬁrst tim e) a

r a f D ie n d L M i i M S . o e n se o E . a s a s s s ow th th tho v . orr h n

the fo n o s a for m the a f the M r x . by ot te to h ve e d b sis o y . te t — I f ose n es a re e the fo m e MS . ea s 89 91 a s th ot corr ct, r r r d follow s

Gwa ssa wg dy v a e d ti i Wen ddydd Am dywa wd y gwyllyon fn n t cr f dd Yn Aber C r a a e y .

u th oem u s a n d the la tter MS . con cl des e p th

Wa ssa u c dy we ed dy W en dyd Am dyw a u t y gwyllyon Myn yd yn Aber C a ra f d c r n cloer a f d A gwe y y y .

B u t there is proba bly som e m ista ke here ; for the rhym e ’ M ’ 1 1 of E e ve si n in L . . s a n d m etr e seem to re qu i r e . 9 . D . r o v er sion a n d r ice r er sd if is a n s osi ion be a we , ; th tr p t llo d ,

’ h sta z a m u a s the O e e s a n d D . s co ea t e n E . py r d ch ld r t xt ,

’ x m be es o e u s M . s e a L . t t y r t r d th — Wa ssa u c dy w a e t dy We n dyd a m dyu a u t Y gwyllyon m yn yd Yn Abe r C r a fn a n t cr efyd w c r n cloe r a f d A g edy y y .

The m ost im porta n t of the m in or differen ces of rea di n g is

4 w e e the M r . e ea s f u n in . per ha ps to be o d l 7 , h r y t xt r d “ B yt a vyd a gorp hen byt a n d the other three te xts Byt 1 16 FR A MENT FRO M HENGWRT M A 8 . N . 2 G O 2 0 .

a u yd a gorffen n oet here Get a u yd a gorffen byt m u st be re store d in order to m a ke the lin e rhym e with the tw o su c

ia n en r de r n for en r dei n ceedin on es. An o e s n a g th r triki g v r t, y , ’ u r in E D s MS . l . occ s . . The whole poem in its presen t form wou l d se em to be little m ore tha n a colle ction of heterogen eou s m etrica l p r o

hecie s in w i a s e en s a n d r esen ir u m s a n e s p , h ch p t v t p t c c t c w ere de scribed u n de r the gu ise of thin gs to com e ; bu t it is

c e a r a the e is in m a n a es orr u a n d l th t t xt , y pl c , both c pt

d f i Po i a f w fra m f n m th e e e . ss e e n s o a o er oe e ct v bly g t ld p , “ ” sce n e of which w a s la id in Cu m bria (in Welsh Y Gogledd ) — the on ly la n d which ha s a n y cla im to be r ega rde d a s the

’ n f M rlin if —ca n be i n n r m o sce e o e s l e d se ta gle d f o the cha s.

The ir in e e ta n r efers to Cu m ria a n d if the r ea th d l c r i ly b , d in en r de r n be a e e ca n be ra n s a e M a r the g y cc pt d, t l t d ch ,

o en in Of Cu m ria s a die a n d the w o e ﬁ s g ld k g b , h ll h l r t ” sta n z a wou ld seem to bea r a certa in r e sem bla n ce in m otive to the ﬁn e pa ssa ge of the Cyfoesi Myr ddi n begin n in g Ma r 6 m or en en w r M r di n u m m n fr om h . e e s e is y (l h y d , o d

ra e o lochw t k u ot etc a a in if i a . e so oe g v ( y y , ) g to l , p t c lly

a m en s the ea of his old om ra es a n d his own f r orn l t d th c d , o l sta e : in fa the C oesi e s e ia its om m en em en t ct, yf ( p c lly c c t

1 l M th let ter r with or ith u t a con i u u w l I n o d SS . e ( w o t g o s vo e ) wa s ve r often e ressed b a con tra ction a n d e ven in the R ed B ook y xp y , col 3 77 w e ﬁn d the r of the w ord Tr e r i e r esse d b a s u a r e ( . ) f 6 xp y q dot ov r the lin e Hen tra n scrib r of ld r M m i h il e ce e s o e SS . t ea s . g y, ’ a n d often did in sert or om it r s in the rocess of tra n scri tion Two , p p . ri u in sta n c s of its in ser tion oc u r in u r M on in Tri d N o 29 cu o s e c o S e a . . , , wher e ( a s is a lso the ca se in the R ed B ook cop y) the word m echteyr n ha s be en m istr a n scribed m er ch te r n the other in the B on edd Sa in t N O y y ( .

V I I wh r e the well- kn o wn P a bo a ea rs a s r ia bo So in W 3 3 ) , e p p p . , , r i An a rl in sta n c of th m the R ed B ook has hen b en for he n ben . e y e e sa e d n a r l M S N o w ritten in a bou t 1 100 wher th e r ror is fou n i H . . . 3 859 e e , ;

ba ttle of M ei e n n ea r the B re idden hills see T ria ds Nos. 1 5 a n d 60 g , ( , a n d Sken e ii is ca lled Gu eith M eicer en . T he cor res on di n , , p g e n try in the la ter Welsh chr on icle in the R eco r d O fﬁce is B e llu m M eiyen

l s i M ic n n n a e C a m br . for a n lder e e . Se e A an ( O ) ( , p

1 18 A FR A MENT FROM HE GW T M O N R S N . 2 G . 0 2 .

Gir a ldu s Ca m bren sis I tin er a r iu m Ca m briw o i . 6 ( , bo k , c ;

’ P w i 5 - — o e s n 2 R o d. v vi e 1 804 . 2 3 s l . 6 c o . 3 l dit o , , pp ; ll , , pp ) in a s i iff rm H e ri e e n f . a s es it to M er in l ghtly d r t o c b l , a n d qu ote s it a s predictin g the de fea t o f the Welsh con dition a ll on the s r n fre e on e cr ossi n a for y t o g ckl d g th t d , w hich he de scribe s a s a da n gerou s a n d lon g- disu se d pa ss a ge throu gh a m u ddy- bottom ed strea m in the We n tloog M a rshe s ; a n d the n he procee ds to n a rr a te the cir cu m sta n es w i led H en r I I whose e son a a e a r c h ch to y , p r l pp a n ce w a s a u ra e es i e the r e cross n the cc t ly d cr b d by p oph cy, i g for a n d the on se u en a n i w i o er oo the We s d , c q t p c h ch v t k l h a m i Th n r y the re colle cted to in tercept h s a dva n ce . e a m e

Pe n ca rn s i a ied to tw o fa rm s a ou fou r m i e s sou , t ll ppl b t l th we s of N e w or ﬁ es the o a i of s e en a n d the t p t, x l c l ty thi v t, sta tem en t o f Gira ldu s tha t H en ry I I w a s a t the tim e a dva n cin g tow a r ds Ca rm a r the n a ga i n st R hys a b Gru ffu dd e sta blishes its da te in 1 159 or Less e a s ily ide n tiﬁe d

h n m n ion e in 11 4—6 w i s e a of a a r e t e e e s . 7 v t e t d , h ch p k 2 a e a n d on fe r e n ce of w a r a t A e r Sor on the U sk a ou b ttl c b , , b t

i lli I t is er ro a e owe er a a m e a o e a e r on . l b v C v y p b bl , h v , th t this pa ssa ge re fe r s to som e episode in the ha r d - fou ght con te st for Ca e rllion a n d Gwe n t I scoed (the district bou n ded by

Wen twood the Se e rn a n d the i a ou rse s of W e a n d , v , t d l c y U sk) be tw e e n I or w e rth C a erllion a n d the N orm a n s in the — ye a rs 1 1 7 1 5 ; a n d tha t the w or ds Gly6 Gwyn llyw (l. w hich m a y be p u t by poe tica l licen ce (or err or ?) for Gly6 “ ” 3 Gw n ll wc the C ie f of Gw n lliw the is i e we en y y , h y g ( d tr ct b t

1 T he B r u t T w s T hese a re the da te s of the An n a les C a m br ia . y y y h Wa les two sogion p la ces these two e xp edition s of H e n ry I I to Sou t r ea rli r yea s e . ” 2 T he con ﬂu n t tr m is still ca lled the Sor broo a n d the brid e e s ea k , g ” r it S or brid T her a r e a lso fa rm s ca lled La n sor Glon sor o ve ge . e ) on its ba n s k . 3 hi i w n lliw u st a s M or a n w is T s word is derived fr om K n g G y , j g g 1 1 9 F OM H N W M NO . 2 2 R E G RT 0 . A FR AGMENT s.

h o e r ou rses of the U sk a n d R h m n i refer to Ior werth t e l w c y ),

i f Se er a o er a e s or e en s a r e m en i n e in is h m sel . v l th pl c v t t o d th

n i ﬁ Possi the a e oe m bu t e a n o ea s be xe . p , th y c t ly d bly b ttl

f u n e u a s ea r s wi the En is a t A er Per ddon o q l p th gl h , b y

f the m n ion in 11 8 6—8 m a r efe r the m ou o e e . th t d , y to the de fea t of H en r y I I by Owen Gwyn edd a t Coe d Cen n a dlog (betwe e n B a sin gw erk a n d the m ou th of tha t r iver) in

1 B T u t i i a m r e u s E iso es of . b s s e e s . 1 158 1 56 . ( , y ) th g p d the stru ggle be tw ee n the two ra ce s in Gow er a r e ce rta in ly

f rr t in 11 8 3 —85 w r m n ion is m a e Of a a t e r e e e o . e e e d , h t d b t l

fr o m Kin .Mor a n Accor di n l w e fin d u n l u h in Liber a n da ven g g . g y G y c L sis 23 7 w ritten in a bou t 1 1 3 0 a n d o win ll u c in the B la ck B ook o , p . , , ( ) y f C a r m a r the n S ken e ii w ritte n in the tw lfth a n d ea rl thirt e en th ( , , e y c en tu ries ; a n d ther e is believed to be n o fou n da tion for the form Gwen t llw when ce the m odern n a m e of the distri ct Wen tloo or the et g ( , g), y m or e ba rba r ou s Gwa u n llw tha n a n otion tha th fir st a r t f the w ord g, t e p o o u ht to com e from Gwen t or Gwa u n r es e ctivel T he w riter fa n cie s g p y . tha t Gwa u n llw is n ot to be tr a ced ba ck be on d the la st cen tu r a n d g y y , “ ” tha t it wa s the belief tha t Gwen tllwg ou ght to m ea n the Va le of Gw e n t w ich led cer ta in a n ti u a ries su ch a s i R M e r ic in hi n t t h S r S . s o e o q ( . y k , N en n iu s 3 5 to su ose tha t Te rn llw sa id to be the tra dit ion a l , ) p p y g, n a m e of the distr ict com p rised in the old diocese of C heste r M w i I olo . S a s the or i in a l a ella t on whe n ce the n a m e S . ( , p g p p ” o f V a le R o a l a lied t o a distri ct in C heshir e w a s tr n sla t d y ( p p ) a e . It is to be fea r ed tha t Teyr n llwg itself m a y be a word a s m ythi ca l a s Gwen tllw a n d Gwa u n llw a n d be sim l m a n u fa ctu r d ou t of g g, p y e ” the C a tell or Ca tel D u r n ln c m e n tion ed in N en n iu s 3 5 a n ( ) , (S ’ ’ Gi s v N i s lda . 5 e s n n n u s M a rte s N en n iu et 0 St en o s e . u n de r , p ; , p ” the op era tion of a belie f tha t the w o rds m ea n t C a de ll of Teyr n llwg ; bu t t he la st w o r d it n e ed ha rdl be sa id w ou ld be s e lt Ti ir n lu c , y , p g l M u c in so ea r l a M O f N n n iu s a H a r S . N O 59 T ir n l S e s . 3 o r e . 8 g y . . C a tell B a r a ta c m a y p er ha p s b e ta ken a s e qu i va len t to C a dell “ ” ” d r n llu C a de ll of the B la ck H a n d a n d the Old- Welsh lin o be g, ’ e qu a t ed w ith the O ld- I r ish loch bla ck a n d with the first p a rt of

m m o n W h r iv r - n a m e Llu w T here is a lso a L in c V n it t he co els e g y. y m e n tion ed i n ke n e ii 6 1 a n d a la ce of the sa m e n a m e Lin F n dd S , , , p , g y y , n r l a e n o De n bi hshir e P er ha s t he L u tor on the Da r t m a ea C oc g, g . p g y “ be com a r e d a n d it m a be a dded tha t B la ck tor is a co m m on Da r t p , y m m oor n a e . WR T MS . NO 2 0 2 . 1 20 A FR AGMENT FROM HENG .

“ 1 on the B An li ce B u r r er a sm a s rea m oin n yrri ( g ry iv , ll t j i g ” the estu a ry of the Llychwr (An glice Lou ghor ) a t Ch eriton

8 w a ber dwn r is ossi in Gowe a n d e a s in l. 0 e e r, p rh p , h r y p bly to be iden tiﬁed wi th the Aber dn wyr dya r m e n tion e d in the

En l n ion B edda u Sken e ii a n d ere s a e to be on y y y ( , , th t t d 2 the Ta w e n ow Ta we on e of the u n a rie s of W e s f ( ) , bo d l h

a 1 w the The i e n iﬁ a ti n of a ber n on . 77 Grower . d t c o ( ) ith ” pla ce n ow som etim es ign ora n tly ca lle d Aber a fon in Gla m or a n shire is im oss e for the a e is r o er a ll e g , p ibl , pl c p p ly c d ” Abera fa n ; a n d in a n cien t cha r ters the river is ca lled

Th m en A r n a n d Ar en e bu t n e er it is e ie e Ar on . e y , v , b l v d, ” tion of the host of An glesey ga therin g a t a ber a n on lea ds on e to su ppose tha t the pla ce a llu ded to is in N orth Wal es ; ” i r a m ea n s the m ou of a er a in ri er a n d is t p ob bly th [c t ] v ,

- n th m a n he A er in n ot a tru e pla ce n a m e . Ca e pla ce e t b

Ca n a r n s ire for Gw n r e n the form er n a m e of the r vo h y y yy ,

er w ere in s the M e n a oo s om a ra i e riv hich th jo i, l k c p t v ly m ern a s a ri er - n a m e a n d the s r ea m m a e a r a e os od v , t y ly h v l t 3 its en u in e a n ien a e a ion The a u sion s to the en er a g c t pp ll t . ll g l ” a ra e r of th e tim es su ch a s the u i in in in rica e a e s ch ct , b ld g t t pl c

1 th in r ea se of o u l i n —4 h i . e a o 6 a n d t e se ( c p p t , r

of ri es 11. 52 refer iou s en u to the n ew r e im e p c ( , obv ly o gh g

1 I t ha s cu r iou sl en ou h im sed its n a m e on the estu r i lf i n , y g , po a y tse

m odern tim es. 2 M T he S . r ea ds ta r n e which is e u iva len t to ta w e in m odern ortho , q f ’ ra h . S en e s ta r n e is of cou rse wha t Professor R h s st les the g p y k , , y y ” di o Th oth r old f rm T gibberish of e t r s . e e o of a we is ta u u y ( L iber i w n d v n sis 1 2 e Ta . We m a m a r th n L a a e . 7 co e e D v hir . e o s e , p , . , fy) y p

Ta r Is it ossible tha t the m e m or of the r a ve m en ti n y. p y g o ed in E n l n ion B edda u is r eser ved in t e n a m Tr w dd a g y y , p h e e y f The ” T own ship of the T om b ) still a p p lied to a p la ce on the T a we betwee n Swa n sea a n d M orri ston a n d form erl to a n e ten sive fee in the , y x ‘ Lordshi of Gower P It is s elt Tr w dd a on the rdn a n ce M a p p y f O p . 3 T he low vita lit Of river - n a m es in N orth Wa les is ver stri in y y k g , com p a red with the p ersisten ce Of the n a m es of the sm a llest str ea m s in districts of the So u th i n l m or a n shir m e s . so , u ch a s B recon sh r e a d G a g e

W T Ms O 2 . A F MENT FROM HENG R N . 0 2 1 22 RAG .

r i The e sion of the m in e w i a R B . e s on . e . v v r po pr t d th

i n r Pu in his H er oic E le ies o Ll wa r ch tr a n sla t o by D . ghe g f y

— B B r i s is 2 1 is a on e of the . . e H en . 1 e e , pp , , xc pt th t t pl t

i wi h r i n e r a a e d a t a fferen in en a t e M . t c l t di t po t, d tic l th y te xt ; a n d he gives n o va ria n ts which a r e n ot in clu ded in

e the n ote s a ppen ded to tha t t xt. It is n ot propose d to en te r here in to a n y discu ssion on the

ersion s or e s of s oem on a ou n of the s a n in ess v t xt thi p , cc t c t

of the or i n fou n in ou r M S. I t m a he em a r e how p t o d y r k d ,

w of th ri e s Nos 2 a n d 1 0 wa n heir e er a t o e . v , th t t pl t ( ) t t

r ion a n d th in e iven in in h R B . e s a e a s in e t e . l t l v , th t l g

in ri 2 a n in the t r a com e e N o. he My . text s pl t g T pl t ( bse t ” B viz Gel n i Sa is ca r i sa in so Of en u o e . . , y , t, t q t d by w i ers on e a We s is r ha s n ot i er een r a e r t rly l h h to y , h th to b t c d

h o m A in f h to a n Old of t e e . so a 1 o t e y copy p l th t l .

i n a n B . r M t m i 1 4 ri e the R . e s o d th th e r . e o e th t pl t, v y xt t

r e osi ion i f u n e fore Ger a in t in th B . B r ion p p t o d b e . ve s

r i e a n d u s m a e Gera in n s ea of his m en fa (T pl t th k t , i t d , ll a t Llon gborth ; when ce the design a tion of the pie ce in the

Ar ch M rwn a d Ger a in t a b E r n h . bi T Fu n M r . a e era Ele y , , l gy ” i f Er in Th 1 on Gera n son o . e P 63 Gw n a n d o t , b y ther m odern copies om it the sa m e preposition in their v e rsion of d i l O f h B B . e a n u s m a 8 o t e . Ar h r e N . e u r him T p t t xt, th k t self a n a ctu a l com ba ta n t in the ba ttle which the poem so

vi i l v d y describe s.

I n on u sion the w r iter e sire s to e r ess his n c cl , d xp tha ks to

W n n Es of Pen ia r h f r R . M . . t o a n h W . e wi is y , q , , h vi g, th

a u m in n s e si e his Hen wr M 2 s e es t S N o . 02 cc to d k d , d po t d g . ,

rom w i the fo owin e is a en a t th B ritis f h ch ll g t xt t k , e h

u e for the u oses of ra n s ri n a n d u a ion M s u m p rp t c ptio p blic t .

E . P G. B . . A FRA MENT FR OM HEN WR T MS NO 1 23 G . 2 2 . G . 0

T E X T.

‘ ‘ 1 0 x xn r dein : vn o n a du n t [ 3 ] [F . ] p y a dr e6is m a tho 2 d l a r vra n 6e n r l r Ar il 16 ch 6y e ve ch y . e : a dre 6is g6 en

ru r Ac 0 a c a s h n n h6yu a ch a r w e n h65 a . h 6 y y y bu w eith ca t

n d b n ga m i a g6 e y i y.

Ar dr ded a drewis ol da n a r a r a tw a la d r v n di y g y v d g y e geit .

ir dr u t he iru a n s br de in : vn O n a du a n Te y y y n t . p doeth m e dr a 6 t y lys a rthu r yg kelliwig yg ke r n i6 : n yt edewis n a b6 yt n a dia 6t yn y llys n ys trewyllye i : a thyn u g6 en h6yu a r h u o cha deir vr n hin ia e th a c n a tr i u 6 e yt e e . y y e w s ba l a t i a rn e .

r il dr u t heiru a a n oe h a r u r l v n Y e p d t th y ys e dra 6t . yt 3 e de 6is yn y llys n a c yn y ka n tr ef n a b6yt n a dia 6t

I [ I . ]

ir n vn o n a [1 5 WE eges a ga a t o bo wys. du n t kyrchu m yn ga n o u eige n byt yn lla n silin er byn a n te rth dra n n oe th

T he words p re cedin g p ryde in shou ld be Teir géyth ba lu c ot yn ys “ ” 2 hi word w r i t n u t str u c ou t After t s . is t e b . y , k 3 r w er e left thr ee a n d a ha lf bla n k lin es on which the followin H e e , g

r writte n in sm a ller lette rs bla cker in k a n d la te r ha n d w or ds a e , , “ n d ortho ra h - a r dr d dd dr u t heir a a n dden th Aedda n Vr a d a g p y y y f , p a wc kyi yn A lclu t y lys R yther ch ha el n yt a de wis n a bwyt n a llyn n a ” ’ w T he w s o f t d i a li r th n h llwdn yn fy . he a dit on do n ot a p p ea r e r e a t e h n r e n d of the l 6t ce tu y . W N 2 . F ENT FROM HENG RT M8 O. 2 0 A R AGM .

y gym ryt y kyn n edu e u y ga n ga twa lla 6n ven dige it wedy lla d

' ‘ ' ’ ie u a a r i Yr eil 6 k r chu r ri h t m r n r r i f y ifi . y y y ifl y y y y ifi

er b n bore dr a n n oeth 6r h m h6 lu a r edwin Y d d y y t y c e . tr y y 2 y6 kyrchu hy6et a p ien a f kyi yy ker ediyia 6n o6ei n y6yn ed y

m la d a ieu a a a y f c a ia yo yn yr er n a hon n o.

’ 6 a Guin ea pa ge hrpba n 2 mi n .

n a f n 6 n u r r n l 2 n o a e t he a a h n k n Co . e “y y y ys o . y [ ] ch l

n a e ch u a n h du : a s m r di n Ac 6e d cha ffel e y e gl e . y y a

ch u a n hedu v l n s Ac wed ore n o br d in va h y y e y y . y y g sgy y e

a ed m r i n a 6 y dodet a m e yn ys brydei . s e r rif d idi A se ra n s a r u i t n s ss c e n . T i p ra c y y y y . ith y y g

a thri r t i u i n A ff deir rif a e A se e n t a e . e a r p i b r. th g d i p borth

dec a deu in t i rit r a r d a r u in t A ff tw r e A e a e e e . e a g . th r p g c g

rif a n r r p yu ed a r dec a u gein t. Sef y6 byt yr yn ys hon : O be n ryn bla t[h]a on ym brydein

b f 6 h n n n a 6 ca n yt ym p en ryn p en wa ed yg kern i6 . Se y y y

m ill dir f m on h n s ra m u m Se 6 llet O ru t c . . 5 y g gl y y y p

ca n m illdir 6 h n n y y y.

i h Ac n Set a dylyir y da ly 6rthi : coron a their [t]al e t . y

n d in 6i 6 r n Ac m n r n rion t n llu e g sga y go o . y pe [ ]y y y y 4 v i Yr il a o le d n l ith eu Ac n a berfra . e . c g g or ta e [ ] . y yg

i6 dr d ei a r h d u vn m n 6 k rn ed a c es obot ss . e y y . th r g y y y di y y[ y .]

k dr ded fra 6c r il ein t. Ar a e A e yg y yg k r e .

1 The letters ita licise d in the text of this Tria d a n d in the p oem

n r ec Vr en a re in the M S . tra ced over in in k b a la ter ha n d the A y y , origin a l writin g bein g n ow on ly occa sion a lly discern ible u n dern ea th ; ’ ’ ’ n d th tra cer ha s som etim es a lter ed the ori in a l r s s a n d w s to a e g , é , f hi wn tim 15th or 1 6th cen tu r those o s o e ( y) . 2 th ri in n h w r m Som e of the top of e o g a l 6 i t is o d re a in s. I do n ot

hin it ossible tha t it ca n ha ve been a r t k p . 3 Th a dded a fter a in the sa m e ha n d a s the a ddition to Tr ia d 14 .

4 l i u s a c for i T he word ca n n ot ha ve been ta e the . Ther e is p e .

1 26 A FRA M T FR M HENGWRT M No 2 . EN O 8 . 2 0 G .

vn O 2 a n ra f ru d goru u dia 6c [C L ] tr u ga 6c e a o y . Bycha n y ln yn ym chwelu or m ercher dyd Arth or deheu kyu yt yn ta u dych yu er u yd Lloegrwys lledi a f ri u edi O bo6yssyd G6eith korsvochn o a dia gho byda 6t detwyd t m vn r Deu den g wra ged a c n y t yn ed a g6 vyd. Oes ieu en gtit a n ghyu yrdelit yn a eth dybyd ber6 ym difa n t ba r u a 6c or ka n t n ys rywlyd vrien O reget ha ela f yssyd a c a vyd

so a u u yr a da f. Lleta f y gled ba lch ygyn te d

n r de or or tri theyr a c gogled.

n : a n eirin w r w n A 6n eu he 6 g a wt yd a e yd.

m d in O ia 6 n 11 ion n d in eu a lyess 5mgeir y . Ny da ly6yf yn hen ym dygyn e u ghen

f vri n : A o l i. m n . n y m o 6y . e e

[V-l 6 atrium 13 hyn n .

16 Gin a rif e n a u r G6e n h6 u a r r [ ] p ri i rth . y ve ch g6ryt

6 n A 6 n h6 u a r er vth r idia 6 e . e a r 6 g t g y v ch y p g e l. A g en h6yu a r r o a 6r A ir k ve ch cu ra n g . e de a redicwr eic oed y rei h n n 6 hir A a r n r I n dec e a r . 6e e en in he n A y v rch y g v ch h .

6 l r n g y ve ch e da 6t . Teir g6r vor6yu yn ys brydein : vn o n a du n t : llewei

r eitwed A or e e vsber A m d r i a e s . . e e e b dellu a 6r v ch r v rch .

v n n br i r Teir gosgord a dw y y ys yde n . gosgo d m yn yda GO

ka tt th A os ord dreon le6 n rotw d a rd r A e s. yg ra e . g g y y y r dr d d o rd e u o e u er ethl n n r os y e g sgo v ly l y y y . 1 ei rif hu t u br dein : hu t m a Fo iii3 va b T r p y y y th [ . xx ]

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1 S here a dded b a m u ch la ter ha n d y . A FR A MENT FR OM HE W M NG R T s . N 2 o 2 2 . G . 0 1 7

a d s a 6d ven 6 v r 6 Ar dr hu y g y a h te i g a ed . yded t ru dlwm

rr a d s a 6d o va h kollu re 6 n i go y g y g ll y y e . Tr i chyn weissieit yn ys bryde in : g6yda r a p ru n a p

e i. Ac wein a m a e n wl h f k a A c a 6rda a a ra d . b l y p x edic . p 6c

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r a h l a r on w en r n n Ar Ar eil ga del ho s eigy y y ys ho . trydyd ra n n u o a rthu r y wyr teirgweith a m edra 6t yg ka m

la n . i l hi n r in 6 e r a 6 st l. Tri tha eit a 6c y ys b yde . g p g y y llw h A i a k r A dr sta n a ta c . che p yn y . y p l A ll ll 6 [24 ] Tri ru d u oa 6c yn ys brydein R u n a p beli. e6 a

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1 B r i n written in th m in h m e ha n d yde e a rg by t e sa . 2 T he ita lics here a n d elsewhere in the te t ! wher e n othin is sa id x , g to the con tra r den ote tha t the ita liciz ed letters a re in the MS . ex y, , , a c n cti n 1 r diss n n da t r d b o tra o . O é p esse y y y . L 2 WRT M NO 2 128 A FRAc MFNr FROM HENG S . . 2 0 .

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in A be i llon ga d gr6 m va rgot cidin a la da 6d a u a on a p ta lyess .

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r n Tr i a er u eda 6c yn ys bryde in Sele f a p kyn a n ga 6y .

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h n Tri post ka t yn ys brydein : D u n ot a p pa bo . a c y

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l a a n ll A m or da f a e a ser w a n . u tk t A n u d e se u t . t y . h l p h l p

i l n r d in b n n Ac a e Tr g e6 y ys b y e : Gr u dn ei a e be . d n n a m n a r u lor u Ac s f oe d n t e a wc n y doyn t o ga t y e ge e . y e y y r ei hyn n y: tr i m eib gleissia r gogled o h a ea r n w ed vra da 6c

eu m a m .

n br d in G ib i dra ha c A w l 4 T i tra ha 6 s e . sa [3 ] r c y y y 6 e 6 . y be n u ch l r dr a ha c A r u u a 6n e u 6 . e . p y

ri ll f vn n n s r d in M n w a n a T d be b e . a e y y y y a yd p llyr .

1 T her e is a sp a ce for a ste p a n d for on e letter (of which tr a ces t e m a in befor e h n n which itself seem s fa irl cer ta in thou h fa in t ) y [ ]y, y , g . T he r ea din g here w a s e viden tly diﬁer en t fr om those of the other ver si n f hi T ria d bu t the te t is u n r a m i l o s o t s m a t ca a n d m u st be corru t. , x g , p ” 2 Gé th r is tra ce d over in the la te r in k y é . 3 “ This word shou ld of cou rse be k n n u tt i - , , y e , the fu el cu tter 4 This wor d sho u ld ha ve be e n er a se d .

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13 0 A FR A MENT FR OM HE W 2 NG M No 2 . G RT s. . 0

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elwir a delle c in y g p y gl . Tri tha r6 ellyll yn ys brydein : ellyll g6ida wl : a c elll

m a rin i A ll ll : hm l wl dic llyr . c e y gyrt 6 e .

Tri 6 d ll l n r i l ll n w ll ll l a a e . a c e g y e y l y ys b yde n . e y b y e dn u eda 6c dr th ll : Ac ll ll m e n y y y e y le .

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lu u ilia n i d t ro n Ac wr w r . hr go y . e e e c y y dr6m Ac em er c e 2 i n d n n wr e c va ho a p ew e ge .

Tri wa r u d n i in g e6 y ys bryde n degyn elw va r d ywe .

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u ol 2 u r r r il m a on a a u a n C . e osw d ka r a A e g [ ] y yg ch . b p m odron Ar tr d d i i vn d or . w r a ir o d Ac a oe y y g e p ge e . g u chela ch n or tri a u u deirn os yg ka r cha r yg ka er oeth a c

a n oe th Ac a u u i a n w n e n dra on . . de r n os yg ka rcha r g e b g

a c a u u e ir n n h m ein t Ac d os yg ka rcha r hu t a da lech ec e . y

se f o d or u l a r h r r n u r u r Ar u n wa s a e e y g che g c a a 6 h6 6 a th . g

oll d or tri a r a r h n n Ac sef oe d 6 a s g yga 6 ch ch y y. y y g

k n i r h n Gore u va b u ste n eu n de 6 . 6 n 6 . y g y

[V L] 6 atrium meta l) 9 hrs .

R i rodedicu a r ch n s br d in M ein la s m a r QE y y y e . ch

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ka r d c vre i h u r a A llu a gor m a rch a a 6 c s.

1 Wre ic he re a dde d in m u ch la ter ha n d .

2 O r de we a e n g .

1 3 2 A FR A MEN T FR OM HENGWR T M NO 2 2 . s . 0 G .

Ac ym a es [COL 2] g60 n ith yg wen t y dotwes a r a r wen ithen .

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dotwes a r i en a 6 e n ithen Am h n n diha rhebir y he d g . y y y 1 n n riw u rthw h n ru on dotwe s a o heid llo yon . Ac y gy e c y a y

th . i r d A c r r . A v a c gen eu oa A hy6 e y c y roet y ble d y e g e .

l A u t a h a n y roet yr e ryr y vrea t tywyssa 6c or gog e d. c 6y

n u n t Ac n lla n u eir n a n n a a n u u a n t wa eth O a d . y y r o d y

d a r n eu a h Ac a r m a en b6r oe d m a e n du y otwes ge k t . y y y y 2 i m A m eibion a lu c m on a e m a a ssa n t y g6ru e cha t yn y or. p y g

v du n a on n o v u a a u Ac a u u vn e r rit yr dr6 0 t h g th b l c. o d i p

n i Ar il ron w Ar d ded m on u a d e oed da . r orm es : a g6yt y . y y

in l r e dwin vr e n h loegy .

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m n n u lu a r n u n A n u r yn a ssa t be te a d t eir ioet. c y ka t a rth

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l u n m r k a cho o y ky y a r a da 6 c.

58 T h e u r r d n s br d in a walla n [ ] g y y y y e . C s 6 va h beli pa n

a th eissio ﬂu r b t n ru u ein A m a n a e y g y y . wyda n va b llyr p a n

v u hu a u A u lla ff t r dy et. lle 6gy es p a n v u e f a g6ydyon yn keissio hen w a c a ru eu a n ria rot va m y g y .

59 Tri br n hin a vu n t F a e a O . xx v O veibi n i ion [ ] [ ] o e ll .

Gwr a t va b r a n n o l ha y g6 y y y g g ed. A c da u el a p kyn u ed6 w n A h u id a bl idi e d. e e c n deheu ba rtb yg y y p y .

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e n a A n b r 6 . c a u d a 6d ha fren : oe a en b t a e r g th y y bl y y h b .

Ar eil k u a r u ws ol da n a n En i . a 6n a be d br en hin kern i y g y y g p 6 . d d a r dr e . Ca a m va r ch i on a n er a n v l n y l d p y g a e g6 .

1 Alte r d fr ll n e om o yn n . 2 B a la wa s ﬁrst wr itt e n a fter m eibion d th n , a n e ca n celled . 1 Yn a wr itte n her e a n d the n a n l , c ce led . 13 3 A F WR T M No 2 2 . R A MENT R M HENG S . 0 G F O .

[VII] n B omb 9 Mi t.

E6i a n a k r i a ku n da wl dic A n on e r 19 a p s t p e ed c p e e . v ch

n r gy y O ga er ga 6c ym yn y6 ye y va m .

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m eirion d A m irion ka n tr f M ibion 6ein da n w n e n e . e y y . y y y y 1 a Ein ion k n d wl i ka twa la d r ve n di eit a p yrth a p u e a ed c. y g p ka twa lla 6n a p ka twa n a p ia go a p beli a p r u n a p m a elg6n

6 n d w in A dw u ei g y e a p ein ion wr a p pa bo post p ryde . y

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a a vr l h h n ll C dell p yen b u a n a p ysg6yn a p l ywa rc e . e u da t a m a la n o oet a u n Ac eler i o en n e n w er in n g g l . b t g yth y

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A then oi er leidu n ll da w e u m a m v ch y .

Pa ern a e ru n a m rll d p p t p y e yda 6 .

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1 A a re n tl a lte r ed from E m m u T he old for m wa s E n n ia u n p p y . A FR A MENT FR M H W M N O ENG R T S . O 2 0 2 . G .

K bi a se l f a er e in t a er in a cu sten n in r u y p y p g p b p go e .

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Ta thwrch n a e r n A tha n n l y b re ch y lleyn . g[6n ] y l a n goet

m on . A m a ethlu ka rde a 0 m on m e ibion ka ra da y yg e g 6 y . 6c vre ichwra s a r m a r i n i p lly . B eu n o ga ssu lsych [a p ] ben gi a p gwyn lli6 a p gli[6ys] a b tegit a k ll v v a d A h r F . x m e e e n o r l idu n ll a a . p . p [ ] [ ] ve ch e yd 6 y Ca n n e n a g6yn lli6 a p gli6is a p tegit a p ka dell : 0 Ha n ga thu s

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d Ar llon eu n er o lu a r m a r wr a e . or A m er i y g g g y p yg y . 6 y

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1 FR E GWRT N S . No 2 2 . 3 6 A FR AGMENT OM H N . 0

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n on i u e in Ych di v d fr a r u A d e . c h n c y y y g y y o 6yt e u y y g de . l a m dler 0 win a c o ew .

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in lla n u a la u u r n n r y g6 n e ya t y va 6 .

Ti a d l ka d r h n m 6 a f a ell ch n wl6 d n on n o yyy 6 y y y y y y y h .

ffr th u rb n w1 d n ilw ith . ca n r v n o or 6y e e y y 6y y e e ys d a t yd hon .

[I X ]

c or a th u su l a m ou n T i rth D Ygygh g ye : y a doeth . e6 6 1 n u Ym a n l n a der w d Ym o l t r a dir i i Ym y yt . g y y g y c e t. a n h d a a el Ym oleithio a le Ym ih u r hu e e e . d a a c ra h g 6 a d t .

wn l ka n y dida 6r dru t p a e .

[X ]

Eir vn ben erd o r du a n u n QL g y p y cha tely . d t w a r6y y .

Tri h th a n n eil hir di i d [62 ] p e gy r e di a r dyn . rycyon i

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1 ch 6 .

[64 ] Tri p heth n y cheif dyn diga 6 n O n a du n t : hoedyl a i heit a ch u h b d 1 oet . a . e c . y y 6

1 S e e n ote 109 , p . . E M HE WRT M 1 A FRA M T FR NG 8 NO. 2 2 . 3 G N O . 0 7

Te ir be n dith n y a da n t dyn y n e wyn n a c y n oethi

os i b n i r i h r l i da w r . e f. A be n d t a d r o k e d th y ber [i]gla 6 . y g 6y p

A be n dith k rd r in r e a 6 o l ge d.

ir n n dith m a m Te ben dith yssyd w ell n or tri hy n y. be a c vn t t v a a c n a tu ydic.

Tr i f n f da t a c a r da dlu n n r edi c r . y ya [t] g6r . e t e y y l da d n d . 6 n y y a a d y y va b a r von ed.

Tri o ﬂa n d r r m k r h a orse d a g gy 6 e g6 yn et yg y c . g d dl a eu . F b ] n n k i Fo x x vi da n 76 a ffe . y n ya t y6 e ss[a ]6 da . [ . ] 6 5 y g de tw d t o m n n a l n a d a ff r y y y y gy y d 6 g6 e y a s k e . [69] Tri p heth n ys m edyr n a m yn doeth n eu det6yd ym a da 6

d n r o i m o d ou r a c a d . a c a or d m e da 6t. a c e e y a m se a 6l. g n eb g

D i u n va r n v r vil n n dir ew sse dy y6 y ch y a 6 se gi y u a n . a e w l6 d n . a vr i n u u n i ir n irion . s e a r a e e c y d g y y h l e y d h d e .

m d i h n id ll a w n da se w a n u s e e d e t d . e e s e s t g y y 6y ly y . y g m ly .

h ff re n a hi io h i h Tr i r 6 d n t . e e c n a c ed m de t da y y y .

Tri fr6 d h n t dia sba t a dr ki m a c n a c. li t y y y y .

h h d r i u l n ed6c . r cti r vr i r a d . a dr Tr y e y y . yc e c y

r ca gl6yd.

h fn i m r h 6r . a . a c e t . r i Tr i y bo t g hel y 6 a c e e d c.

h w s a eth detw d bot n d w n h [74 ] Tr i t y y soge y . y a y a ssa a et

h a h n n n h h in a o a n n ya n a e gyfrin a c . y y y c yg e n a m yn ga n

u n u on h i gre dy u s e v e ed c .

T h th s d ia n di l d n a a u ri p e ys y 6 y o 6ch y y . g6 ha 6 d ryb d

a c a n re c.

n n h l T d n m a a r u n t. a l ri y y e I a 6 bot y d 6 t g6 ed6 . c a

iu tu t a c ym d a t.

r i n m a e ia 6 n r i v du n t m de i hi t c . a T dy y od b6yt . y

r a lla u u r 6r goloch6yd6 . . 1 d a n a d6r . a c a r d. ri a r e n n t . T ch ly y . g 6y

l r ic u n iw Tri heth a rd rcha u e 6 . re u e ir a [7 p y y g g6 d h d . c

di t k d n iﬂ is h d ch a rgl6yd 6y a a r a d e e O . 1 F A ME R M HE GWRT Ms N . O. 2 2 3 8 A R G NT F O N . 0

8 h d r ] 2 vr i 0 Tri h o r ir dr c . a a 6 . dr ct . a c e [ ] p et est6g [C . ] g y y a dr ea r l d y g 6y .

8 1 Tri h u a r l r [ ] a g y ta byt be tha 6 0 a cha ru a e a n ghe u . 2 8 Tri l th . m or c a r l i a a n a . [ ] g 6 byt . g 6yd d s

Tri h ffr din : r i hl h l n e a c r 6lb6 rd. a t e . y e byt g6 c c. a 6 ta y [84 ] Tri p he th n y ellir bot hebdu n t yr m ein t a w n elon t o dr6 ta n a d f r r l c . . a c a 6 d 6 y g y .

85 Tr i e a s r h a r d n h bot i a hu n a he [ ] p th y t y eb y 6y d 6 . . m in h e . a ho t p ec t. 1 86 Tri m rth r l h h l n ha ld r ri tl di e o a et eb a d d . e e o . a [ ] y y . y diw ird b n tlodi h h o h a c a m m n n a l eb u et . e e y . y gy gy

Tri m h hu o s b t . m e a f n n u a ly y th y p ec .

8 Tri st r ss d hu i m h ll a ld r 8 t a n t. a t . [ ] y y y y y s g. edy 6y g6y e .

89 Tri cha da rn b t : a r l6 d dru t a didi m . [ ] y g y a .

[x1] c d m bpeu p bpn . A vo da ga n du 6 ys dir m m b Ada 6 a e n a da 6 a .

Ad6c yr hyd yr m a es m a 6r . a m u Ar n y rodo a ga ro n y cheiff a d n o. d f An ghen a dyrr de y . An ghen a wn a he n yn r edega 6e

h n Lla 6 1a n diogel oe p her c e .

s A ra n n o y lia 6 s ra n n et yn hyn a 6 .

r A u o m a r6 n y m och 6eli .

Ada 6 m a 6r a r od bycha n . ka w m ero t et . A gy .

Argl6yd a gym ell.

A dyf a deu . t n n o n A a rbetto y va ch a rbede y gy gy .

n da n A gu n u ller a r gea m a r ch m a le . y

r gy .

1 f th s r a ltered from a T he a o i wo d y .

A F ME T FR M HENGWRT M N S . O 2 2 . R AG N O . 0

hod m in i d byc ed a le .

50 h n h d da a r dim [ ] byt eia t a heled pob p eth y y .

51 B k m i k n i [ ] loden yn e g6ell yn a be .

2 Kl w r k n w le r [5 ] y et ko n y y e .

5 h t a r [ 3 ] Colles y glyd6r a gyrc 6s y y d6 .

[54] On e a n er g6edy p reid . a ssu n 2 n tha dwe [55] C l he [COL ] y . l [56] Cosbi yr a r th yg6yd y le6 .

u Ca u as da n y cha a s dr6 0 .

[58] Ca ssee klof klof y heba 6l . r6 [59] CGyn u ychot ke ilioc yn a e y .

[60] D r6 e y6 dr6c a g6 a e th yo. 1 n ta ka w th ca rr e c ka ka ygy y g a e . [62] Doeth vyd dyn tra da 6o

v m [63 ] Dr u t a dyb y a .

[64] Dighit ryw a n elit ryga da rn .

Drythyll dirieit. h b ll tli [66] Dr6 0 be c ot oe e e t .

Dywedi o wg ga la n a s 0 bell. 2 8 D a d i llir deir 6eith n th6 llir r [6 ] oeth 6 [ ] g . y y d a t n a m yn vn ith we . f [69] Da ko m a b.

D m n i r u [70] a y a e g da a e egyl.

7 1 Dirie it a u da de t6 d a o 0 n or a c o u n d [ ] gl t y y [ ] y y .

u a rth m h n lo [72] De p klot y p e g c.

Deu a rth 6e ith v d d hr u [73 ] p g y y ec e .

D it a n n iwill r a n [74 ] yg y .

’ 75 D6 n v m u 6 i r ll s : er a e ir a 6b a ch6 e n n c h [ ] y y ch y g p y .

ith r u : n t s di m [76] E y ga ll y oe .

h l en if r a dia 1 n ta n Eg y p o d 6 pe .

s u ba r a n r e torth [7 8] Elit y g 6 g d y .

1 n ta m a be r a d m a T he l tte rs r v r I thin k ygy y e ygy . e a e e y m u ch

rn a n d the r over b obscu r e . wo , p

2 e ha lf-obliter a ted lette r a ea rs t o be i T h p p . F E M HEN WR T M O 141 A RA M NT FR O G s N . 2 0 2 . G .

Er bi [7 git y ll6yn ku su l he b ere . 8 [ 0] Esgu t dryewa s yn ty a re ll .

8 1 r r l [ ] Efo ra c trye tir n a ifo ra e d ye a g 6yd. 2 [8 ] Ffa 6t p a 6b yn y da l.

k n o in G6ell a d6 c Olre .

84 G6 n of u n o ra n a ru [ ] ell ra y g .

8 n hir [ 5] Gn a w t g6 e dy tra ba tra g .

8 6 G r o n h difr [ ] 6ell m a 6 n m y yc a 6t .

w ll b d n o u h d h n a 6 G e e b c e p ob a g a c. l 88 w l r l ll r a d m e . [ ] G a eh y a ba . g 6y y gy

89 Gwell oleith m e u l n ia a [ ] g y oe d l .

w n r l [90] G ell du 6 y ga n o lu y da e a r . F 2 ii w ll 91 G6 e O . 7 G e du 6 oe . [ ] ll [ , ] voli 2 92 Gwell 7 a m a re a detw d u oc a m ta n a i i it [ ] 5 y p t y y d r e .

93 Gw ell we il ka r n oc 6 n eb r n [ ] g g y y yr est a 6 .

94 w ll r n o r [ ] G e g6 g6y .

95 Gwell a ros n o m u l er det [ ] e y g . 9 w ll n o ir ia [ 6] G e tolya 6 he 6 .

97 Gn a 6 a elw t diff d n diffeith [ ] t y y y .

v [98] G6irion yd p a 6b a r y eir .

n [99] Gn a 6t diga ra t y llys.

1 ith s a n a ra n a 6 [ 00] G6e y g 6 g6 d .

u r a dir r [101] Gwi6 e yr e p e .

1 02 G6 a a 6 ed6 6 reic vn ben [ ] l g g .

103 G6 e l e 6 a le n a bl cko n o t 6ia len a or o [ ] l y g y y gy y d r .

1 04 Gw ell ka r n ll s n oc e u r a r vr s [ ] y y y .

[105] G6a e 6r a ga ffo drycwr eie . w r eic a a f o r [106] G6a e g f drye6 .

n u n [107] hi r gr a 6 y e6y .

1 The secon d letter m a be a d bu t is ver dou btfu l T he roverb y , y . p b u re is o sc .

2 Mista es f this in d a re so a sil corr ect d Sic ! for n oc . k o k e y e tha t d t they a re seldom p oin te ou .

V OL . VII . R M No . 2 0 2 . 142 A FRAGMENT FR OM HENGW T s.

l 1 i n h u [ 08] H r n ych y a g e .

o n Hir oreiste y ga .

[110] Hir y hyd en deric ych dryewr . 1 1 1 d [ ] Hir a n n ot n yt a 5m a . 11 1 12 Hir d a u u l [ ] we [d] 6 t y e y .

1 i m it e r [ 13 ] H r y kn oir y ta e ch6 6 .

1 14 d i n a e [ ] Hir e e6 t y . 11 m a [ 5] Hir y hyd y m u t y porth y byd r .

Hir l t a rthr h y yga 6 ye .

1 1 Hir l dr t r oc [ 7] e a y g .

1 18 Hir lo r a e th va d [ ] g6 y y 6 .

1 19 H a 6d n d 6 a s a or6 d [ ] a 6[ ] yg g 6t g y .

120 H a d eiriol a r a a r r [ ] 6 g e .

121 Ha 6d k n n u t th [ ] y e a n yn lle y ta n 116y .

1 22 H a 6d a n o dir i i [ ] d g e e t y g6 n . [1 23 ] H en be ehot a 6n a ke wilid n ewyd

1 24 H t tra v ch n a v u [ ] y y yd o er.

1 25 Ys m a r u o diob ith [ ] 6 a e .

126 Ys dir n i hio n O u r [ ] t y b p .

1 27 Ys dir dr6c ra dr a ra ll [ ] d 6c .

ra a Ys ci a la [ ] d a gu hu d. 1 29 Ys w 2 [ ] g ell [COL ] y llysc y deu ette6yn n or vn . [1 3 0] Ys dr6c a deg e6in n y bortho yr vn gyl

1 3 1 Ys da a n heu ra c eidia 6 e [ ] g .

13 2 Y dr6c a 6n 1e n n a n a w n n ir 6 d a n [ ] e r y y t dy y yg y k t .

1 3 3 Yn os w a etha f n 0 1 [ ] y .

1 3 4 Ia r d r u eda f a 6 n [ ] ch y y p g y .

1 3 5 Yka r ir n r [ ] ky6 y y yg y g6elir . v [1 3 6] chydic ye m a m y kyn n yl .

1 r t n a n w l ka e [13 7] Ym a r ch a 6y y y e y y y .

w sef a la d [1 3 8] Ym a r ch a ych y . V 0 b d 6 m n [13 9] Y p a rehell a y6 by a t e .

1 P r ha s a n hen e p g . 2 l n l tter is on e which loo s like ( I T he w o rd a r en tl on o e e . Ap p y y g , k

i n on e R B version of the Proverb col. 970 is wedda é t. . . ( )

144 A FR M ROM T A ENT F HENGWR Ms No 2 0 2 . G . .

N 1 cheif r o w r 5 yu da c y ba rch.

N t rei d w d n a m n y t y et y yn y e i .

N ch6 n eir vot a e n l f y y yr y y g6 ll h y g a . N t 6a re a n o erch y ch yll.

N t m w s a wn el w r y y y g a th.

t t n n Ny ys y lla 6 ys rybu ch ka lon .

Na dr r ic d f vit yew e ygy rin .

n d wr i Nyt oes drycwr a m yu ryc e e .

r l n m r Nyt drye y a g 6yd a yu d ye wa s.

1 n t l Ny cheif ch6edy y e oe dy.

Ny llu d a m rein t fa 6t .

i ll r l d Nyt re t pedi yn ys a g 6y .

r Ny hyd ochen eit heb y deigy .

t k w i ha heb vra wt Ny y e t s . 1 o Ny 6n a y dry6 y n yth yn ll sg6rn y ga th .

l n Ny thyr l estyr kyn y bo lla 6 .

N h d m la m a n o v n h tra u ot y y yssog 6e e y ye .

N e e ru k stu d a n y h l g d y k lo .

Odi t da diwa ra fu n .

ob tr6m tr m a f he n in O p y e t.

O m n n vot n rch i ti a n ei n si a vo m y y y y y g dy t 6y. t Get a ryd a tep .

Oer ye isgell yr a la n a s. On y che gyn n in d6 c vressych Pa n dywysso yr en deric y breid n y hyd da yr ysgrybyl d d h6n n 6 y y .

e n wir diu n wir bla n t Pob e y .

ka r Pen 6 a r ysgyu a rn oc. Pa n dywysso y da ll y gylyd e ll deu y dig6yda n t yn y ll [p 6] .

r l Ryga s ywe ir .

dr u a n r n r R a n a d a ea n .

R e 6 rth a m w ll w ll a a it y p y b r 6t.

1 Alter d fr m on e e o . 145 T Ms No . 2 0 2 . A FRAGMENT FR OM HENGWR .

l R y6 y va b yr ysgrch [COL 2] la m u . [203 ] sym u da 6 a tn eu ra [c] dr6 c

d u ot. [204 ] Seith m lyn ed y bydir yn da roga n delli kyn n oe y ha f [205] Ysgr ybyl dirieit a r eit .

r k m [206] Sj rthit m a r ch y a r y betwa r a . 1 d [207] Tr a n y m yn o du 6 n y 6y . m [208] Tee ta n p ob ty p .

n ir [209] Trech a m m ot o g6 . th [210] De lor a d6c dr60 oe n y .

a u i hia 6d [21 1] Ta la 6d e e .

[212] Ta u ot a dyr r a sg6rn .

a d s [213 ] Tr e ch a n n ya n n oc y c . n [214] V n llygeidia 6c a vyd bre n hin ygwla t y deillio . u dri [215] V n ka m diogi a wu a deu n e .

2 1 n [ 6] V n a r fet a u a c y ga t. 1 1 k [2 7] Vtherda w ga n dryc in .

[x11] c é eiu t strata! 81 m a t bpu pa teir.

M egys y dy6eit sein t a wstin : te6der y da ca r y6 vn vil a r de c 0 villtir oe d a c vn u et ra n a r de c m illtir vchder y fu ru a u en ye ga n ger det beu n yd o dyn deu gein m illtir yn y i6rn ei 6yth m il 0 wlyn yde d a c 6yth ga n m lyn ed ba ca ch y bydei yn k rd t e e .

[X I II]

l i hts a n u a ct r emi g p p t .

Ef a n u v u Y m n v n e . a e . Mi a k i Yd s m y e e olle s. y y

o n r p e . i Mi a r . Mi a dreu l e s. o eis Mi a tw i Mi a n ekeeis d ge [e] s. .

dr u le is i a n u v n A r i A e c e . o s m a n A etweis [ ] de y e yn ve . g

m i a e kolleis. Am a n k i r n i e ee s ydys y n poe .

1 Of cou rse m ea n t for rch a n d Vcher da w r ecti el yé esp v y . 146 A FRA MENT FROM HE NGWRT Ms N 2 2 G . O . 0 .

[X IV]

111m tglpn pon npnbtsot belied)

” ! Wyn gwa ra n da 6 di y syn - [Fa x xviii ]n 6yr a dra etha y llyfreu m or ll6yr g6ithyeu goleu g6yla tor

m r a r dyrcha u el o byt 6y .

Moru d m eidra 61 y de u a 6t O blegyt du 6 a e dyu ot m ein t yr a r6ydyon a vyd

m the u etd d k n d d ra p y c y y y b 6t.

Pen p etwa ryd dyd a r dec yt gym er m or m a 6 r a tree yn dyfyn der da ca r drem yn t

vel a s k rreid 6 n wn n y g y t g ec.

Tryded a r dee dr6y deithi 1 m or irthret wele t weil i g g g . A pha n e le r oe syllu

i vu vi m en n e yn yt n yt .

Deu de cu ettyd du 6 diga 6n a n iu eilieit m or m a 6r da 6 n dyu ot p ob p ysc os odep

b t a r n eb r ei iaﬁn y 6y y g .

V n u et dyd a r de e keu ga n t

r n n n krea du rye u yr g y a t. ra c Ofyu dili6 dia rcha r

n a da r da ea r dor westa t.

1 T his se m s to ha v b n a lt r d fr m e e ee e e o a thret.

14 A FR A ME M EN WR T MS NO. 2 0 2 . G NT FR O H G .

1 Decu etdyd herwyd a n n ya n n y cheif dyn n ya don dida n m or difeith e f n ys diffa wd r a c m in v fra wd fr u ta n e t yd yde .

N a 6u et w e dy decu et da w du 6 ehu n yn y l u n ya 6 v u ela u t ta n toryf ystyr

e r r or r rth n gy sy y sy ya t .

6ythu et [d]yd de fn yd dya a r dedu eu dieu dia rcha r dygyn ga n gos ros er u yn

va l a n n d n a da ea r p gry y .

Seithu etdyd da roga n m ein m 6ya f 0 11 a holda n O wyr thyeu du 6 dy6e da n

r a c a r n it ra n y e b 6t bria 6 .

Ar6ydyon cher6 chwechu etdyd y da 6 y g6a e t or g6 ellt a r wyd yn a rgl6yd yn a rgletryd

a n ro es r d k et a be dyd.

Pym et dyd elu yd a ﬂ6yd ryu el n ys a rgel a rgl6yd p a n n v breoed a bryn n yeu

e 16 sseu di eu di d g y g6y .

Petwa red dyd prit ergryt a rn eit a n n iu eilieit byt : 2 ga n wyllessoed koet yt gerda n t

k n n t n a oa n t t a gwda d y gy .

1 D a wr it n h n l d te e re a d a le . 6 , then c n ce 2 Alter ed fr om w ll ssoed y y . R M HE WRT Ms No 2 0 2 . 148 A FRAGMENT F O NG . .

Trydyd tru e n i $ ra c a ryn eie bra wt br ou i a u u o estra 6 n a cha r

r w n b d u i a y e da ca r y .

Eildyd kyn n o dyd dili6 1 p obloed trist crist se ke n n yw ga n a ﬂ6yth g6yth g6 a sga ra n t

ka n g6da n t n a byda n t by6 .

V n dyd dou yd dyu yd oll : p obloed pla n t a da f 0 bell a m u t a dr u t a drythyll :

n 11 n u n a y 6yr y e lla 6 dy ll .

G6yn goru gos yth en eit lles a He kyn n e s yth dra et ta ra 6 teith y eitha f byt

l d ch l d u ot he b ym ch6e y 6e y .

Dyu ot n yt dy oru ot dim yr veu yl br essen t ga tweu t ga m poe t ke le in a r don :

a m or m rw w n r y y bo g y .

[xv ]

QBEn digedic e n 6 vn ye or degeir ha el va h m e ir m a 6 r eidu n kre du yr a rgl6yd cre dedu n

du a d u ot ehu n y 6 y .

Eilgeir or degeir dyghet ysbryt dyn ot wyt dou ya 6 c kelu yd n a tha era ga m yth erwyd h d d n a th6g a n u don yt y .

1 l e from a n e The y a t re d .

M F W 15 A FRAG E T ROM HENG RT MS . N 2 0 N O . 2 0 .

Decn e t ge ir dedyf ka n yt cida 6 dyn d6yn y dyd y ge n tha 6 1 ka d6 y g6 yllye u ra e otyn gwylla 6

b ra t r c ll a rn a t or m a a a 6 .

Lla 6 veir yn gywe ir gi6da6 t he b drossi a n o drossom dydbra 6t yn y da 6 du 6 diwa r n a 6t

n a c yn don y vro yr vra 6t.

Hyt dydbra 6t kym ra 6t kym ryt gredyf

k i r d f yg yu e r y degei edy .

Yr dygn a 6t ba ra 6t be ryf er chyll a rchollet yrof

m a 6r du 6 da eon i vcha f

m a e r if r d n da n f y o d y y y y e .

N ci a geffy a ge fﬁr a g6n a hyn n hon n eit gyghor hyd vu yd ove c din a r

or e da rth b n r th 6 e dy e .

Bra 6t y veir y6 da 6 da yr a 6 r y ga n e t gogon ya n t n e f a lla 6 r a e m a b doe th kyu oe th kou a 6r

a e a a s ha r 16 d m a t m a r th t g y 6 .

B ra 6t y ve ir y6 du 6 dou ya 6c lu n a e tha t a e m a b ra t r6yf gyu u n : gwle dic n ef a def eidu n

wla tl6 d a e ha r l6 d g y g y chu n .

1 A ca n ce lled bef r -a y o e 6. A FRA MENT FR OM 5 HENGWRT Ms. 2 2 1 1 G No . 0 .

[X VI] a r ma sﬁa m gttb he nia .

(15Wr a leu e ir yn y bed 1 a dyg6yt kyn seithm lyn ed

m r m a rw r d in l a ch eu e gog ed.

r i i wi d r n E u s . n 0 w w y e . y y g y 2 ga n rieu ryu el degyn

v n r n m erdin y6 y he 6 va h m o[r] u y .

r i win 6 c E u i . 0 a y e s . g [ ] ga n n eu ryu elegl6e :

m erdin v h n m h i y6 y e 6 a e d6c.

Pa n del g6r g6rthryn y a r olwyn du : y la d lloegyr 116ybyr wehyn ch6e r6 wen 6yn yn a m wyn g6yn vr yn wyn vryn eisi6yn erby

H ir n eu e t iwet m r [ ] g gy y.

Ny hyd diogella wr yg kella wr a rdu d6y a r a r da lwy kym ry

r rd r ha wr a e a e e wc t ch toryf hy.

Pa n dyu o coch n ordm a n di y holi lloegrwys : tre u l dif6y[s] b h r a n didorbi FO xxi x tret a m . ob da o [ . ] p g h i ca ste ll yn a ber odn .

Pa n dyu o y brych ka de rn hyt yn ryt be n ga rn

1 A letter ma ha ve on e a fter d wher e the lin e en ds T he m a r in y g y . g f thi folio cu t ff s m etim es be on d the m a r in of th wr itin o s is O , o y g e g , hich is n ot r e u la r w g . 2 Sim ila rl a se c n d it m a h r ha ve be n l st. y , o y e e e o o M 2 . W T S . NO. 2 t A FRAGMENT FROM HENG R 0

lliwa wt gwyr tre u lia wt ka rn

n a rn p en de u ic p rydein yn o p e b .

Pa n dyu o hen ri y holi m u r ka ste ll y dem yn eryri lwa t orm s dra w il i ga 6 g e g e g .

P n d u w n w n n l llu n d in a y o y g y g a y ho i e .

v ir h n n y a r e c yt kei .

r f n r i n y geil w e tyyr a s ga e ge [ ] .

Ten eu y m es te6 y hyt p a n d[yu ] o yn disyu yt bren hin wa s w a e a e kr t g g y .

M a b a u yd m a wr y u rda s a oresgyn m [i1] di n a s

hoed l e n br n hin w y gi e o a s.

Ka da ru 6rth wa n gwla t a du ot gwa n wrth ga da m gordirot

en n a eth ba n es wa eth oe d u ot p d g y .

Byt a u yd bryt 6rth u a 6r des yd byda n t gwra gede in t lla e s vu che s

b da n t llu m eibion ein eu k ffe y y s .

Byt a vyd bryt 6r th y de s yt w n ah o ta ea 6e y les

dis iw en bu n 6 r thb6 th wa s g g y g .

Byt a vyd y gorfen oet pa lla n t ieu ein g ra e a dwyd

m ei m a w o en ra e a n w t r k g y .

Byt a vyd bryt 6rth erchwys yd a deila wr yn dyrys

heb w er thm a wr n cha ffa 6 r r y k ys.

154 A FRA MEN T FROM HENGWRT Ms NO . 2 0 2 . G .

cha t a vi a r byr ri a u on a brython dyworp i wn a ha wt w r u h r w dr g g y g y g r hy i .

Yn a ber ydon p e ritor ea t a p helydyr a n ghyu yon

a wa et ru d a r ru d sa e sson g .

wa ssa wc dy wa ed dy we n dyd a m dywa wt wylyon m yn yd n a er y b ka ra f.

[X V II]

e n glpn n pou gerein t nab rrbtn .

wAn et a n et gerein t oed a gore t pyrth n e f rodei gr ist a a rchet

p ryt m irein p rydein ogon e t.

M olet p a 6b y r u d ere in t a rgl6yd 1 m ola f in eu

Fr a m en t en ds. (MS . g )

1 h o t Fo shou ld be erein t The word com m e n cin g t e l s . xxx . which

i he R ed B ook o Her est col. 1 042 ﬁn ishe s the sta n z a n T f g , . N E N N I U S ' AN D GE O F F R E Y O F U TH MONMO .

’ ’ L H ISTOR IA B RITONU M a ri u ée a N en n iu s e t L HISTORIA tt b , B RITANNICA a va n t Ge offroi de M on m ou th p a r AR THUR

B ORDE IE P r i : m ion DE LA R a s H . C a Lon on . h p ; d

r 8 v i B rn a r u a itch . i e o . . v d Q ( , pp ,

I N a ccor da n ce with the in ten tion e xpresse d in a pr eviou s n u m er C m m r odor vi we n ow re u r n to the con b ( y , , t

i As sidera tion of the im porta n t w ork wh ch hea ds this pa ge . a re a in im a e we on si er the w or in u e s ion to be l dy t t d , c d k q t o n e of the m ost im porta n t con tribu tion s to the stu dy of the sou r ces Of ou r e a rly history which ha ve a ppe a red of la te

e a r s a n d a s the e i ion is im i e to 200 o ies the wor y d t l t d c p , k itself m a y be u n kn own to m a n y of ou r re a de rs ; for whose

e n eﬁ erefor e we r ose to i e a som ew a e a u s i e b t, th , p op g v h t xh t v su m m a r of its on en s y c t t .

The wor is i i e in o two a r s the ﬁr s om ris n a k d v d d t p t , t c p i g

ri i a s u of the H istor i a B r iton n m om m on a ri u e c t c l t dy , c ly tt b t d to N e n n iu s a n d the se con d con sistin g of a hitherto in e dited

' fra m en of a La in if of t Gon ez n o a M S of h i e S . . t e e n g t t l , b g n in of the e e en e n u r in w i eferen e is m a e to a g l v th c t y, h ch r c d

er a in Ystor i a B ita n n ica w i M d l B or r i r . e a e e oes on c t , h ch , d g to s ow form e the r a n sition - wor e wee n the e m Of the h , d t k b t g r

B ri is e en a s fo u n in N en n iu s a n d its ossom in in o t h l g d d , bl g t pe r fect ﬂower in the m a rvellou s pa ges of Ge offroy of M on m ou h Th w n u w it t . e o e o e s a n A e n i ie h l c cl d h pp d x, ch ﬂy com pose d o f a n a ccou n t o f the va r iou s edition s o f the H i stor i a 1 5 NFNNI ANO E F RE MON H 6 U S G O F Y OF MOUT .

B riton n m a n d a n en i en a ssiﬁ a ion of a ll th e n ow n , co v t cl c t k

MSS .

Afte r a s r refa e in w i he a n ow e es his in ho t p c , h ch ck l dg debtedn e ss to his for eru n n ers in is ﬁe a n d e s e ia to th ld, p c lly 1 r w en n n h r m a n ch ll th e S e so a d to t e e M . S ii o u o n G C . t v , , , a u thor en ters u pon a n ela bora t e in vestiga tion in to the con

n u n i i - m te ts a n d a the t c ty of the so ca lle d H istor i a B r iton n .

Pr m isin a w i m i f t H t e e the os a n en M SS . o he is g th t, h l t c t .

’ B rit a r o u n m d h wor ha s n riou . e n a or s a e a n t e e e a s b th , k b v ly

s r i r h 1 th or 1 h a e to M a t e H er m i V a i a n M S. 0 1 t c b d k, t ( t c , ce n tu ry) ; N en n iu s (en d of 1 2th ce n tu ry) a n d to Gilda s

Mi e A es e n er a l a n d es e ia in the 1 2th e n u r ( ddl g g ly, p c lly c t y) , the r ea a u or is u n n o wn the w ri er ro ee s a s er a in l th k , t p c d to c t the proba ble da te of its com position : a ta sk r en dered som e wha t di fﬁcu lt fr om the fa ct tha t the ea rlier copyists in ser te d the a e of eir res e i ve ra n s ri s w i a e m a a d t th p ct t c pt , h ch d t y, by su erﬁ ia r ea er be a en for a of the ori in a om osi p c l d , t k th t g l c p ion I t is n e essa r er efore to e im in a e the a i ion s of t . c y, th , l t dd t

a er o is s from the ori in a l r ou n wor a n d to se e in l t c py t g g d k , k the la tter som e u n m ista ke a ble in dica tion pf the da te of its i I t wi be se e n a the work a ri e h com pos tion . ll th t sc b d to t e — a u thor of the H istor ia B r iton n m whe ther N en n iu s or — a n other com prise s e ight e n tirely distin ct a n d differen t

iz ra s v . t ct ,

1 . P r olo u s M a or A lon er a n d a shorte r r efa ce i n which a lon e g j g p ,

l M in h 2 P r o o a s or t e n a m e of N e n n iu s a ea r s a s the a u thor . . g p p C itu la a sort of T a bl of . a n n t 3 e C o te . p , s 4 C a lc uli a C hron olo ica l T a ble of va ri ou s even ts in u n iversa l histor . , g y, from the be in n in of the world g g .

1 De E ccle sia sticte B r iton u m Scotcr u m qu e H istor ies Fon tibu s Sou r ces i r f th B riton s a n d B erlin 1 851 of the E cclesia stica l H sto y o e , ,

8 vo a n im orta n t wor ﬁrst m a de kn own to Welsh r ea ders b the . , p k , y m a s te hen s in his Pr iz e E ssa on The Pla ce of the Welsh la te Tho S p , y ” r e h d or 1 57 in Civilisa tion ; p u blishe d in the T a t o ydd f 8 .

1 58 N NNws ND EOFF E O M T E A G R Y OF M N OU H .

a u a e ion of the w o e w o a r eein er fe wi v l bl p ort h l rk , g g p ctly th

B ede a n d the Sa x on Chr on icle et a in m a n in eres in , y dd g y t t g

e a il s n ot fou n in se w or s a n d ivin the n a m e s o f d t d tho k , g g

a e s m en on e in e a n ien B r i is for m s w oll pl c ti d th ir c t t h , h y

d ffer e n from th n iv n in em ere i t e En glish e qu iva le ts g e th . Th

r em a in s e efore for n si era ion on the Histor i c , th r , co d t ly

B ri ton n m o e r so a e a n d to a m in u e a n d cr i i a , p r p ly c ll d ; t t c l stu dy of its cha r a cter a n d con te n ts the re m a in de r of the

ﬁrs a rt of the wor is e o e t p k d v t d .

l st T D ATE — i a a a ssa w i . HE is is in e e Th d c t d by p g h ch ,

s ri e of a er a n d e r ron e ou s a i ion s r ea s t u s t pp d l t dd t , d h A prim o a n n o qu o Sa xon e s ve n eru n t in B rita n n ia m u squ e a d a n n u m qu a r tn m Mer m i n i r egis su p p u ta n tu r a n n i CCCC ” I t r i . d e F m ﬁr a n E . S ev n son ro the s e XX X ( , t y

' which the Sa xon s ca m e in to B rita in to the f ou r th yea r of ” Kin Mer v n a re om u e 429 ea r s g y , c p t d y ) We lea r n fr om B r n t y Ty wysogion th a t M e r vyn bega n to

i r n n P w i A D 1 his fou r ea r n o e Gw e o s n . 8 8 re g v y dd a d y . ; th y wa s erefor e 8 21 - 822 a n d sin e a ea r wa s n ot is in , th , ; c th t y d t

u ished n e s e ia im or a n e e n the in fer en e is g by a y p c lly p t t v t, c n a u ra a it wa s u s r om in en m a r e ou t a s ein t l, th t th p tly k d b g the ye a r in which the a u thor wa s writin g; a n d sin ce n o ea rlie r

a e ca n be e s a is e it u s e om e s hi r o a e a d t t bl h d , th b c ghly p b bl th t

or w a in om se in A D 822 he w s or a o . . t k ig lly c p d .

The a e of the ori in a om osi ion ein u s ﬁ e the d t g l c p t b g th x d , da te s of the va riou s a n cien t copie s a r e n e xt de ter m in e d in the

a m e wa a a refu scr u in of the ron o o i a a a s y , by c l t y ch l g c l d t

r the a riou s M SS a n d n ot to u r n the re a er a ffo de d by v . b de d wi ese e a i s it m a su ffice to s a e t a ese a es a r e th th d t l , y t t h t th d t 2 1 024 s ow n to be 8 3 1 8 3 857 o r 8 59 9 12 946 a n d . h , , , , ,

l E oNTENTs —Th n ﬁf a a re e o e d TH C . e es 2n d y . ext ty p g d v t to a de ta ile d a n a lysis of the con te n ts of the Histor i a B r i ton u m i self whi is fou n to on s s of ﬁve ri i a a r s t , ch d c i t p n c p l p t NE A D H 1 59 NNIU S N GEOFFREY OF MONMOUT .

’

I . Des ri i n f B ri in o a Ster en son s e i . 7 c pt o t ( d t ,

II Or i in of h . 0 t e Bri on s a n d S ots Ster . 1 g t c ( ,

III B ri a i h . n u n e r t e R o n 19 m a s Ster . t d ( ,

IV His or f V or i r f a on s Ster . . o e n in ro u ion o S t y t g ; t d ct x ( , 3 1 i V . H s or a n d f r u r a es O A r Ste . t y b ttl th ( ,

in i n is see n I . a ese in or e r the Descr i ti on o B r i ta T k g th d , p f to be ha r dly m ore tha n a repe tition of the open in g sta tem en ts of the H i stor i a of Gi a s wi the a i ion of som e ro er ld , th dd t p p n a m es N en n iu s a n d the en u m er a ion of the r a es hen by , t c t in a i in B ri a in n fr m B Fr m the fa a the a e o e e . o h b t g t , t k d ct th t n u m be r of the cities Of B rita in is va riou sly sta te d in va r iou s

S a t ir - re a n d w n - i a n d ha the is of M S . th ty th e t e ty e ght ; t t l t

se i ie s ou a t ea s a Old a s the H istor ia i se f tho c t , th gh l t s t l ,

i s iou s i i in M a n d is e n tire o u e a r os on s ifferen SS . cc p v p t d t , ly

se n from om e M d l B or ri on u e s a is i s a s . e a e e b t , d c cl d th t th l t is the w or of a n e n ir e iff re n a u or k t ly d e t th .

II ORI IN OF THE B R IT — h w r . As to i t or e ONS . s e G th , k p se n ts three differen t theories

1 R e fer r i the n a m f i n a n d to . n g e o the sla d its people

B r a in s w i a e s two for m s , h ch t k

a B ru u s a R om a n Con su l e s e n de fr om ZEn ea s ( ) t , , d c d

rou his se on son Si iu s P s u m u s a f er re u in th gh c d lv o th , t d c g

S a in u n er R om a n om in ion on u er e s is a n a n d his p d d , c q d thi l d ;

es en a n s se in r wer a i n r him e e e e Br o s a f e . d c d t ttl g h , c ll d t t

ere is e e ro a som e r e e on of the is r of a n Th h r , p b bly, ﬂ cti h to y a u a R om a n Con su De im u s u n iu s B ru u s B C who ct l l, c J t ( . . w on s m e i ries in S a in o v cto p . (B) The secon d a ccou n t m a kes Bru tu s the a ctu a l son of Silvi u s ; m a kes hi s m other die in givin g birth to him ; m a kes him i his fa er ou m is a n e a n d r n s him k ll th (th gh by ch c ) b i g , a f e r m a n s ra n e a en u res to the is a n w i r e ei es t y t g dv t , l d , h ch c v its n a m e from him . D E FFR F M NENNIUS AN G O EY O ONMOUTH.

These m a rvellou s in ciden ts were m ore to the ta ste of the a n cien t copyists tha n the othe r a n d sim pler n a rr a tive ; a n d f t is is a c d n the e s on u n in m os of the M SS. h , c or i gly , v r i o d t

For bot ese a cc u n ts the a u ites the a u o r i of h th o , thor c th ty ce rta in A n n a lee R om a n or u m ; by which he a ppa re n tly m ea n s

’ r M de crom e s a n sla n of the Ch on i cle of Eu se iu s a s . J tr tio b , la B orderie shows on a su bsequ e n t pa ge by a com pa riso n of bo th te xts.

2 F th or i es a n o er . u r e on Steven son e a u th r ( , th g v th a ou n ta e n a s he sa s from the a n ien oo s of ou r cc t, k , y , c t b k ” “ ” a n es ors in w i B r u u s is r e a e B r ita w ose c t , h ch t pl c d by , h

esce n fr om a het son o f N oa is r a e rou ei een d t J p , h , t c d th gh ght

n The ge era tion s com pose d e xclu sively of H e bre w n a m e s. re feren ce to n a tive sou r ces is in con sisten t with the sta tem en t of Gi a s a n o su w or s e is e e en in his da a n d ld , th t ch k x t d v y ; t is B i i a eo is e i e n a a e in e o a ion a n d is h bl c l th ry v d tly l t r t rp l t , n ot du e the i in a a u or who a s we a e seen refers to or g l th , , h v , with eviden t sa tisfa ction to the descen t of the Briton s from

R om a n a n Co su l.

3 La s w r w a em s to . e a e a ir he tly, h v th d t o y, hich tt pt re n i e the La in - Tro a n wi the Bi i a eor a n d co c l t o j th bl c l th y , re su in a s a n e m i u r e of e i ees m a in lts tr g xt both p d gr , k g

a r n u the son n ot of u i er bu t of a e a in Flisa D da s , J p t , c rt ,

n n for the ca sion a n d sa to be the son of u va n i ve te d oc , id J the son of Ja phet l This is a t va ria n ce with ea ch of the h B u t o ther theories ; a n d is pr esu m a bly posterior to bot . sin ce the se two la tter cha pte rs for m a n in tegr a l por tion of

n SS of the H istor ia B r iton u m M . de a ll the e xta t M . , la Borderie felt it w a s in cu m ben t u pon him to a ddu ce yet fu r ther proofs of the ir bein g the in te rpola tion s of a la ter a ge W fa oweve r to i e erf rm s. e a ta sk which be e ffect v ly p o il, h , se e u pon wha t a u thor ity he r efers B r u t y B r en hi n oedd to so

h e n u r Af e a n ise su m m a r old a period a s the l 0t c t y. t r co c y

h Pi s a n d S s a s o Ne n n iu s of the or igin of t e ct cot t ld by , w e n e xt com e to

1 62 NENNI US AND GEOFFREY OF MO NMOUTH .

H a vin g thu s m a de a com plete a n a lysis of the w ork a ttri

N n n iu s M de la Bor erie ro e s to su m u its u e . e b te d to , d p c d p

is ori a a u e a n d a u ri a n d a eein in the m a in wi h t c l v l tho ty ; , gr g th

Ste e n son a n d SchOll he la s own the foll owi n a n n of v , y d g c o criticism : When the H istori a B r iton u m sta tes a fa ct whi ch is n ot im a e in its e f a n d es n ot a s w the es i prob bl l , do cl h ith t t m on of seriou s a u ors su a s B e e Gi a s a n d er y th , ch d , ld , oth a u en i o u m en s su fa m a a fte r e a m i n a ion be th t c d c t , ch ct y, x t , r i w e ce ved ; bu t othe r ise it shou ld be rej e cte d. The se con d pa r t of the volu m e u n der ou r n otice con ta in s

’ w a m a be on si er t h rin i i f d l B or ri h t y c d ed e p c pa lthe s s o M . e a de e s wor the e erm in a ion of the in erm e ia te s a e e wee n k, d t t t d t g b t the e m of Bri is e en in N en n i u s a n d its erfe t e e g r t h l g d , p c d v lo m en t in Ge ffre f M on m u h i he a im s to a p o y O o t . Th s cl h ve fou n d in a n e xtr a ct fr om the before - m en tion e d Life of Sa in t

' Go u éz n o w i a ea rs to a ve e e n ori in a wri en in , h ch pp h b g lly tt ” La in in the e a 10 1 9 on e Wi ia m the Pries t , y r , by ll t ,

a a in to Odo Bis o of Lé on to w om the w r is e ch pl , h p , h o k d di

Th ori in a MS is n n s e . e . o o e e a n bu t is re re c t d g l l g r xt t, p sen e a 1 5th en u r of a r ereof ou n u t d by c t y copy p t th , b d p with other historica l docu m en ts chieﬂy r ela tin g to the

u r f n i o i n ch ch o Na tes. Th s c lle ct o w as la id u n der con tri

‘ bu tion the B en e in e is oria n s of B ri n D m i a o . L by dict h t tt y, ob n u n d Dom B ri n n d w e a a . e a a s em s e Vetu s Col t, by th tyl d lecti o Ma n u scr ip ta E cclesiee Na n n eten sis bu t it wa s in rea lity the om m on a e ok of a B re on er of the erio c pl c bo t cl k p d, en a e in o e tin m a eria s for the is or of his cou n r g g d c ll c g t l h t y t y .

M de la B or erie e a m e the wn er of his r i u r i . d b c o t p e c o s el c som e im e sin e on u s in im e to res u e it from the ra s t c , ly j t t c t , which ha d a lrea dy begu n their w ork of destru ction u pon its

s The e x ra t in u e s ion om rises the o en in se ion s pa ge . t c q t c p p g ct “ ” i m h Priest The ﬁrs ion ort of the work of Will a t e . t se ct sh ly de scribes the colon isa tion of B ritta n y by Cyn a n M eir ia doc a n d his followers ; in the n e xt section w e ha ve a brie f NENNIU S AND EOFFR E OF M NMO TH 1 G Y O U . 63 a ou n of V or i ern Ar u r a n d the Sa on Con u es wi cc t t g , th , x q t, th its a tten da n t horr ors a n d m a ssa cres of the n a tive Chr istia n s by their pa ga n foes ; a n d with the thi rd se ction com m en ces the Life f h o t e Sa n . As a s e im en of the w r we su oin i t p c o k, bj the o en in a ra r a w i e in s in the fo owin a ru p g p g ph , h ch b g ll g b pt fa shion

Le im u s in Ystor i a B ri ta n ica u cu m B ri a n i su g q od, t b

B ru o et Corin eo Al bidia m u a m voca veru n t B rita n ia m t , q ,

cu m in su lis ir u m a d a cen tibu s r u e si i su u a ssen t c c j vi t t b bj g , cre scen te e oru m m u ltitu din e et regn o prospera to in con sp ectu

cor u m Con a n u s M eria docu s vir a o i u s et belli cosu s cu m , , c th l c ,

in ﬁn ita m u i u in e e oru rn dem u i in a n u m e x creve ra t lt t d , q t t

u o u n a e os re io m in im e ca ieba t in sin u m Arm ori cu m q d g p , Ga llic tra n sfre ta vit in terfectis om n ibu s in digen is qu i

a dhu c a a n i e ra n t u n e et P en on et u son a t Ca n ica p g , d g , q od

Ca ita vo n r M ca ba tu . u lieribu s a u em ta n tu m m odo in u a s p , t l g

r eseca n tes n e er ea s in u a Brita n n i a m u ta retu r eis a d con , p l g c ,

u ia et a d a lia ser vicia u te m oris e xi eba t n e essi a s j g , pro t p g c t ,

u t ba n u r e t .

The shor t a n d sim ple m ethod of dealin g with the bilin ” gu a l difficulty descri be d in the la st pa ra gr a ph w e com m en d to the n otice Of the Ti m es a n d D a ily Telegr a p h !

N ow in the 9th en u r the on ersion of is e en , c t y, ly v th v t

u en in Ar m r a wa s a of Gi a s a or in whi c rr t o ic th t ld , cc d g to ch ” a n di f ien of the B ri on s th e e m i r a ion of C n a n a n d c d r d t , g t y

. his follow ers took the form of a ﬂight from the victoriou s Sa xon s ; wher ea s in the m other cou n try a t the sa m e pe riod the H istor ia B r iton u m ha d brou ght in to vogu e a n other

e rsion of the a e m ore so in the n a ion al ri e v t l , oth g to t p d , a ccordin g to which B ritta n y wa s overr u n by the victorio u s

r oo s who fol owe in the ra in of M a im u s B u t the t p l d t x . by “ ” ea r 101 9 we a e Wi ia m the Pr ies i in n ot G as y h v ll t c t g, ild , ” bu t a do u m e n w i he a s the Ystor ia B r i ta n i ca a n d c t h ch c ll ,

w i fo owin N e n n iu s a s ri e s the B r i is se em en of h ch , ll g , c b t h ttl t NENNI US AND EOFFR E MO M G Y OF N OUTH.

the e n in su a n ot to the m i ra tion s of a n s OT efu ees p l , g b d r g

ﬂeein before the Sa on in a er bu t a io e n on u es g x v d , to v l t c q t volu n ta rily a chieved by the in su la r Briton s before the a rrival . of the Sa x n s is ocu m en owe er ou n ot a ve o . Th d t, h v , c ld h

bee n ide n i a wi the H istor ia B r iton u m for the a e r t c l th , l tt

a ssi n s the n u es of Am eri a M a im u s a n d m a es n o g co q t c to x , k m en tion of Cyn a n Me iria doc while the form er kn ows on ly

C n a n to w om a on e it a s ri e s the on u es a n d is si en y , h l c b c q t, l t

o Ma im u A a i in i in h f as t s. n es r t e ﬁrs se t em en o x g , d c b g t t l t

Bri a in the H i stor ia B r i ton u m m en ion s Bru u s a on e a s the t , t t l

e a e r w e the a e r wor a s th n m r in u e a e of Co e s. l d , hil l t k dd

Fu r er in the ea r ier wor Ar u r a ea rs in a a a e r th , l k th pp ch r ct

n ot in on sis e n wi the so rie of seri u s is r a s the c t t th b ty o h to y,

vi to r in we e a es a n d a ll his e oits on ﬁn e to c t lv b ttl , xpl c d Brita in ; while in the la ter Ystor ia he a ssu m e s the m ore im sin r dle of a Con in e n a on u eror his n u m erou s po g t t l c q , victories in Ga u l form in g the prelu de to tha t tr iu m pha n t m a r rou Eu r e w i in the a es of Geoffre a n d ch th gh op h ch, p g y ” h i r W r the R m a n er s i es him t e e Of Em e or of the o . o c , g v t tl p ld

From ese a n d ifferen es M de la B or erie on u es th other d c . d c cl d

a we a e ere two stin wo s the se on the Ystoria th t h v h di ct rk , c d ( B r i ta n ica ) bein g a n expa n sion Of the Historia B ri ton u m tha t this developm en t took pla ce n ot on Arm oric bu t on B ritish groun d ; a n d tha t the Ystor ia Br i ta n ica is therefore du e the im a in a on of in su a r a n d n ot of Ar m ori Bri on s to g ti l , c, t , who in u rn see in refu e in En a n fr m the a a s of , t , k g g gl d o tt ck the Norm a n s in the 9th a n d l oth en u ries ere e a m e c t , th b c

u in i h w r I t is fu r er s own a w er a cq a te d w th t e o k . th h th t h e the Ystor ia B r i ta n ica differs from the H istor i a B r i ton u m it a gree s with the Histor i a R egu m B ri ta n n ia ; of Ge offrey of

M on m ou bu t ere a re ifferen es e wee n em w i th ; th d c b t th , h ch prove them to be distin ct works while it is a lso im possible tha t the w ork of Geoffrey co u ld ha ve gr own im m edia te ly o u t o f the ru dim en ta ry w ork of N en n iu s ; a n d the rela tion betwee n a ll thr e e is thu s su m m e d u p

TH E AT A E TE 1 N ION L IS DDFOD OF 8 8 4.

THE Na tion a l Eisteddfod of 1 884 wa s held i n Liverpool on th e 1 19th d 2 t f Th 1 5 1 6 18 a n o h o Se em e . e th, th, 7th , th, , pt b r pr ocee din gs took pla ce in a spa ciou s pa vilion con str u cte d ou t of a o ion of the H a m a r e u of a s siz e a n d p rt y k t . Tho gh v t , se a te for u wa r s of e e its a c u s i r e r ies d p d p opl , o t c p op t we re so good tha t a voice of m odera te power w a s di stin ctly

ea r u the w e u il n . The en a n es a n d e i s h d thro gh hol b di g tr c x t , the r u s - o m ef es m en a n d oa room s w er e a m a c h r o , r r h t cl k , d ir bly a rra n e a n d the w o e n u of the Eis e fo re e e g d, h l co d ct t dd d ﬂ ct d the hi est re i u n the m a n a in om m i ee gh c d t po g g c tt . The Eiste ddfod proper wa s presided over on th e six su c cessive a s A erm a n Sa m u e son the Ma or of d y by ld l , by y

i Mr a lli W Mr s orn M a n L e . C n w s es . O e v rp ool, by or t, by b org

in a e of Sir Wa in W W n n who was re en e ( pl c tk . y , p v t d

i l fr n in m u m i M f r m Mr . Sa e S P o n ess o a e . by l tt d g) , by l th , .

i r t h in L e oo a n d A erm a n C am e rs. A t e e en v p l, by ld h b v g

n r h a ir Mr . W i a m R a n M P o e ts t e wa s a en e . . c c ch t k by ill thbo , ,

r ou n i M or i M o n R er s M P . C o n M . R w s s r . i r , . J h ob t , , c llor J h

Da ies n d o n n H u e s a C u . v , cillor Joh gh

Eis f r i M r Hen r tedd odic a ddre sses we e del vered by . y

Ri a r a n d Sir G o M a cfa rr n ch d e rge e . ’ t Au u S w r e wa s the s en e of the S . s n e s M u n a S e g ti o t, h t t, c

Gorse ce em n ies e w the en e a e Clw dfa rdd dd r o , ov r hich v r bl y

h R v Ki b T e R Gla n ffr wd om a s t e e . s re s e . ev. h p id d Th , l y

M . i a m s h ev . m E n a n d M r . P W on es t e R a s a s . J , Tho v , lli

edr M st on u in h ili on (P o yn ) c d cted t e Pa v . The n u m er ou s a u dien ce which con grega ted in the Pa vili on on the third da y a ccor din g to som e obser vers) were

o r isa i t fu a of the C a r riz e n t this yea d pp o n ted by he re s l h i p , HE N ATIONAL EISTEDDFOD OF 1884 1 6 T . 7

v E a D ed f a w i wa s a wa r e to the R e . n R ees O C iff h ch d d v ( yf ) rd . The oa k cha ir con ferr e d on this occa sion wa s pr esen ted by

h f m rod i n t e Society o Cym or o . The chief hon o u rs of the Eiste ddfod were sha re d by North a n d S u Wa es for the Pen r n C ra U n ion su ee e o th l , hy ho l cc d d i n a r in Off the rea z e of two u n ed u in ea s the c ry g g t pri h dr g , com petition for which a rou se d ha r dly less in terest tha n tha t for the a riz e i se f Ch ir p t l .

Th n i g w ll a n ‘ The m n e eve n con certs were e tte ded. ost i ter

’ in f a u e wa s the rform a n f Dr ose h Pa e st g e t r pe ce O . J p rry s n w n a a N ebu cha dn ez z a r a t th Of the ri Th e a e se e s. e c t t , , third

E l a h wa s i en a t the se on an d I sr a el i n E t a t ij g v c d, gyp th f I n h ﬁ s th fa m ou s P n n i on in I e u . t e e e s er dris o r th r t, lli g ,

V cha n w ose Essa on s in eres n a rt ha s u s een y , h y thi t ti g j t b

rin e ou r S ie a n d the su essfu l Pe n r n C i p t d by oc ty, cc hy ho r, took pa rt. The followin g were the chief priz es con ferred

I N THE DE ARTMENT OF PR OSE LITER AT R E P U .

The iz e of hi r P u n s a n d a G M e a for a n pr T ty o d old d l , Essa y on The I n ﬂu en ce of the We lsh on the Form a tion of ” the B i on s i u ion wa s a wa r e Mr o s C . n W r ti h t t t , d d to J h illia m s

f N w n a m or a n s i e o e G . to , l g h r

A m f N w a s e Em n i The R e v D . a s o e a n e th r z . d c tl ly g d e p i e

' of Thirty Pou n ds a n d a Gold M e da l Oﬂered for a Welsh Essa y on The Philosophy of H egel a n d its I n ﬂu e n ce u pon ” E u r u opea n Tho ght.

The iz e of wen - ﬁve Pou n s ffe e Mr pr T ty d , o r d by . John

R o e r s MP for a n E ssa on The Hi e E u a b t , y gh r d c tion of ” ir in W was a wa r e to Mi i G s a e s ss E . P e H u e s Of l l , d d r c gh

Ca rm a en a n d of New n a m H a C a m ri e rth , h ll, b dg .

M E va n of L a n r . W s er in . a th J . l ybyth g e d e priz e of “ w e n - ﬁve Pou n s for A Co e ion of We s P ro e r s T ty d ll ct l h v b , w ith Proverbia l Lin es from Welsh Poetry a n d expla n a tion s E E T DD 1 1 68 TH NATIONAL IS E FOD OF 884 . of a n y words occu rrin g therein which m a y ha ve fa lle n in to di u s se .

The priz e of Twen ty- ﬁve Po u n ds offer e d by the N a tio n a l

Eis e fo Asso ia ion for a n Essa on The Lif a n d t dd d c t , y e ” L a ou rs of the a e Sir H u Owe n wa s a wa r e to M r b l t gh , d d .

W Da i of n on E . es Lo . . v d

M r D Da es FG S of Oswes r a in e the r iz e of . . C . vi , , t y, g d p

wen Pou n s for a n Essa on The Fis erie s of Wa e s T ty d , y h l the be st m e a n s to deve lop the m a n d a sim ila r su m w a s a wa rde Mr Wi lia m on es of Lon on for a n Essa on d to . l J d , y The Cha rita ble E n do wm en ts of N orth Wa les : their History

n u a d prese n t se . The priz e Of Twen ty Pou n ds Offe re d by the Com m er cia l

ra e ers of N or Wa e s for a n Essa on R i a R o e r s T v ll th l , y ch rd b t of Ma n chester : his Life a n d the I n ﬂu e n ce of his I n ve n ti ve ” Gen iu s on the Ma n u fa u r es of is Cou n w a s a w a r e ct th try , d d

w r ll f L a n n w Fe t o m e n r r . Mr . n e e a Os es to Joh l y y ch, t y Two priz es w er e a lso offer ed by the C om m itte e for H a n d ” oo The A u ica ors w er n ot a to a w r ri b ks . dj d t e ble a d the p z e of Twen ty - ﬁve Pou n ds offere d for a H a n dbook of The H is ” or of Wa es for u se in Da S oo s e a u se the om osi ion t y l y ch l , b c c p t

m b the b wa u n ﬁn i i w i e ee e e es s s e . U m a e h ch th y d d to t h d lt t ly ,

the on sen of the Com m i e e a or n of the r iz e w a s by c t tt , p tio p a wa r e on the u n ers a n in a the em a in in or ion d d, d t d g th t r g p t

m ion f h r I w u shou ld be pa id on the co ple t o t e w o k . t a s s b

M o n E r L f Li sequ e n tly a n n ou n ce d tha t r . J h dwa d loyd o ver

a n d of Lin o n C e e O for w a s the su essfu com pool, c l oll g , x d, cc l

Th r iz e of Ten Pou n s for a H a n o of The i o . e pet t r p d , dbo k ” B o a n of Wa les wa s a wa r e to Miss D s Da ies of t y , d d ily v ,

Lon don .

M I N THE DEPART ENT OF POETRY .

The C a ir riz e on sis in of r P u n s a n d a Ca r e h p , c t g Thi ty o d v d

k a ir a u e a t ﬁf e e n ou n s for a n Awdl ode on Oa Ch v l d t p d , ( )

T O E S EDD O 1884 THE NA I NAL I T FOD F .

I N M SICAL COM OSITI N U P O .

The iz e of wen Pou n s Offe re the N a i n a Eis pr T ty d , d by t o l te ddfod As socia tion for a Son a ta for Pia n oforte in fou r ”

m n r P f wa n sea . m o e e s wa s a wa e to M . H a n a o S v t , rd d J. yd rry

I N THE DE RTMENT OF ART PA .

B u n Ba of Ken sin to n o the riz e of Fif Mr . rto rbe r g t ok p ty Pou n ds a n d a Gold M eda l for the best Oil pa in tin g of a We lsh

His orica Su e Mr Le on a r H u es of H o we o o t l bj ct ; . d gh ly ll t k the priz e Of Five Pou n ds for the best M on ochrom e D ra wi n g ;

n d M r . M Griﬂith Of Lon on wa s a wa th riz e of a . J ilo d rded e p Tw en ty Pou n ds offered for a Sta tu e tte Grou p of the Prin ce a n d Prin ce ss of Wa les.

The riz e of Fifteen Pou n s Offere the H on ou ra e p d , d by bl

So ie of C m m rodorion for a Ca r e Oa k B a r i C a ir w a s c ty y v d d c h ,

R r f M . e s o o r . H L n n a M . a e a w rde d t ob t l goll .

THE CYMMRODOR I N SE TI N O C O .

The m ee in s of is Se ion we e e in the own H a t g th ct r h ld T ll ,

e 15 1 7th 1 8 a n d 1 h on Se em 9t . pt b r th, , th,

Se e m e 15th —The M a o of L o pt b r y r iverp ol in the Cha ir . P i H en R a M . . e ered a n in a M r . u u r a r s n ry ich rd, , d l v g a l dd es o ” h i n of Wa es to En a n T e R ela t o l gl d .

h — ir Geor e A t , M f Se em e l 7 S . a c a rren in the a ir pt b r g ch .

Mrs Wa H u A pa per wa s rea d by . tts ghes (Mega n Wa tts) on ” i - n in C d o a n d a a r V o e e M r . S en r c Tra i in g hil h od ; p p by . J p ce

‘ C u r wen on Som e Su ggestion s a s to the M a n a gem e n t of

i n s Chora l Com petit o .

— I sa m ba d w — 1 h Dr . r O en in the a A Septem ber 8t . ch in

P f Powe on The P a e of the W s La n u a a e o . e e p p r by r l, l c l h g g

‘ u a on wa s r a r Griffi r N on E e M G. . s of in ou a ti a l d c ti d by . J th

own in Co e e Ca m r e . A R e or wa s re se n e a D g ll g , b idg p t p t d by E AT N L D 1 1 TH N IO A EISTE DFOD OF 1 884. 7

Su b- Com m i ee of the Cou n i of the H on Soc of C m m tt c l . . y r odorion u pon the u se of the Welsh La n gu a ge in elem en ta ry

o s in We s - s ea in is ri s scho l l h p k g d t ct .

e e m er 1 9th — Clw dfa rdd in the a i —A a er wa s S pt b , y ch n p p ” M r W D ies on Eis fo f r m r e a . E a e R e o d by . . v t dd d HISTORICAL POEMS BY IOR WE R TH VYNGLWYD .

OF I or werth V n lw d the a u or of the C w dda u h er e y g y , th y y

rin e ou r io ra e rs e u s bu t i e . H e w a s a a r en tl p t d , b g ph t ll l ttl pp y a n a i e Of G a m or a n s ir e a n d ou is e u r in the a t ter t v l g h , ﬂ r h d d g l i i f ha lf of the 1 5th cen tu r y . H s ch e pa tron a ppe a r s to ha ve

e en R s a Sion of A er Per wm u su a a lle R s a b hy p b g , lly c d hy p

Sion o L n N e dd to w om v r of hi m r r se e a s oe s a e a e sse d . y , h l p dd This gen tlem a n w a s ver y popu la r with th e ba r ds of his tim e for his distin gu ished pa triotism ; a n d there a r e e xta n t a n u m ber of com position s a ddr e sse d to him a n d his fa m ily by o er wri er s a s H u w Ca e Llw d Gwi m Tew R hisia r t a th t , y , ly , p w C 8 R n d Le wis Go i s G a th L . . a G n i . 3 s ee . G hy , ly th ( , p p , The w orks of I orwe rth Vyn glwyd en j oye d a con side ra ble s a r e Of o u a ri u rin the a s t re e e n u rie s a s is s ow n h p p l ty d g l t h c t , h by the n u m be r of copie s of som e of his co m position s w hi ch a r e

Two of the oem s ven e ow a r e r efe rr e d still in e xiste n ce . p gi b l to in a pa r a gra ph in the H istor ica l Notices of Si r Ma tthe w

a etc h R v o n M on om s t e e . e r c n t Swa n e . Cr a do k K . o , , f , , by J h tg y “ — Yora eth V n l ra ern e L a n o er 1840 . 7 T h ( l d v y . , p y g w d a We s oe wh o o u ris e in the a t e or i n o f th e y , l h p t, ﬂ h d l t r p t o

15 e n u r om ose two O es re a n to Sir M a t e w th c t y, c p d d l ti g th

r o on e Of t em is a resse to R s a Sio n a n d C a d ck ; h dd d hy p , com pla in s of the im prison m e n t of the Poet a t Swa n se a by Sir Ma tthe w ; the se con d Cywydd pra ys for a r e con cilia tio n

u he se Poem s a re on a in e in a M w ith tha t in divid a l . T c t d S .

V o u m e writ en in the im e Of a m es I for m er in the l , t t J , ly

sion of ou r ea r n e We s Le i o r a er Wa er s a n d posses l d l h x c g ph , lt ,

of Cow rid e to w o s o f M r . o n son e n o w in tha t . J J h b g , h

174 HISTORICAL POEMS BY IORWERTH VYNGLWYD.

B ADD MSS 1 90 a volu m e ca lled Yr H ir wen in 4, . . ( pp . , , the ha n dwritin of wen on g O J es. B ADD MSS 1 65 Ll r H a w Lle n writte n a t the 5: . . (pp . yf y , en d of the 15th c n tu r b u tt n Ywa in e y y G y . B D M lu m b severa l 6 A D . SS to. 184 Ye a ch Hen a vo e , . ( , y ha n ds of the 1 7th n u r ce t y . ’ B ADD MSS fo 1 2 a volu m e en titled Twm o r N a n t 7 , . . ( . , , N o 3 f which h r o 1 1 is in the ha n d . o t e ﬁrst o ti n fa r a s fo 3 b , p , a s . ,

writin of Dr . ohn Da vies a n d the la tter a rt is a fra m en t o f a g J , p g MS . b ohn on es of Ge lli L vd : 17th cen tu r y J J y y y. B 1 itten 8 ADD MSS fO 3 8 L l r r a er Rhu n No . wr , . . ( . y C , , in se vera l ha n ds of the 17th ce n tu r y . B n tu r ADD . M 1 1 m f the 1 7 th ce SS fo . a volu e o . 9 , . ( , y B r 1 AD D M to l ll r f the 18th cen tu . 0 SS . a sm a ua to o , . . ( ) , q y There a r e three OOp ies a t Shir b

S S I R B R N 113 E l fo 1 69 Ll r Jen kin s 0 Ga r on a 3 , H U , . ( . , yf , ' MS Of th i . e m ddle of the 17 th cen tu r y . ’ 8 S I R B ll Powell s book a R N 1 13 E . 2 1 to 99b Howe 4, H U , ( . , , ll co ection of e tra cts from a n d n otes on oem s : a n d of 1 6th cen t u r . x , , p y I t is in h r h n t in his ha n d riti n t e o tho ra o Dr . D R h s bu t o w g p y f J . . y ( g) , ivin bh dh ih h for the m ode rn dd ll g g , , , p , f , , , f . ’ S S I R B R 1 16 3 f ca ll d YLl r H ir o r M w thi N G 3 o . e 5, H U , . ( yf y g, written in a bea u tifu l bu t ra ther ra re sort of ha n d du rin g the la tter ha lf of the 17th cen tu r y .

B esides the a bove there a re two ma n u scripts of this com

s i n in M h f esu s C e e S. u m s t o p o it o , vol e in e libra ry J oll g , Oxford

E sc s C O LE GE M S 1 to 2 a MS of the 1 th cen tu r . I 01 . 65 . J , J L . ( 7 y E D ies Gw sa n 2 S S CO E GE MS. 13 8 written for R ober t a v J , J U LL , , y ” n eu in 1 628 . I t co i t f two i i n a i h se a ra te a in . n s s s o d vis o s, e ch w t p p g g

T hi m i in P ii - s oe s a rt fo 5 8 . p , . 7

is B it I t will be Observed tha t the oldest of these MSS . 5

th s The e c ies a rea both from it is a lso e be t. oth r op v ryg tly a n d f m ea c he n ot n in s el n a n ea n s bu t ro h ot r, o ly p li g d r di g ,

o i th f ou e s a n n s I n R a n B a ls n e order o c pl t d sectio . d 4 , w i h a re f m the sa m e s u ce the iffe en e in o der is h c ro o r , d r c r

re a es n ot n a u a c u e s bu t w e a a a s g t t ; o ly p rtic l r o pl t , hol p r gr ph

r n n d m u e e we e r a a re t a sposed a ixed p tog ther. Th y r p ob bly EM Y I WERTH VY WYD 1 75 HISTOR ICAL PO S B OR NGL .

w ri i fr m a M so w i en . tten fr om m em ory or cop ed o S . r tt There a r e a lso severa l om ission s a n d a ddition s in va riou s

i a o B o e s The r in e e t is se n . c p . p t d t x b d 5

Wh a t dr ove R hys a p Sion to le a ve his cou n try is n ot

ea s a e bu t the oe m a e s it ea a a t ea s cl rly t t d ; p t k cl r th t, l t

' a or in his O in ion his a r n wa s the i im of som e cc d g to p , p t o V ct

rea wr n H e we s a t en a n d wi re a i e n ess g t o g. d ll l gth th g t b tt r

’ ” on the S er iff s e e a n d o r u ion his io a ion of la w h gr d c r pt , v l t a n d perversion Of j u stice a n d fr om his words we m a y ga ther

a R h s wa s u to ria a n d e a u se he w ou n ot th t y bro ght t l , b c ld

e the s eriff on em n e er a s to a a ﬁn e for brib h , c d d (p h p p y ) ” s m e in a a n he did a n d a he eft the u n r in o th g th t ot r , th t l co t y

n s u n co e q e ce . The a u thor Open s his poem by la m e n tin g the a bsen ce of

his a ron w i m a es his ife a on n i t to him : n ow p t , h ch k l l g gh

’ w r if H e in s a R s s there is n o here to tu rn fo g ts. h t th t hy ” a bsen ce is du e to som e in j u stice on the pa rt of the lords ; e xtols his cha rity ; describes the u n iversa l grief a t his depa r

r d a s s hi in n o en H e en u r s u t in a u e a n se s e . s o t , rt c c th b t to ﬁer ce den u n cia tion of the ge n era l tyra n n y a n d corr u ption of

the offi ia s in Chu a n d S a e a n d in ei s a a n s the c l rch t t , v gh g i t ” n th ri i u Th eriff wi a ve ve a lity of e she ff in pa rt c la r . e sh ll h m on ey ; for m on ey he con fou n ds tru th a n d fa lsehood ; how

’ e e o a n m a n s w r it w ot a ss for r u wi ou v r g od y o d, ill n p t th th t a br ibe ; good m on ey a lon e ga in s a hea rin g ; even a sin gle

oin if it be of the r e w ei a es w c , t u ght, ch n g ron g in to right. ' R hys s ca se is bu t the Old stor y of the w olf a n d the la m b over

a a n . H e ha s s is a n bu t n ot his fa m e n or his g i lo t h l d, frien ds ; a n d if he retu rn s to cla im the a id of these the whole u n t w l u n him co ry ill a t on ce ra ly ro d . Severa l extra cts from these three poem s a re given in the

Flor es P oeta r u m B ri ta n n icor u m a i u e to D ohn , ttr b t d r. J

a ies M w D o . v , f a ll yd LLYMA GYWYDD AWNAETH JORAETH PAN ORFY AR RYS AP SION

VYNED AR HERW.

1 ’ ’1 Pa n d hir n a welir on d n os ‘ 1 e b r w a r s p y hir y pob o . " 8 ° os hir ka n n os i or wedd , 1° 11 hw w a en a wr heb l n e y y bl yn dd . 111 m “ “ 16 p le troi heddiw pla id rhoddion ? 17 18 1° 2° p reseb Sa is heb rys a p Sion 1 21 1m ” “ 25 1m troi i berwa ta er i ha erwyd ; ” 28 ” ° ° a ria r s n id be wa r w d. t , y , r y

Title a s a bove in R so in B with v I orwer th—or fu —f n ed : S . 5 — — 4 y i th or I or rth rfv R Sion : B with . wn a th I ore th fwn w . we o ys 1 0 or g lw d—R ees—f n ed Other s va r B Kow dd K w dd B i R e y y . y 8, y ( y y , 7) y a b a B Sion o l n n edd : B 6 Kow dd i R s a ohn a n n oedd ( p , 7) y , y y p J p a r herw : B Kow dd i R ees a Sion O l n edd : B I Kow dd R h s a 9, y p y , y y p ohn or Gl n N edd 2 Da v ow dd i vn R h s a Sion r hwn oedd J y J , g y y p y a cr l n n dr a i dda llt a a i Koll d trw a in G y N edd y y Me g od y g . 1 Pon d B B I O 8 I S on d B 2 with Pon d su erscribed Pa n t , 4 ; ; 5 , p , 1 11 B B Tir B . Y E 8 3 ; 8 . , 5 , . 5 ’ S a e B B r r B B S R n D r D v s s B I o 6 J I . I . a ie s; ; p , 7 . y , ; 7 ; 3 ;

M S . B the lin e r u n s hir ei b rr w ob a ros. Arros B , 7 , , p y y p , 5. 7 2 O es B I O . Ka n os B 6 B 8 S : ka n n oes R : ca n n os B I , , ; ; 3 , , 2 1° ca n oe s B . Orr wedd B . Hw a or hw w S . , 4 , 5 y f y y , 3 11 L n n B R lvn B L i r ds i I 2 1 0 I . n e ea n B 8 y , , , ; J ; , , 9 4 , hw m la en I wr ch a m l n edd a n d in 2 w bla en a wr heb l n n edd y y y , J p y y . 1 13 ! Plei B 2 8 : ble B I T r B 6 o :tru B :trv , , 3 , , . y , 3 , , 8, 9, I , I , I : J 2 :troed R troc B :tr eid E 2 :reed B 8 J , , 4 , , . 11 15 1° Hedd w B S Ela id B . R h di B 2 6 . I od on I y , , 3 , 4, ; 3 , , , 3 , 7, 1 di n : di oth rs 7 I 2 S rr od o B 2 rod on e . Presseb B 8 9 ; J , ; 3 , , , , 9 ; 13 19 1° J 2 :breseb B R ees B Ah B 8 J John B . I . 2 I , . , 9 , , ; . , 5 21 T roir B i B 22 ot in B R 8 :ta ris 2 . N I . , , 3 , 4 ; J 3 24 25 T a ir B I : ta re B 10 : ta cra I . I r B 8 : er B : n ot in , , 9 , , J , , 9 2° i' d B 27 Ta rria B io B I . Ha w 2 . : ta r . J y y , 9 ; J , 9 , 5 23 29 3 ° O n d 2 H erwr 2 8 :terwa B . I r R , J . , , 4, , 5 , r B Y . 4. 7 .

I OR ICAL r oa ms BY IO 178 H ST R WERTH VYNGLWYD.

l ’ ’ ‘ ‘ a w dda v wla d s heddiw lofl y g y g , ‘ o ' 7 swydda v eglwys sydd oglofi ; a ’ ' 0 a p hob kyfra ith a fie ithia wl1 l l 1 2 a llw dd n a eth n lla w ddia l l l y y w . l s “ 15 16 n i cha ir dwr ron a cha er dyi 17 18 19 2° eisa ie a ria n ir Siryf ; ” y p a b m a l l a m yr a ber th 22 1m s; "5 a m a v r gwir i m a e er gwer th yr u stu s hwn t a r osteg ’ “ a wn a r ga ir twn yn wir beg f ”7 ” 29 “o y ga it ge vog a r gowir sl ” 3 3 3 4 85 a g a r ia n vn a i gyr yn Wir ;

1 dd B : w dda B 2 Sw 2 8 S 2 s . Y ledd B y , , ; 4 ; J y y , 9 g , 2 . 1 dd B s dd B I : a s 4 H d S . ed w B y , 4 , y y , y y, 4 y , 4 . 5 Sw dd B 8 : ° Y a B y , y, 8 B 7 di l fi 8 Ffob B s . D o B 8 . 2 6 8 S I y , 9 g , , 9 , , 5, , 7, , 9 ; 3 ; J 9 1° fob B I o . C fra ith B c bhra ith S . A heitha wl , y , 4 , 9 y , 4 p , ’ ' ' 8 : a fleithia wl I a fia itha wl 2 fla ithia wl R : fla e thiol B 4 , J , J y , y , 4 ' vfia ithi wl S : ddifia itha wl B 1 : ddifleithia wl B : difi t a , 5 , 0 , 6; 8 e i h

11 - ia wl S ddifa itha wl B : ddifeithia wl B . D n dia wl , 3 , 3 , 9 y , 12 r d n — r dia wl J I L1e S y , . , 4 ; J 2 . 13 ‘4 15 N h r . Y dwr B : dim R . C ei S B I B y, , 4 ; , 9 , 2 . 1 ° Khom s B 6 I : rr om B 2 : r om J 2 B : wch , 3 , 4 ; 3 , ; J , , 5 , ; 7 y

a er d f B : u wch Ca er D i B I . I n B 1 0 the lin e r ea ds N cha ir g y , 9 y , , y ‘ o r dwr n ha r e d i 7 E isie B 2 eissiev S : eisieu B y g y . , , 5 , 4 , 7 eisia v B 6 eisia u B I a isa v R : a isin a B 18 Ar r ia n B 2 , , , , 4. , . 19 I B 2 ” Sirif B : Sir r f B : Sier f B J 2 S , , 5. , 4 y , 5 y , 3 ; ; 4 21 Sier r f B 2 The cou let is n ot in B 8 . Fa ] I 2 B 2 6 y , . p , J , ; , 3 , h l : l B B B a n d R r ea d M a l a b a m r b a S va vel . , 4 , I , 9 4 , y p y a ber th 23 Am a er B : a m a u r B I a m a v 2 B . , 3 , y, J 4 . 113 G iw B w . , 3 ’ m a er wer th : S m a w r werth : a n d in B 8 the whole lin e is y g 4, y y g ’ ir m a er ohr a . weth : in B 1 0 a m a m a er wir m a r wer th M a b or gw g g y g . 2° 3 7 28 l Ar Ga v B : wir B . in B on S . let I . C oup y , 4 , 9 g , 5 4 ” B 8 : e vo S B 2 : e u ow B I eo B I o : a n o Ga vog, 3 , g , 4 ; , 9 g, g, g, B tr a n s ose the rst two wor ds R a n n o B . Thr ee co ies I 2 g, 4 p (J , 7 ) p ﬁ , 3 ° r R B G wi I . a ir r 2 evo eva w I . g y (y, J ) g ( g, J ) y , J ; 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 Yn B B r ria n B a n ia n B 2 . 8 Ac 2 6 , , , 5, A , 5 , , 4, 3 5 3 4 Aii R : n ot in B G m n n R : ef I n ot in B . 6 . y , y , , J 7 , : rr i n B : wn a n R : wn a u B I o : w n a i n B 2 J 2 B 6 ; J I gy a , 3 g , g , g , wn a i n B r hoe S : in S this lin e r ea ds a ria n wu a i r r v g y , 4 , 9 , 3 4 , y y i ir i n B a ria n a u ddia n w r . n w I , g y g HI STORICAL OEMS BY IORWER TH VYN LWYD 1 9 P G . 7

1 2 a 4 5 e r a e a ir diwerth d d vor g , ; 6 7 8 n i bydd gwir heb a ddsw gwerth ; ’ 1° '11 12 k wir a a iﬁ hir wc y y g , m “ 15 m a r lleidr a droir lle or drwc. ‘7 [kyﬂed m a n tel] m ewn kelli m gwrthwyn eb a i hWyn eb hi ; 1° ”0 a c n id kyvled gweled y gwir 22 28 24 a r y wyn eb a r en wir ; “ 26 ” ”8 t di wa n n ta w a r y r g , di gwir, 3 ° a a n ” d wir ri da 9. wra n e ; 3 1 ” ” n obl O ba i n a bl O bw s , y y , 84 “ ” a wn a ir ka m n wir k m w s y y y .

i' 3 8 3 9 7 w n a a e a ir wr y g ir gy t g g , “o “l 42 a w h i W k hvddwr k edd y y .

1 B O : be or e this wor d a is in ser ted in R B : in , I f , g ; 4 ; 8 3 a c B 1 Da u ed R : da ed B 8 S : da ved B : d r ed 8. , y , 3 , 7 , , 9 ; 4 , 6 a e , 3 ho : S . J I : b S fO : B 3 , 4 , J 2 y, I : n ot 4 5 in R S B I O Gwir B 6 Diwa r th B : dierth B ; 3 ; 4, 8 , . , , 9 , 8 . ° 6 N R 7 a ir J 8 Addo B S J Ar B 1° w . G . 2 . Ko ir y, , 2 , 3 ; , 2 . 11 cowir B I S : c wir B Ga fi B : , ; 4 y , 4. y , 3 13 eifi B 6 : a ich S Hirw in a ll bu t B 6 in B li n e r ea ds g , g , 4. g 5, 8 , ‘3 Kowir a ddw r hir w A J 2 : B 8 : wor d n ot in B g y g. , y , 5 ; 3 2 , 8 . 14 15 1° Lla idr R : lleidir B I Drow S Dr w in a ll , , 4 ; J . , 4. g 17 B 18 Yn wrthw n 1’ bu t B 6 C fled . eb S . P or tion 5, . y , 7 g y , 3 in br a ckets on l in B S : a n d in the two ormer eviden tl l y 5, 7 ; 3 f y a a ter in ser tion in m a r in in B the be or e wir bein cu t ou t m etri ra ti g 7, y f g g , g a . 2° K fl d in most M c fled B c stled B 11 r e SS . Gw B y y , 9 y , 4. y , 3 . ” B S J I R : i B : u Yn . 2 B , 2 4 ; , ; , 3 , 6 y , I : in 14 B r ha s been a lter ed to ei b la ter ha n d En wir B . 5, 7 , y y . , I e n n ”5 wir B : a n w r B the r est ha ve a n wir T di B : , 5 y , 3 . y y , 8 tydi W T roi J , 2 . “3 3 ° 3 ° I n B 2 lin e en ds ta w a r wir . Arria n B 2 . This cou l , y g , p e t

‘ is n ot in B : it is ou n d in B I 2 6 8 2 bu t n ot in the sa m 5 f , , 3 , , ; J , e 3 1 3 3 osition in a ll N Ob l B 6 . B a i II or ba i n B . 2 6 . p y , , 5, (f y ) , 3 , , 9 ‘ 3 3 l B 3 Wu a r B 2 : wu a i r B 3 5 Ab 2 . . C a m y , , 5 , , 3 y , 9 , J I J I : k m m B . y m 7 . 3 7 i t in B 3 8 Ga i S : a v B 8 a B 3 ° Om t ed 8 . R a n . , 3 , 4 g , g y , 9 ,

: a B S 4 g , 4. ‘ 2 K hiiddwr I c hu ddwr B I S c h ddwr B y , J y , , 4 ; 4 y y , 9 . 80 I II BY I R WERTH VYNGLWYD 1 H STORICAL POR S O .

l 2 ’ a eth su wi a r a eth en n d r v y , ‘ ‘ “ 7 h wi n v i a et y g r y eth gyd. a — ” trech yw a u wir p on d a ira d l 4 ° 1 1 “ IIa 1 w 110 n a v n n er wa . g ir, y g d " — “ Bla idd a g oen ble dda gwa n n wr 1° 17 18 19 yn twy dda v a eri gyn t. i ddwr ” ”1 gs 23 oe n a la s yu 0 1 i wir “ 116 “ v w a m ir oe n a m a r en n ir . 2 28 ” yr 7 vn ga ir a r oen gwir ion ”0 3 1 3 2 $3 s‘ 3 5 s dd t r a on tr w S e s s . y i b y y , y p i “6 ” ” 3 9 n a wn a di ia wn m w 110 a y d ll, ‘o ‘1 "2 ‘ wn th ll 3 n a w r a m a a e a ra . th y ,

’ 1 F e th f a th B va th - B :bha eth S y a th B eth B a e e I O : . ), 7 , 4 , 4 : , , 3 2 ’ Feth B I O : fa eth m ost others 3 B n d B 6 8 I o 4 B h a eth , , . y , , , . , 3 h B R f th 5 Ar in m ost co ies Feth S va e t a e B . 4 , 4 ; , 7 . , p , 7 id B G , 9 .

T h s lin s r r n s os d in B 3 T r th B 9 P0 11 dir ia d B e e e a e t a e e . p 7 . , 4 , 4 e n n ira d S 1° Ar B 1 1 Ni S n S 13 F n n er I . p , . , 4 , 3 y , 5. y , B f n er S cou let ou n d on l in R B S 13 Ac 4 y , 3 p f y 4 ; 3 , 5. , 14 15 B I dds B . a n r B R . 2 6 . 2 I Gw w 2 , , , 9 ; J , , 4 ; 1 ° Hw n ta v B 8 : hw n t B : hw n tw B : w n tw B I 2 y , y y, 9 y y, 7 y y, , 1 n ta u B 7 Dda u B I 2 da u B : ddoe B 13 Aen t S y , 4. , , , 4 , 6 . , 3 ‘9 a n t 2 : s se n t B : a eth B R I : eu B N ot in y , J , 3 , 4, ; J , 5 2° B : lin es tr a n s osed in B . Yr n B oe 2 I O I 2 . 3 , 4 p 3 , , 5, 9, ; J , 21 23 N ot in B o : i B . 1 B . I , 6 0 9 , I o

° m a r B i m r B 3 B u wit B a n wir in m ost 2 : I O : a v . : J y , , 9 , 3 ”7 2 9 co ies Ar B 8 0 S 8 Yr 2 n e B . 1 2 . S . O I O p , , ; 5; J , 3 , 3 ° vn R . Dr w B I 6 8 S drw r B : u n B , y , , 2, 3 , , 7 , ; 3 : y , 9 y y , 5 3 1 1 a n J 2 Sie B I I O R S 3 S B : a cid y y , . p , , 4, ; ; 5. y , 5 ,

3 ‘ R ees B 3 5 b B T hese , 9 A , 2 , 8 ; J L s s d in B 3 ° Wn n a B a B 3 7 a wn lin es a re tr a n o e . n 8 . p 9 , 5 , J , 3 3 3 ’ M n B . y , I O

A r n a B in ser ts d n h B R S . te At 2 . I 2 . J , ; 3 , 5 f , 9 y , , 4 4' 12 h B h 43 Ar ra ll Awn n a et a n a t B . ir . e W , B 2 , 5 , 9 , B g.

182 HISTORICAL POEMS B Y WER TH IOR VYNGLWYD.

z a ‘ d ra n O a i a a n a y l d i ri ,

d wla d 0 11 a da l da ‘ y y . ‘ t n wen t a ta 7 n vn d dd y t y y , 8 ’ 1° u n id a n odd yt dyn n v dydd ; 12 18 “ a th wla d 11 ilsh 0 1 da w 0 y , “s 1° 1 8 n i tha ria n ith 7 ddihevra w1 “ O by dd dd i n eb dd ddio y y , "o ’“ 22 z O b dd v th wrth ch hod vo 3 y y y d .

I ERWERTH VYNGLWYD AI KANT.

3 1 0 mitted in B J 2 Arria n n a B z z a ria n n a B z iria n a 6 ; . , , g , J 2 5 0 ria n a B 8 Cou let n ot in B R . T n n B 2 y , . p 4 ; y , , 3 , 6, 7 ; 7 Atta t B J : a tta d B J I 2 . 2 I 2 J , , 3 ; , , , 4 , 7 ; ° Di , B 8 . u a n Od B 8 D n v B , 6 , . y , 6, 7 ; 2 : d n n y B : d u n R : d n B 8 : t u y B : t u B I O J y , 4 y y , y y, y , 9 y y , t n n B 11 We n n S 13 Yth B R 14 I n I . . I 2 y , . , 3 , 3 , 4 ; , J , ; R or ith 0 1 B 2 S r ea d ith ddw lo : B t h la w 15 N R f y , , 3 , y 3 , y y. y, . "1 a ria s a th a ria n , 9 , . ‘ 17 Yth R 3 Ddeheu ra w B I diheu ra w B : dihe ra w I dihev , . , , 4 y , J ra w B dehevra w B in B the la st two wor ds a r e wr itten ithihev , 8 , 6 5 ° ra w : in S i thiha u r eu T he lin es a r e tr a n s osed in B 1 B u 5, . p 2 , 7 . , B : b R 9° B u dd B 1“ F th in m a n MSS I I I . . , 4 y , J ; . , y , y 12 Yn 13 F0 in m ost o the MSS i fO B : a fo B : B 8 S . f . ; , , 4 , —; 3 , 3 a v0 R The n a me is en er a ll wr itten I erw erth Iorwerth B 8 , . g y ( , 4 , 5, ) V n lw d or n lw d Fwn lw d B B I ha s I er werth f n lw d y g y Fy g y ( g y , 3 ) y g y n t n w ll n o thr i Oi ca n u a u hw a i ca y e y. HISTORI CAL OEMS BY IOR WERTH V LWYD 1 83 P YNG .

I I .

A CYWYDD To R H S AP I N Y S O .

Tra n scripts of this poem a re con ta in ed in the volu m es desig

n a e a e a s B B B 8 B I O J 2 S a n d R a n d a so in t d bov 4 , 7 , , , , 5 , l

r u rn M 1 S . 1 D S . 3 . 6 a M S . o hi b , (p f the ea rly pa rt Of

the 1 8th e n u e m a 2 e e S . c t ry , h r rk d

The oe m is n e n ea a s it s a n s in . R w ch a p pri t d rly t d , to hi

ce r a n a u i a a es a s it wa s a w tten in t i thor ty tt ch , prob bly ri

’ Gla m or a n shire w wa s a ls a a en t the a u r s g , hich o pp r ly tho

n i e ou n I n the e c ies the a a n a re fr e a t v c ty . oth r op v ri tio s

’ qu en tly du e to the tra n scriber s a n xiety to do a wa y with

som e Gwen tia n dia lectic pe cu lia rity. U n der this a n d the n ext Cywydd the less sign iﬁca n t va ria tion s in orthogra phy

i Th n a u r e of ese m n n wi a re n ot n ot ced . e t th i or va ria tio s ll be su fﬁcien tly u n derstood from the va ria n ts given u n der the

ﬁrs oem . As we s u v i a re on s a n n e a n e t p vo l , ; , y, , j c t tly i t rch g d ,

SO a we ﬁn d the sa m e w r wri e n u r ii r i r vr a n d th t o d tt p , p , p , p ,

r we ﬁn d ba i s beivs bei s a n d be s hedd w heddiw p y y , , y , y ; y , ,

n d ha ldiiw The n son a n s c a n d k a re in er a n ed heddu w a . , co t t ch g

cr a u cr a kr a v kr ed i kr ed i cred a n d in the e in n in ( , j , ; y , , ) ; b g g

we r h r a n d r r r h s r s r r s . S m a r a n d of w ords see , , ( y , y , y ) i il ly f

u ffe en is s a n d som et m es b b the v a re se d by di r t copy t , i oth y

s bu t n ot n is rim in a e . I n R the wr i e sa m e Copyi t, i d c t ly t r

n era u ses v a t the e n n in of a w s a e a n d ge lly b gi g ord or yll bl , f

a t the en d:

The title preﬁxed to the p oem in two of the copies

sta tes it was com posed when the . a u thor wa s kept in prison ” w Bu t the w dd i se f C a o in S a n sea . C Sir M . by r d ck , y y t l does n ot sta te this ; it ra ther im plies tha t the poe t wa s a t

I n l n e 25 he sa s la rge . i y

’ ’ Ef a m helir trwy r tir edd m m l n iwr ch a m L n n N edd Y a e y y .

I a m hu n ted throu gh the la n ds fa ster tha n a deer for the 4 ISTORICAL POEMS BY IORWERTH VYN LWYD 18 H G .

An d wen n f lord of Nea th Va lley . t ty li es u rther on he sa ys

As n a s m feet hea r I wil m e ou R s lo g y , l co to y , hy ;

w ll ill I wi ta e the ou n e e An d it m a b e tc. e or , ll k j r y , y

u es n ed w e e if he ha d ee n in s n he wou l a e q tio h th r, b pri o , d h v

been tr ea ted e a ﬁrst- c a ss m s em e a n a n a t the resen t da lik l i d t p y, a n d fr eely su pp lied with the m ea n s for repea tin g hi s form er

in his we fu er u t m o e i offen ce a n d defy g po r l p sec tor. I is r l ke ly

t a in e to es a e m s n m en he wa s f r e e hi s h t, ord r c p i pri o t, o c d, lik

a n to o a r her m . He m a a e een ta en a n d im p tro , g y h v b k

i n e su se u en l t ou e e is n n in the r pr so d b q t y, h gh th r othi g thi d

w The w n of t e e in B I i Cywydd to Sho this. ordi g h titl O s

a m i u u s m a m e n a R s wa s in is n a n d . n o t b g o ; it y a th t hy pr o ,

t n eed m a ha e een the fa : u h h oe . s s e p t Thi , i d , y v b ct c a su pposition is m ore in a ccorda n ce with the sta tem en ts con

n in m a n the o e r ta i ed the poe th th .

a a s m a seem s ea r a his en n B e th t it y, it cl th t viol t den u cia tion of the Sheriff in the ﬁrst Cywydd ha d a rou sed the a n ger

of a di n a a n d u Yora eth n o im m in en a n e th t g it ry, bro ght i t t d g r.

' This se con d e ﬁu sion wa s n ot ca lcu la ted to soothe the resen t

f n i L n 8 B d m en o the w . e a ed d n on i t orthy k ght i , y w y ” b dd da —a m a n is bu t a a if he is n ot o —m a a y bo r, go d y h ve

een in en e a s a Sl hit a t Sir M a ew who b e b t d d y tth , or on ’ i e a s ea s L n e 4 —58 u his sh eld thre bo r h d . i s 9 a ll de to som e

su n ion in the fa m of R s a Si n w the o di ily hy p o , to hich p et

ri u s the m sf r u n es of his a n a tt b te i o t p tro . ” “ No m a n the e im l es is e fe bu t es ew u , po t p i , p r ct, b hr s !

if ou a r n ow a m e R s a i n You a r e . y to bl , hy p S o e of the

n es s in the a n bu t n o i w u r u e obl t tock l d, b lity itho t vi t lea ves

n a n a ho An d w a a m a n o be tte r th g. h t a va ils high lin ea ge

or n fe The en erou s a n d the u u es a n d n s lo g li g , pro d, d k ki g ,

a I n ou a ll m u st die a t l st. y we ha ve lost th e hea d a n d sta y

f ou u You a e ha d a fa u o se . b t I S al see o ise y r ho h v ll, h l y u r

f r ll I a m a a in a ewa r o a su ffe n . N ow I a m u n g , r d ri g h ted

i e a ee on ou a ou n a n d a e n ot s n ou r r ise f r l k d r y r cc t, d r i g y p a o

’ ou r foes: I a m a fa se kn a e if I s n w a is ru Fa i h y l v i g h t t e . t

186 HISTORICAL POEMS BY IO WER R TH VYNGLWYD.

l bon e dd hedd w n i wedda y , ’ 3 ba edd yw dyn on i bydd da ‘ s os byw n eb dr os ben n i oes 7 73 ba dda a wu a i byw ddwyoes . ’ 9 W r a e u r wehel th P Y h l or p y , ' ‘ o l l “! 13 PWYI ra il be ilch syn pa r ha u byth “ “ m 17 ha ddu O a i dda i wa i g, b th , 18 ba vr e n in he b e w vn wa ith ? . v r m 7° w n en n n a chw m a i n vn a w r p y y p , "1 p a n elo r u n pe n n i la wr ? 22 23 e n n a eth er a n a ethost y p , p u 2 a vo e n n ef w s 6 p , y y p o t . 2 u i bv Arthu r a berthweilch 7 28 ” 0 n d r vu n a f n t r feilch t a é y . 3 0 31 k wsoch w m n id ka s ch wa ith a g y p , y g $ ” ” "4 3 5 ka a k vod eilwa ith v da l ch y .

1 7 3 Heddi w n R B a dd B I O : ba weidd B . O n R y, . , , 7 y, 5 n i B . Y B , 7 , I O

Ba wr o ba i hir i oes a d . y ’ a wr 2 S 2 . Pw w r or B ha el u r n e u r 2 , J y y ( , 4) p ( p , J ) wehel th B 8 S 2 : wa hel th B I O 1° Pw or r a i R : w y , 7 , y , . y , p y 1 1 wr rba i 2 S 2 : w rba i B : a ra i B 8 I O B a ilch R : y , J p y , 4 p , , . , 17 ’ 13 ba lch B I O . S dd n B : fv n 2 . P rha u S 2 , y y , 4 , J y , ra B a ra B in B lin e r a ds ba r a i beilch ber b h p y y, 8 p y , I o : 7 e , a y yt . “ 14 Pa S 15 d R ddvk : dd n B 1 B 2 : 2 8 . v S 2 . , . g, , J y , 7 , , 13 Pa , J 2 ; S z . 7° ’ 71 ba B I O . Ohw m ia v n B 8 2 : chw m e n B I O . E10 , y p y , ; J y p , r n R : elo u n B ela i vn B S : el m J 2 : ela ier vn B IO v , , 4 : , 7 , 8 ; 2 i , , .

3 7 73 71 ' Ath B I O . Pen B 8 : en n B I o A thost B 10 : , , p , . y , 75 Y for B £ S 7° E f w Ost evthost B . I o : a 0 2 . 2 , 7 , , y p , J 77 cf r ost B I O . Ybeir thweilch B 8 a berthwa lch B I O vw p , , , . 99 n a n t B I : vn fort S z : vn te J n Od B 8 1° R h B 7 : a v y , o , , 2 : y , . y fa lch B I o : a r feilch 2 : the cou let is n ot in R B S , , J p ; 4 ; 5 3 ° 3 1 Kowsoch 2 cowsoch S 2 : kowssoch B 8 . N d ka s wch , J , , y y ' 3 7 3 3 i i h ith S id B . Och wa ith 2 n s ca s e c wa 2 . C a g , J g , , 4 ,

3 5 S c wod B Ailwa ith R . wod . ky , 5 y , 4 , HISTOR ICAL OEMS BY IORWERTH VYNGLWYD 1 8 P . 7

1 dyn wedi dyn y ydwy 2 1 da n y dwr a m da n a d wy ; 3 ’ e f a m helir drwy r tiredd 4 5 y m la en y iwr ch a m lyn n n e dd ; ° " n i beidda f u i bu a a s , dd , 8 ga n u dy gerdd ga n n dy ga s " 1° a n gha vog a g a n ghywir 11 17 a chn a f w f O cha n a f wir y , ; 13 a i va r dd OS rOdio v dd r id , y , “ n Oi a n n kelw dd g kil i g y . 1 ° a evai s a m ch ov n g y g y , 1° sa in 0 11 a a wsa n t h n n y t g y . 17 18 19 ” trwm w es or e m a W y vo t r , 21 2° 2° 24 a i d m oes P dr a m p ro e Jesu . “ 26 7 p a m a ovyn p a n wyf 7 7 23 29 3 ° 81 a drid n 7 a il Pedr dw f p y y y .

1 7 d f a n d w f B 1 0 2 . Don n B I O : this cou le t n ot in y y , ; J , p 4 R S B e fo m helir J . Jwr ch R ; s; 4, 7 . , 2 , ; B 8 I O : m la n wrch 2 5 Am Jor l n n edd B 8 : in S 2 lin e , y , J . y , r ea ds m la n n h a idda f u i c w a m L n n N . N b R : , y e y y y edd j ,

fe iddia S 2 : n i feiddiwn 2 u i ha ida t B : beiddia f B 8 . , , 5 , J , 4 , 7 8 9 N bv R : n b B u i f S . Ga n y R An h I O : v . y , y y , , 2 , 5 , g a ii o B S a n heva w B 8 : a n he o B I O :a n hefol 2 S 2 g, 4 ; 5 g g, g y g, g , J ; 1° 11 a n heva wl B An howir 2 B 8 I O . Chn a S 2 g , 7 . g , J ; , , l 17 h n i cha n a f ch a f B O cha n a S 2 o a n a f S : o 2 . , 4. , , 5 , J 13 R odin S : in B 8 I O 2 S this lin e r ea ds or ev ore 2 , 5 7 , , ; J ; 5, , g (g , J ) i ora e B I O va r dd well n o n a B I O S wir win B I O (g y, ) , g ( , ; 5) g (g , ) 1‘ 15 v dd. Ga n y R : a n B Y eva is etc B I 0 : 8 era is y , g y , 8 . g , . , g 1° 17 T a m th or n B Gowssa n t B a wson B I O . rom y g y , 4 . , 8 g , 13 i n a ll exce t R N ot in B which s tr m foes or term v . p . I O , rea d , o y

dr wm B I O 11‘ Jessv J 2 B 8 , . , ; ess B 26 B 3 ° Y B m : heb B no . B d n xc J . J y , y , ; 2 . . 7

Fw u w f S 2 DW f B w B ! w w f B 1 0 J 2 . y y : : Y Y , 4 3 p y WY, 8 p y y , 7, ; 7° 7° 3 ° 3 ‘ d Drin d n S . Ai B P der B I O Y W y , 5 , 8 . e , . Y.

B 8 . HI RICAL POEMS BY IORWERTH VYNGLWYD STO .

’ 1 ' 2 ’ Iii V n n a v th m i a n vu d y y , , ° ‘ ls dy wa dy dra voi n dwedyd 7 8 m a e r ta vod yn gyfrodedd 9 1° 11 a r a l n wch ior l n n N e g o y , g y dd ; 17 er torri yn gwa rteron 1° kra e h n n y v, i ti y kr d o ; “ “ 1° tr dda lio n id r ddil s y , y y , " 1° t a e a f a a R s y r d , yr tt d, y ;

n a n la f d a f da ith y i ch, y g , yg , ’ 1° 7° n v w r w l n va rweilwa ith y y y , y . 21 22 n i e s di 0 oes d ia u thro , thr y , ” 74 25 76 on id drosod dy dra sa u ; ” 28 z s 3 ° a a lla dd i a ra in t g ro g , 3 1 117 ’ ‘1° vo gyll i vrig Oll a i vra in t ;

1 7 N R . V n n a i B : m u n a B I O : m n a B 8 2 S 2 y, y , 4 y , y , 7 , J ; . 3 I O J 2 : m i a f d B m i u fvd ; y y , 8 : y , B 5 Fw n B S 7 . y , 7 ; z ° Dwedvd, R 7 Ma r B 8 M or S , I O . , z . 9 B 11 Ma er , 8 . Jor , R 13 a e r 2 Gwa r te rion B 8 2 in S 2 lin e r ea ds er ei , J . , 7 , ; J , ’ n h rion 13 r thorri chwa rt o . A B 8 : or B S : lin e in 2 , , 7 ; 5 J , ka r kra v i ti kretton a n d in the m a r in a r i ti kr d y y ; g , y k k y e 11 15 hon T ra m ost o the co ies. lh n n B . , f p Dda o , I O . 1° d il 17 ra d B 13 Nittr d s 2 . T 1 0 : tra id B . Ir a f y y , J , , 4 , 19 B : dda u B 1 0 : a red 2 cou le t n ot in B 8. Yn f w y , , J p 7, y r w l B 8 n f wif w f a lter ed r om wir w l B 1 i f wr w l y y , : y y y ( f y ), 0 : y y , 9° ’ B 2 Ailwa ith R : r a ilwa ith S 1" N R 4, 7 ; J . , , 5. y , . 27 l a v R : a v S : n i thort es ia u B : B 8 1 0 2 $ 2 u ite , j , 5 , 4 7 , , ; J ; q dz er en t n id a R s di m d n B 8 di m R s B I dr os dr a s S f : y ( y , 7 , y , o) ( , 2 ) d ia v m a y S 2 : dros da v B 8 dr ossod ta v B 7° E n d B y ( , y , , y , 4 : 711 ” Dr eisia n S z O B 8 . , . , 7° 17 5 Dre ssy R : dra ssa v B 8 : dressa B O Y B . L a dd , , y, I . , I O , 79 S la th B I O Y B I O 3 ° Ge r n t B I O 3 1 A 2 2 : . . ; J , , , y , , B 3 7 B J S 2 : e : B I o . V fr I O . 4 , 8 ; 2 ; , 5 , 7 y, j 3 3 ’ ’ A u R : a i holl or 0 11 a i B 8 . , (f ),

190 HISTORICAL OEMS BY IORWERTH VYNGLWYD P .

ALI DE To IR A THE A P NO S M T W CRADOCK .

Of the fo win m si ion i r fou n in the M llo g co po t cop es a e d SS . a e a es e B R S in S ir u rn MS 1 13 D 1 e e lr dy d crib d , 3 , , 5, h b . , , h r

S I d w M NC 6 2 on h m a r e a n in Sto S . . e t e r e O f k d , 7 , c p op rty

w Lh r L Of Ed a u d m a e e e . ese o es B a rd y , rk d h th c pi , 3 p

ea s be the O es a n d the te is r n e from it . with p r to ld t, xt p i t d on tw o a a e or v ri tion s.

is C w dd in w i the w i e e e a es the a n e of Th y y , h ch r t r d pr c t g r

Sir M C a i m u iri n h n . o s ess s e a t e e e r d ck , ch l p t d th pr c di g

n es Af e m n in Si M a w ff h . m e r e a s S e e ro o t r co pli t g tth h ri , p cee ds in a r a ther Obscu re wa y to re fe r to som e of his a n ce s

H M n m n ion in or s. owe e e e l n e 8 wa s the fa er of t l ly , t d i , th

Gwirvil the w fe of Gwi m a b E a n a C a a n d Sir , i ly v p r dock ,

’ ’ M a Sir M a ew Cra s m o tthew s gra n dm other. tth dock ther wa s ~ a H o n Fu r e on in the em 60 is a n rto (l . th r po (l . ) othe r r e f re n e Of m n er es en ea o ists The w i e r im ie s e c so e i t t to g l g . r t pl

’ tha t he wa s sa ved from the kn ight s ven gea n ce by the in ter ” essi n of M a estres I a n hi s a wa s n o c o (or T l dy ,

’ ou Sir Ma ew s ﬁ s wife the a u e of P i i Ma n se d bt, tth r t , d ght r h l p l, ’ M h i of O w I n H u h m a s s S. s e s a e A i e b x ich. g Tho c ll d l c ; u t

i on m r in the pe digree com m u n ca te d to M r . M tgo ery T a hern e

Y u n P. ti ces M r . G A H i or i ca l C . S. o st No . . Y ( , p by o g, rk ’ h n m i n e I n Sir m a s e s ri a H era t e a e s a . te ld, J Tho Phillip p v ly

r n e Ma n sell R ecor ds a n d Pedi r ees the n a m e is a s e n p i t d g , l o giv

a n The esen a u s n is ev en e a is a s J e . pr t ll io good id c th t th

s th a n a m e wa e re l . VYN YD 1 91 HISTORICAL POEMS BY IORWERTH GLW .

[LLYMA v r n n AWNAETH J OR AETH I C AISO HEDDWCII SYR MA H KR D T O A OG.]

1 7 Pwy wn a i sir a r dir ka er dyf ? 3 4 5 ° Pwy n y Sir yw H pe n n Siryf? 7 8 " l o a ddvg y ra yt heddiw gr og 11 ith wa s re Ma ia s kra do . k d , th g 12 13 “ a yr wy roe d or a u r ydwyd 1° a r w a r d n or wiried w d r y , y ; 1° e em a ddw a e a m dd n h l g h l y , " 18 ha vl a m a c] H owe] m elyn 19 wa w a vn lla w drw a n llv g y g y g , 7° ga lw a m wa iw ddwyd Gwilim ddv 21 22 tyn n ga er a e ta n n e gorwyn t "8 hw r k n n r h n y y y ga e or twyn gy t. 74 ysy heddiw O Swydda v 7 5 2° 27 fy wiw i dwyn y fyda v

sw dda v a n a a a d a n y d d g g t, 28 swyddog a rn a d sydd gorn a n t ;

Title : I Of u c m m od B I Ma thia s C ra do a iso i heddwch y y , 3 ; g, S I g or a iso S (f g 5.

1 Wn R 1 r D 3 I n 4 Y or a Ka e v S S I . w , . y , 5. , (f 5 w n S Pen B Shir f B ssier f L 7 A du y ) , 5. . 3 . y , 3 y , . g, ‘ A i, R

da i L 1° di r h 11 Y h a ed S I d . Hed w R : edd i S I . t , , , y , , 7 R L 1 Aer w S I a u rw R 13 A roed u roed L ; . y, y , . , S I , .

1° A helm a ddw ha u l helm a ddw h a ] hu a l S R :helem ii g , S I g y ( , 17 19 ddw ha el L Ha u l S I ha el R L . Am a el R g , . , , ; , . 9 1” 1 O i S I : wa w vn lliw L I ddw d R : ddw d L , g y , . y , y y , . 71 113 Ga r w or R : a rw fa l S I . I L , g , (y, ) t n n a r H ortwn hort n n L R L 7"A s R : u s dd L y g ( y , ) , . y , y , . 8 7 A s R : y , 73 s S I ii ss dd L . Two lin es com bin ed i B s da y y, y , n 3 wyd v da n a d s dd orn a n t y g . 1 92 HIS V WYD TORICAL POEMS BY IOR WERTH YNGL .

va l sa wdd n o ba wdd ba d i i y , l i w d n da n a d sa dd y a i swydd .

d a ir a a ir drw - erri y g y g g, d w 9 8 d ddi 4 y a id dda v a ir on d wy g. “ 9 O di ia ist r w da io n g , y gy 7 n e biir sa is a beris hyn ; 9 9 1° n dwyn dwr tv hwyn t i erwi a dwfr yw dwyn dy fa r di ; 19 ka s a a f w a s fen troi t , y ,

n yw troi gwn n a t ryw ga w en . 14 goche] wa n gwiw chwilia wir " gwa n n ye ka e ga n wr kowir

d ro d r m a r dwr a w y y y dr , 17 dy rym oedd rydrwm idda w ; 19 19 ym herodr a m a hevr yn t 3 ° 91 ym a bu ga s a r m a b gyn t ; 22 y m a b a il ddia m a v bod 99 m v f m v f d d wy ddia a da o . 24 sa ithw r leu s dd e n n f y l y y g y , d 25 ser a gwyr da Sir Ga er yf.

1 Fe] sa wdd n eu ba wdd etc S I m a ] ii ssa wdd n a ba wdd y y , . , y , etc L : two lin es i in B fa ] i sa dd d n a i w dd da n d . com b n ed w s a , 3 , y y . 3 4 Dowa id B : dwa id L 3 T i S I W t di S I , 3 , . , . y g, . 4 3 7 B u S I . Dio n B : da u o n S Neu hw S , gy , 3 gy , 5. y , I 9 9 n a b r asa is ii L Tir R : twr L Di R : ti S y y , . , , . , , 5. ° 1 Hwn t R n t L 11 Derwi S 19 S S t . D , ; I 5 t , , I . y Wen n R : lin e in L r ea ds troi ka s a n a f wa se or wa st ii ven n , ( ) . 19 14 15 Gown en B A choel O R L : a choelia S I . Yw , 3 . , ; , 19 17 ka e : od Y k wir R S I ii k wir L. Doro , R ca w , S I . y , y , dd w L : t se two lin es com bin ed in S I d n o d r m oedd y a , he , y y y 19 h L r drwm id Am hera wdr R m her od S I m erodr . y da w. , y , y , 19 9° M R 91 Y S L Am i : a m he r n t L w . I : , R y y y , . y , , ; 79 I n R lin e r ea ds a r m a b er a m a v bod a m R Dia m m a u S I . y , . , , 93 in S a r m a b w f er a m a v bod : in L a r m a b a il etc. Di 5, y , , ” 3 4 R 9 Ser 0 w r da wn sir a m a R A s . v, . y , g y

a erd f R g y , .

94 I T RI AL EMS BY IO RW R VYN W D 1 H S O C PO E TH GL Y .

l M a w] a wn a f m a ] oe n I eva n

9 9 4 Ym hoes dros a ir i m as tres I a n ; 9 w a e n w 0 n d m n d M y y y yd , ° n n v] f b w f dd My y s a Ma n se] y .

Och wr ! on i m n n wch wa d y , " s Na d wy n lle dyn y lle va d l 9 fa n u i c a fa i e n Dy r h d r i, 1° d fa rn a wa fi yn y y d f . ' ' 1 1 Oflr wm O gorfi !from i gyd

r m w eb oi ow a b a y h r m yd. 12 d lid n is dia l d la w y y , du w a dd lio d w y la w a y dd . " du w a roes h n n d w sw , y y y r ydd, 14 oe n i a bra m yn ebrwydd ;

' 15 1° a I a il oe n a r Olevn i

v d rha f lla dd elly d g y i.

YORWERTH VYNGLWYD A T K N .

’ 1 n R 9 I m n S : e va . oes S s Ifa I m oe S . , j , , I : y , 5

3 7 Mw n a S I . N a dw n S y , y , I . 9 9 Lle r d n n lla iia d n ll a d L R . B a i a rn i ern i L S I L y y ( y y , ) , ( , ), . 1° I da wa f R do a vi L : n eidia f ﬁ S I 11 Fi ra m R j , y y , y , . , 12 N dia il 13 or h rho S I . S L, O der n a s rw dd R ( g p ) m , y , i y , 14 15 vn da v r ssw d L O es B . A il L R d . a S S . y y , , 3 r , ; ; I ; 5 1° Er ver i L len i R . y ( y i, ) , E ANGLESEA FOLK LOR .

FAIRY TALES AND FOLK - LORE PICKED UP NEAR

1 885. H OL HEAD SE T. Y , P

’ 1 — Mr s Owen s fa e wa s u ite a u n m a n 1 W en . NO . . h th r q yo g , a n d in u sin e ss a s a fa r m er a m a n in his em o wa s e or e b , pl y r p t d

a on s a n e a in s wi the t lw th le or fa irie s. to h ve c t t d l g th y y g, O n e da y this m a n a sked his m a ster to go a jou rn e y with him on the fo owin n i r om is n a e him to a ea u ifu ll g ght, p i g to t k b t l

he fa iri s i H is a er a r e e a n d a f e r ou se w ere t e e . m s h h l v d t g d, t

ra e in a u a m i e e e a e the ou se . e we n t v ll g bo t l , th y r ch d h Th y t in a n d fou n a a e s ea d wi a ll in s Of f o r esi e d , d t bl pr th k d o d, p d “ ” i h m t The m a n o e a e a w o in e e to e a . v r by l ttl l dy , vit d th

m i bu t hi m a n in Af e c e s s e efu se a e a . o pl d, t r r d to t k yth g t r ” u the i e a r i On s e a s e em to o for a e . pp r, l ttl l dy k d th g d

oin ou si e e fou n em s in the om a n Of g g t d , th y d th elves c p y

w e e or ﬁf e en t lw th te a ll i in on e s The m a n t lv t y y g, r d g d k y .

wa s a so su ie wi a on e bu t the ste e ro i e l ppl d th d k y , d p v d d

for his m a s e r w a s a bi c al e a ll s a r e O ff a n d o t g f . Th y t t d , n

om in to a r i er w i h ha d be for e the ma n sa id to his c g v h c to d d , ’ ” m a s e r Don s e a w i e ou a re rossin B u t w e n t , t p k h l y c g. h “ e were u s on the o er Si e his m a s e r sa i W a a th y j t th d t d, h t ” big ca lf this is ! Whe re u pon the ca lf thr e w him Off a n d

ra n a w a ea in him on th r n in u he e u n . O e y, l v g g o d g tt g p ,

fou n im se f a on e so he s a r e wa to his ou se d h l l , t t d to lk h ,

’ w i h o h ch e rea che d the n e xt m orn in g a bou t seve n o cl ck .

M rs. O wen a n Old w om a n r si in t V i l n r H ol hea d , e d g a a l a ge ea y , n a rra ted these stories to t he wri te r —W W C . . . . 196 ANC LESEA FOL - LORE K .

His m a n u sed to rSceive qu a n tities of sovereign s fr om the fa i s a n d u m a te e a r m a n e . ri , lti ly di d ich

’ 2 —W n M rs Owen s m wa s a irl in ser ce N O , e . e . h oth r g vi ,

a r e o en ﬁre a es we e u se d ea ein om m n em l g p pl c r , p t b g c o ly

o f ue The fa iries u se to om e o wn the im n e pl yed a s l . d c d ch y a t n i a n d her m o e r wa s in the ha i of u in tw o ght, th b t p tt g c a irs a ca n e ba sih Of wa er s a a n d owe for the u se h , dl , t , o p t l ,

i f h on of the vis rs. W en th a m i a d e to bed the to h e ly g , fa ri o n e ir re n a n d w em a l n i ht i es u se t r d s l . d b i g th chil , a h th g I n the m orn in g it wa s fo u n d tha t they ha d w a shed a n d ir on e d the we a d e m ie the a sin of w a er whi ha d ee n to l, n p t d b t ch b

It wa s n ow fou n on the ta ble a n h e f on the cha ir . d a f l t d , l fu Of s verei n s w i the m is r ess of the ou se who ll o g , h ch t h , w a s own ﬁ st u se to ee to herse f d r d k p l .

f i r n wa s e r u e N othin g O o l e v s d by them . They did n o t

i e it a n d r ic es m a de Of ha d to be e ou t of eir l k , a t l it k p t th wa y.

—On e n i h r m N 0 3 se N O. f r . ( e ght e other o got to p u t a ” we for the fa ir es. A a ou re r who S e in a a f- f to l i l b , l pt h l lo t o er the i e n ea r a s u a in a n d oo in own sa w v k tch , h d q ll g, l k g d , the fa iries oo in a ou e e r w e r e for the owe S h l k g b t v y h t l . O e

r ew h s n i - s ir own to em w i e u se th i ght h t d th , h ch th y d a s a

u i u o w n ir i ren I n th s bst t te f r ipi g the ch ld . e m orn in g he fou n it iron e ou t u e e a n a n d dr for him to u t on d d , q it cl y p , a n d on lookin g in the Sleeve he fou n d it wa s fu ll Of sove

ei n s r g .

On e hrou a ide n n othi n wa s u t in the hen n ight, t gh cc t , g p kitc f r t e a iries a n d n e da it w a s fou n a he ha d u se o h f , xt y d th t t y p t t e - s o si the ou se resu m a ou t of s i e he p at sta ck u t de h , p bly p t .

1 this er th ca se wh did the iron the towe l in the a b If w e e , y y ove

r - W C sto y ? W. . .

FO - OR E ANG LES EA LK L .

o im She the right n ot ha vin g the p we r to see h . got so m e

O n m e n eli a n d u e it o n the w u n bu t n e e r re co i t t ( ) r bb d o d, v v d the si of The s o e e er w a s resen t bu t e e a e e . r ght th t y h pk p p , he cou n ot see h f ir a a ll ld t e a y t . A W W OR R M . . . . C ,

Atherston e Feb 1886 , . . FACSIMILES OF CLASSICAL WELSH A U PT M N SCRI S .

B Y the kin d libera lity of va riou s m em be rs Of the Cym m ro dorion Society (esp e cia lly M em be rs of its Cou n cil a n d Cor

r es on in M e m ers who a ve e s iﬁe w a rm n r p d g b ) , h t t d their i te e st in Welsh Liter a tu re a n d schola r ship by su bscribin g for the

u se I a m f u n a e e n a e to in u e in th ﬁn a p rp o , ort t ly bl d cl d e l

ssu e Of Y C m m r odor vol. two o a fa sim i es i y , vii, ph togr phic c l S i h Of er im o a n We s M S. w a s wel a s t e v y p rt t l h , h ch ( : l o n e a lrea dy e xe cu ted a n d issu e d to m em bers a t the cost Of f the So ie a n d i n se e to a e . 95 a e a e ee n c ty , rt d c p bov ) h v b e xe cu te d by the well - kn own perm a n en t photogra phic process

a t u s of 14 C a re l G e Sou of M r . C es ae e h rl Pr ori , l vi l rov , th

in n K e n s gto . 1 The ﬁrst Of these fa csim iles is on e Of folio 1 186 Of the

M Of w i th F m en f m H en wrt MS . Origin a l S. h ch e ra g t ro g

N O in e a o e on e f rm e a a n d s o u be . pr t d b v , c o d p rt, h ld

n se r e the in e of is o u m e o osite . 146 a o e i t d by b d r th v l pp p b v , where the repr odu ction in type of the folio in qu estion i beg n s.

For s m e a ou n of the on e n s of the a e em a in o cc t c t t p g , br c g

1 P rin ted ori in a ll b err or for which se e Addition s a n d C or rection s g y ( y , , ” ost xxviiib . I m a a dd th t b som e in e n io u s rocess the ﬁr st p ) y a , y g p , thre e a n d a ha lf words Of the p oe m by Llywelyn Fa rdd ha ve been tr a n s er r ed in the hoto ra h rom the botto m Of folio 1 180 where f p g p f ,

the Oc c u r in the ori in a l t th to Of fo lio whe re the a e a r y g , o e p y p p in the p hoto gra p h like a str ip Of lighter pa rc hm en t stu ck on to the top of the a e The siz f both fa csim iles is ve r sli htl redu ced from p g . e o y g y tha t of the ir ori in a l g s. E IMILE A WELSH MAN PT 200 ACS S or CLASSIC L U SCRI S . th w o e Of the oe m n u m be e X I V a n d the m m e n e e h l p r d . co c

v 2 a e . e n t of a n u m e e x see . 1 1 0 1 1 m th t b r d , pp to bov The secon d fa csimi le is on e of folio 2l a of -The R ed B ook of

Ta l a r th e n the ﬁrs a e of the fra m e n t eta e fr om g , b i g t p g g d ch d t a b o som e m e e ou s to the e a r 1 582 a s des ribe h t o k ti pr vi ly y , c d

in 92 a e . a n d ha s e en a e so a s f m the p . bov (g b pl c d to or

s ie e to s o u m e Of Y C m m r odor F r th e n e ﬁ fron ti p c thi v l y . o e b t of those who wish to fa m ilia rise them se lves with the e xqu isite a n d e u l a r Welsh s e Of f u teen - en u ca lli a p c i ly tyl o r th c t ry gr phy , in w i a re wr en The R ed B ooks o H er est a n d Ta l a r th h ch itt f g g ,

the H en wrt MS . NO . 49 of the Wels Sa in t Orea l a n d the g ( ) h ,

u m e Of the Didr e n n Shir bu r n MSS 1 1 3 21 o . c. con v l f y ( , , )

a n in the Welsh Fa bles bu t a e n ot se m a e the t i g , h v , or ldo h v ,

r u n i Of s u in We ls M SS for o . em se es a t a n opp t ty t dy g h th lv , r script Oi the fa csimi le d pa ge is a ppen de d to this prefa to ry n O osi e the a n s ri is n te a tr a n sliter t in ote . pp t tr c pt pri d a ion to the in a m e n We s o ra in whi h th ord ry od r l h orth g phy, c e m odern in itia l m u ta tion s of the con son a n ts (which in m edi aeva l We s e ven w e e the ru l e i n s ea ki n w n i l h , h r p g a s ide t ca l w h the m e n on e w e e n ot e resse in wr in in it od r , r xp d it g r n te The n every ca se) a e i se r d . co ten ts of the fa csim iled

a e on sis of a ion Of the We s E lu cida ri a s a wor p g c t port l h , k n e e et u s e bu t Ofte n u e Pu in hi v r y p bli h d, q ot d by ghe s grea t Diction a ry for a n ote a s to the sou rces a n d differen t w a o 9 94. Of the see e . 1 to MSS. ork, b v , pp I m a y a dd tha t severa l of the su bscriber s to these fa c sim iles ha ve bee n good en ou gh to prom ise the yea rly con

u n ce Of eir su s r i ion s so a s c n s i u e a n a n n u a l tin a th b c pt , to o t t t ” Fa csim ile Fu n d (con tribu tion s to which will be m ost

f e ei e a n d a n w e e m e f l tha n k u l ly r c v d ck o l dg d by ) . A u l

f su s r e s to the n ow u s e a n d fu u list O b c ib r , both p bli h d t re fa sim i es Sha a ea in the ﬁ s a r of Y C m m r odor c l , ll pp r r t p t y

v l ii Pa r m se f o . a n d I a n h e dited by y l ( vi , t m ot wit ou t a hope tha t I m a y u ltim a tely be en a ble d to do (wha t

F R A SCR I T OR R ED BOOK OF AL ARTH o 21a . T N P T G . .

n n wire a r da ea r a f n erb n n d d ka n da r ed r e d. gy yt y y y y y y

r l d m d w du t h n u n h r l d i a a a e O o t 6rt a O . g 6y . y yr g y k ly y

' 6 rth m n m n n 6n u i w bot ﬁ r d d di . y . y y y y y

n d hr . Ac ec eu crew t e n eid u a e n te u 3 y byt y y yr ye . y w beu n yd O n e yd.

Du 6 a wn a eth ob e t a r vn we ith m e s m . p p th y gy . gy y d w dir a v d a 6 d h n n f a n ill u o h e e e e t a 6d b . r t y or y . g y y y p pe th 6 hyn n y e f a gre6yt yr e n eidyeu yr ydechr eu O a n we ledic d fn d a 6 n a ffu f ir b u n d ir h n e c t r he e . a c a a n on u ilu y . y y y u e e

ff r m or e s w di r . V yr c o oe d. gy y dy e yn ta t i a la fu rya 6d byt

a 6rhon n Am in n eu a la fu r a f h6 n n a u yr . y yr ossode s e k llon n eu n in seil dic s f 6 h n n u h n i a e . e e e e d e u y y y y y .

. Pr t n a re du 6 n a m n e n e id e u a n a a c 6 n te u E y ch o y y gl d . y

' ' n u fu dda 6t ida 6 n teu n m n e t r cor ﬁoroe d r u e d 6 u y y y y y . y y e

’ m n t u fi rn a n vo m i 6 k rff h n n y e y e . p e r y y y y. / Du 6 r h6 n n m a s ob da eon i a hOb l in d t 3m . y y p p g e y

a n tha 6 n chre a 6d d eith r e n eid eu da a n a r re i g . y y y y gl .

h n h rw d a n a n a da m u n a n t v n e t n orffor d yn y e y y y y y c oe .

m u n n n in n n b w her w d n a n Eiss oe s m egya yda 6 eu y y y a y . y

r u r ha la O h n k m ein t p a n e lon t 6y ym y6n y llesty b dy C 6n 6 . y

6n n t 6 e w ll s e f a c ka ra n t n v6 n o du 6 6rth y g a y y y y y y y . hyn n y p a n vo tre ch ga n thu n t 6y y llestyr bu dyr h6 n n w yr

h n n t n ka r h r n a n ha r a t u 6 ia 6 n 6n y m a e y g c a y d 6 o c y d . y6 y

- du 6 eu g6rthla d 6yn teu oe gedym de ithya s ef.

' Aw b d n id a n n korﬁoroed d n on E . y y yr e e ey vo t y g y y y

h in dim byc e .

R i a da rlleir a m ieu a n u ed d 6r r s n n a 6 oe cn eit m . y y y y y

k m a a w bu r d u ot ris a a 6. e f a c ef e tto yn g roth y va . c y y y c t tt 6 rth hyn n y a m lOc y6 n a t oe s e issye u syn n wyr a r en eidyeu y

r i b hein k o u i r e c . t e ei h t y y b t ssye g6 e t e .

Pa a m etc. EB. h FACSIMILES OF CLASSICAL WELS H MA TS 2 NUSCRIP . 03

THE SAME IN M ODER N WELSH ORTHO RA H G P Y .

’ a n w iredd a r dda ea r a f d n e u herb n n n dd c n , gy y y y y y y dda redd r Ar lw dd a m dd wed d O ho n n t wrth y g y , y y y yr Ar lw dd Ci ia O wr th m n i f n wn u i w bod d g y , l ( d)di y ; y y y ff yr dd di.

Ai n n echre u h d crew d r en eidia u a i u e y y y y y , y t beu n ydd O n e wydd ?

. Du w a wn a eth e d a r u n wa ith m e s w bob p th y gy , gy y d wedir Or a f dd :a chwedi h n e f a n eilldu odd bob e : y , y y y p th w rth hyn y ef a gr e wyd yr e n eidia u er y de chreu O a n wele di dde fn dd a c hw n t a ffu rfhe ir be u n dd a c a a n fon ir e u g y y y , ’ he ilu n i r corfforoedd : m e s d wedir F u ba i a gy y y , y d hifu riodd a wr hon a m in a u a la fu r a f r hwn a hyd yr , y y o sode s =osododd eu ca on a n n in se iliedi sef w h n [ ] l y g, y y y

e u he n eidia u .

Fr n a eo Du w n a m n e n eidia u la n da a hw n 9. c 1 yd chr y g , y ’ ' ta u n u fu ddod i o u a n n m n ed cor ﬂoroedd rh fe dd y dd y t y y i r , y ' w u m n d u ﬁe rn a n fo feirw ff h n y e y e i p y cyr y y.

hwn m l . Du w r a e ob da ion i a h len did ﬁ l , y y p pho g ’ a n ddo n i chr eodd Od dieithr e n eidia u da a n a r ba i h n g , ( ) gl , r y y her w dd a n ia n a dd m u n a n t t n e n corfforoe dd m e a y y y d y y , gy d m u n n in a u n b w herw dd n Ei wn a in u . so s a n y y , y y y e p lon t hw i e wn lle str u a o hwn w c m a in e y m y b dr h l g , y t y ’ wn a n t hw e i ew ll s ef a c i ca ra n t n fw n a Ddu w g y y y y y y . Wrth h n a n fo e a n dd n t hw llestr u dr y y, p tr ch g y y y b hwn w hwn m a cn t n n ha rcha r n ddo n a cha ria , yr y y g g y , d ’ D u w ia wn w i Ddu w e u wrthla dd hw n ta u O i d m , y g y gy y

deitha s cf.

' A w b dd e n eidia u a fon n n hor ﬂo o 79. y y yr t y g g r e dd y dyn ion bycha in ddim ?

’ Ef a dda rlleir a m I eu a n Fed ddiwr r s n w . y y y io O i e n a id ci a c e f eto n n hroth ci fa m a c a w bu r dd fod y g g , y y y Wrth h n a m lw w n a d oe w Crist a to . y y g y s eisie u syn yr r n idi u r a l b cha in e d hoe eisie u w i h d a e e a e t re . y h y , y d g t Pa m e c. E . ha

” ” 1 ds f r isci u lu s dis bl n d M fo r Al a iste r D sta n o D W. a . p gy ) . g

a thr a w ‘V. ) . A AG E T H FR M N FROM ENGWR T MS .

NO 2 0 2 . .

CORRECTIONS or AND ADDITIONS To

PR EFATOR N OTI E Y C .

— “ — “ ” - P 89 l 6. For ii x i rea d cxii c i I n w fin d n r e . . o o , . xx x x x x . e a m in in the MS for a n O ort u n it t d hi h x g . ( p p y o o w c I a m in debted to the in dn ess O f its own er tha t t he fi u res which I ca relessl m isrea d k ) . g y “ ” ” ii e c u n dou btedl c ii a s t . a re etc Of this there c a n be 6 6 xx , , , y x , . wha v r Ea ch of th n dou bt te e . e wro g figu res resu ltin g from this

m ista e is corrected in its ro e r la ce ost. k p p p , p ” “ 2 l 1 6 -For ﬁftee n th r ea d fou rt n th P . 9 . , . , ee l tc - A hoto ra hi fa i P 2 20 e . c cs m il f th ﬁrs of this . 9 . e o t a , , p g p e p ge p ortion of the R ed B ook of Ta lga r th form s the fron tisp ie ce to t his volu m e on which see the im m edia tel r ecedin a r ticle ; y p g .

' ’ P 95 —l he hoto ra hic fa csim ile fr on tin this a e is sli htl . . p g p g p g g y r edu ced fr om the or igin a l. —Mr n 5 fir t 17 lin e . Gwe o fr n n n P . 9 s s E va w d u h , g y s as goo e o g to ’ p oin t ou t t o m e la st Su m m e r tha t a fe w y s a re ti ot in the Ystor ia Da red which occu ies a bou t the first thir t lu m n f the d B ook o , p y co s o R e f IIer est a n d es ecia ll in o n e of those colu m n s O ther wise the a r g , p y . y e ve r ra r e if in deed the occu r a t a ll in the R ed B ook Nor he a dds is it y , y , . , , certa in tha t the dots of the Da r e d a re con tem p ora n eou s with the writin g r hich th a re fou n d T O which I m a dd t in m n l o ve w ey . y a ha t a y We sh ’ - i i h fif teen th cen tu ry M SS. t s t e cu stom for the y s to be dotted ; bu t ha t a s to ou r teen th-cen tu r Welsh S m e erien ce hith rt o t f y MS . y xp e ha s te n ded e n tirel to con fir m the o in ion of the la te M r W n n e of y p . y

n i rth whose a lmo ra hica l a c u a in ta n ce with W w Pe a ( p g p q elsh M SS . a s r oba bl rea te r tha n tha t Of a n on e n ow livin tha t d t d w p y g y g) , o te y a s n lsh M a bou t th in discon tin u ed i We SS . e beg n in g Of the fou r te en th cen tu r bu t the u e st on wh or w hen e a ctl it wa s r esu m e d ha s y ; q y , x y, , l d e bee n a sked fa r l s a n w r d r to m kn ow e es s e e . n eve , y g , , 5 ﬁrst 7 lin es —It m u st n ot be u n derstood tha t w wa s a lwa s P . 9 1 , y equ iva len t to the m ode rn va lu e s Of the lette r in the ea rly - thirteen th h n th co n tr r Welsh ortho r a h w a s m o t c n tu r o t o ra h . O e a s e y s g p y y, g p y n tled in its u se of u v a n d w a bou t tha t e riod when ea ch of these u set , , , p ,

COR RECTIONS .

P 14 1 l 13 —For 27 II sic r ea d cxv nb . , . . , ( ) , ’ ” - l 143 fou r lin es from bottom . For 28a sic r ea d cxv iiia . , ( ) , ” ” —For n viiib r ea d cx viiib P 146 l . 2 . , , , . ” “ ” 4 —For xxixa rea d c xixa 1 l. P 9 3 . . , , — ” P 151 fou r lin es fro m bottom . For xx ixb r ea d cxix b . , — ” d ” P . 1 n o For r ea e n 54 , te 1 . x xx , .

CO MPAR ISON OF SOME SANSK R IT A N D ” CELTIC WOR DS .

ER R ATA .

P 17 l 2 1 for la u hds d la u h s s . . rea a for la n thas r la n tha , , , ea d . 2 l 22 n P 8 . a d . 2 l 1 9 . for . a rea d a n . , , p , , j ii , j

0 l 1 1 fo s - - P . 3 . r u dha rea d su dha 7 , , . u t C orresnc utn t .

- E ARLY WELSH MI LANESE LITERATURE .

E MMR D R To the di tor of Y C Y O O .

M EMBER S of the Socie ty wh o a r e in tere ste d in ea rly Welsh

i er u r e wi r em em er the u r ou s A thr a va eth Gr istn o a vl l t a t ll b c i g ,

in 1 880 the ou r e ou s a id of H I H Prin e r eprodu ce d by c t . . . c

- B on a a r e fr om his u n i u e o of the ri in a e a rin L L . . p t q c py o g l, b g

h im rin of Mi a n 1 568 . I n his re fa e the Prin e t e p t l , p c , c a ddu ce s cer ta in typogr a phica l r ea son s a s a n a ddition a l con

ﬁrm a tion Of the iew a Tr F len fr m w i Grifﬁ V th t ef y , o h ch th

R er s e i r Of the A thr a va eth for M or s Cl n oc a e s ob t [ d to y y ] d t , a n d M len a t the o o on a re the eri a e M i a n th e y c l ph , v t bl l ,

a i a l Of Lom a r a n d n ot the o e i a own in Wa les c p t b dy, hyp th t c l t ” i z i su gge sted by Pa n z . The la tter rem a rk r efers a ppa r en tly to a corr e spon den ce

ﬁ to th e W n n e o Of th e Dos a r th B r r et re e c. p x d y c py p y , (the Welsh Gra m m a r prin te d by the sa m e Grifﬁth R oberts in

1 56 wi ou n a m e of a e bu t a so a s r i e to th e Mi a n 7 , th t pl c , l c b d l

h H n . W . Wi ia m n w n t e R t. o C W n of e se ess e ee . pr ), b t ll s y

Pa n i z i th is in u i Li r i f L a n e w n a n d M r . z e s e a r a n O l g d y , d t g h d b

i u u m To the o Of th r r r r m the Br it sh M se . c p y e ve y a e G a m a r

n u m re 3 3 a 6 in the M u seu m is re ﬁ e a r i ( be d C . ) p x d (pa t a l)

r a n s ri Of is orr es n en e for the n ow e e Of w i t c pt th c po d c , k l dg h ch

to h u rt s of Mr A M i r f th i I a m in e e t e e . . e O e r a r d bt d co y ll , l b y;

a n d I in a the fo owin e ra s om r isin a ll a th k th t ll g xt ct , c p g th t

ea rs u on the oin in u es ion wi be of in eres to ou r b p p t q t , ll t t y

The i o e r f th hr a va eth it S ou ea er s. s O e A t be r d d c v y , h ld

’ m i P iz z i if i em em e e wa s n ot a e u r n a n s e m e . r b r d, d d g l t

I n his ﬁrs e er a e M a r 1 0 sin e a n n o bu t a a en t l tt (d t d ch , , pp r tly Q 2 COR RES ONDENCE P .

1 45 Mr Pa n z z i rem a r s u n the e Of the 8 or . i k po typ ' ” Gr a ma deg cym r a eg a s seem in g to him n ot I ta lia n a ddin g

f .l D a f R s a the hra se of tha t the sta tem en t O [ . ydd] hy th t p

“ ” ’ R e ts Mediola n i e u i the ﬁrst a rt of the Gra m m a r ob r xc d t [ ] p , w a s proba bly the on ly a u thority for as sertin g tha t it wa s

rin e a t M i a n a in The M ediola n i ere m e n ion e is p t d l , dd g, h t d

n ot in m u m e O in i n M la n in I a bu t the Medio , y h bl p o , i t ly, la n u m m en tion ed by An ton in u s a s [in ] the cou n try of the

Or di vices a n d n ow L a n V ethli n f rm erl I su ose , l , o y , pp ,

r ir I a b a if M ethlin in M n om e s e . S e ou , o tg y h h ll h ppy y

a ee wi e : a t e a s I s a l su m i : for a s a n I al ia n gr th m or l t h l b t , t ,

’ I a n n o e oi e a t m is o er a t o ou a s a We s m a n c t r j c y d c v y , l h y l h

w l —I a m for L a n - V ethlin or a n o her u r e W . P S . e s il . l y t p l h

wn e in m ea n R s a n d I in in e on e in to b g t by hy , cl to

M on om er s r e the De i a ion e in to Lo r Pem ro e tg y hi , d c t b g d b k thou gh I ﬁn d tha t R eyn olds thin ks M ediola n u m to be ” W i u r h tch ch .

I t 2 n iz z n M r n h n r M a 8 Pa a s . W C . e se o e e . c d l tt , rch , i th k

W W n f r hi w n d for r n fr m M . n o s a n s er a a e e e ose o r y , l tt cl d, .

wi u m i i fr Jon es [Tegid] . I tr u st you ll e xc se e f I d ffer om

’ su i a u ori ies a n d s i in a R er s We s ch h gh th t , t ll th k th t ob t l h

m r n ri Mi a n in I a it w Gra m a wa s ot p n te d a t l t ly . Tha t as 1 ’ n te in Wa es I in m ore r a e on R s s a u or pri d l th k p ob bl hy th ity,

n d n r I t m a be it wa s rin e a t n o a on o other g ou n d . y p t d

in I a si c H w r Mila n bu t I a m con ﬁden t a s to M a l t ly [ ]. o eve I Sha ll soon le a rn whether R oberts wa s ever a Ca n on ” there .

’ Pa n iz z i s discu ssion a n d Vie w a s to the loca lity where the Gra m m a r wa s prin ted a re a lso n otice d in the in terestin g

L the C m r d r n i . o o H . W m pa per co tr bu ted by Mr . loyd to y

for a n u a r 1881 : w ere he a s in n ﬁ m a ion Of the J y h dd , co r t belief tha t M ila n in Ita ly wa s the pla ce in ten ded in the

1 a ren tl words su ch a s tha n tha t it wa s rin ted ou t Of the Ap p y , p ” i i r m i d ri n c a l t a e here o tte . P p y ,

E 2 10 C O RR ESPONDENC .

I ha ve se a rched a m on g books prin te d a t tha t da te [en d 0 six teen th cen tu ry] in Mila n a n d I ha ve fou n d the ide n tica l e n a in in the l tle o gr v g it bo k,

LETANIE

l n om e de ie u De G s ,

Di M a ria V er in e g ,

t d li An i E e e e tc . g g l ,

Li n e s 2 3 4 esen the sa m e u rsi e a ra er a s a o f , , , pr t c v ch ct th t the ﬁrst a n d three la st lin es of the title - pa ge of the book ” forwa r ded . H e the n give s m in u te m e a su r em en ts Of th e

e n ra vin in the Leta n ie a n d the re ro u e Athr a va eth g g ( p d c d) ,

Of w i the esu l is a the woo u of the a er is e r h ch r t , th t dc t l tt v y

S i sm a ll er w ils the sa m e r o or ion a e iffer en e l ghtly , h t p p t t d c

e is s n ot n e wee n the e ers a en sin bu t a so x t o ly b t l tt t k gly, l

- — between the thr ee cu rsive lin es in the two title pa ges z in fer rin g tha t e ither th rou gh the photolithogra phic proce ss

em o e for the A thr a va eth or fr om a on ra i n Of th e pl y d , c t ct o

’ a er on w i Prin e L - L B n a a r e s r r o u ion w a p p h ch c . . o p t ep d ct s

rin e w en it rie a f er the r ess is sm aill i e r en ce p t d, h d d t p , th d v g in Siz e (e xpressible on ly by three pla ces in de cim a ls) m u st

ris n ha ve a e . I n pla ce of fou r lin es a r ou n d the e n gra vin g [those begin

n in M ewn ca r cha r the oo of the Lita n i es ha s on on e a t g ] , b k ly ” the fo bu t the a ra ter Of the e s is the sa m e e e in ot ch c typ , xc pt g

the a m os im er e i e iffer en in i ciﬁ e s z e a o e s e e . l t p c pt bl d c , b v p d The colophon of the book Of the LETANI E ha s the n a m e of the pr in ter I N M ILANO

Per Vicen z o Gira rdon i a ] segn o del Sole

a n d this la st lin e presen ts the sa m e type a s tha t ben e a th the

n r in Th i n e g a v g. e yea r s owher e give n ; bu t the types a re

is in son o bon e Of the Si een en u r a n d the oo d t ctly [ ] xt th c t y , b k OR E D 21 1 C R SPON ENCE . form s a r of a m is e a n e ou s o u m e en ire om ose o f p t c ll v l , t ly c p d books prin te d betwe en 1 568 a n d I n a postscript C eria n i a dds We ha ve tw o other little

oo s rin e the sa m e Vi e n z o Gir a r don i in M i a n on e b k p t d by c l ,

a e 1 567 the er 1568 —the ea r Of the Athr a va eth d t d , oth y the type s u sed in the colophon of the volu m e Of 1 568 bein g i i w in h n f th L ta n i es de n t ca l ith those t e colopho o e i .

Pa n iz z i ea er a m os im e riou s in m a in ta in in his o w n , g , l t p , g

O in ion s in a or a n e wi his e n er e i n a u re w a s a so p , cc d c th g t c t , l dis in u i m a n a n ou r H a d he i e to see the t g shed by ly c d . l v d

’ Athr a va cth a n d to rea Fa er C eria n i s m m u n ica ion I , d th co t , thin k m y r ea ders will a gre e tha t he w ou ld ha ve fou n d the proof Of the M ila n ese produ ction Of the Gr a m a deg a n d the

A thr a va eth om e e a n d a ve a e e wi ea su r e the c pl t , h cc pt d th pl re ctiﬁca tion which ha s been n ow fu rn ishe d by the cou rtesy

d r r i n u i e f w - b a ria n a n esea ch Of his d sti g sh d ello li r .

F P L R A E A . . T . G V Ju n e 1 6 1885 , . R e t ba es.

HISTOR OF POW S FADOC B Y W l hf n . . . LL D f a e . O o oc Y Y y J Y C ,

S . V ol K . G V r . La . . L n n ge 8vo. o don : Whiti g

a n d O Sa di n ia r C S e e W. C . r t t,

THE ha n dsom e volu m e be fore u s is on e of a series con ta in in g the is o of a r ion of the a n cie n Prin i a Of Po w s h t ry po t t c p lity y , a n d em a n a te s from the p e n Of a n a u thor to whom Wa les a n d

W n r in elshm e a e deeply debted. M u ch Of the H istor y ha s

‘ a re a a ea e in the a es Of the A r chaeolo ia Ca m br en sis l dy pp r d p g g , bu t its prese n t for m is fa r m or e con ve n ie n t for re fere n ce ; a n d er a s in its u i i a s a oo Of efer en e its hief p h p t l ty b k r c , c

a u e i s v l l e .

The w e oo is e i a e the a di es of Wa es a n d hol b k d d c t d to l l , he rein we su ppose m a ybe sou ght the rea son for dividin git in to two a r s the n n e ion e we e n w i is n ot a wa s er p t , co ct b t h ch l y v y a a re n On e Of ese a r s on sis s m a in Of th i Of pp t. th p t c t ly e h story the su i isi n of the i e Prin i a i Of Po w s fr om w i bd v o l ttl c p l ty y , h ch

the w e wor is n a m e r ea e to a r e a e e n from a hol k d, t t d g t xt t gen ea logica l poin t Of view the other con sists Of a m a ss Of

e a n eou s m a er w er ein a r ti es from n ew s a er s a n d xtr tt , h cl p p e xtra cts fr om va ri ou s pu blica tion s a ppe a r in a som ewha t

W n u r in i i th w disordere d m a n n er . e ve t e to th k th s s e e a kest

a r of the wor o e a u se it fo ows n o s s em a i a n p t k , b th b c ll y t t c pl

or u rse Of u n or is its a r ra n em e n su a s to r e e co tho ght, g t ch ﬂ ct in a n y w a y u pon wha t is the m a in su bj e ct Of the work a s

M a n of the su e s w i a re ei er e in e the i e . v c d by t tl y bj ct , h ch th a llu de d to or tr ea te d of in the sever a l a r ticles a n d e x tra cts

w i a v e een in r o u e a r e in em se ves of th e r e a es h ch h b t d c d, th l g t t

in e res a n d m i er a s wi a i e in e n u i a e ee n t t, ght, p h p , th l ttl g ty , h v b

E EW 214 R VI S .

e m a r s u n the a riou s fa s a n d e i ree s a s w e o u r k po v ct p d g , c ld wis to a e se e n n se u e n the e ss e n i e n e r e a der h h v , co q tly, l l ght d

I n n ot m a y ﬁn d him self left in som e difficu lties. a e on “ 4 f r i n w a r e o n w n w n r . 3 o n s a e e Gwe o e or a p , t c , t ld y y b ,

’ ” l n s a m devter wisc e a se u les w i e in the e on io g b , r d g , h l t xt

’ pa ge 46 it is sta te d tha t Gwe n wyn wyn bore a lion s ga m b ” er ect u les The woo u s of a r m s wi be a r e a a ssis a n , g . dc t ll g t t ce to som e who a r e n ot a ccu stom e d to hera ldic verba l de scrip

ion a n h d m u to the a ea r a n e O f th w or s d e a d e . t , t y ch pp c k

N or w i e s e a in Of ill u str a ion s m u s we a ss o e r the , h l p k g t , t p v

e a u ifu ea r is in a n d a r is i iews w i a orn b t l , cl , d t ct, t t c v h ch d these a es a dm i a e e u e a t the Lon on Dr a win p g , r bly x c t d d g

ﬂi ce O .

L o in a it e m ore ose in o e a i s ou s m e o k g l tl cl ly t d t l , th gh o corr i en a a re n ote d a m ore a re fu l r e ision o f the roo fs g d , c v p “ ” i m a th i on er On a e 4 Ddu is m a e e e s . 7 ght h v d l t l g p g , “ ” “ ” “ ” ri n f r Dda 9 Yr H ol for Yr H Ob on a e 1 29 w e o . 5 tt ; p , ; p g “ ” w e ha ve the form Pyra dwen for the n a m e which occu r s on ” “ ” a e s 100 a n d 1 01 a s Pa ra dwe n a n d B ra dwe n referrin to p g , g the C ie f a in m or e m m n n wn a s Bra dwa in w ose h t co o ly k o , h

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a e 265 W om we a re a u s om e to m ee t w ith a s Ala n p g , h cc t d la Zou h or l u h Scriffe n of Forde sle is n o c e de a Zo c e . , y dou bt the we ll- k n o w n Shr opshir e fa m ily Of Scriven of

O n a 3 2 th in e in the e i ree of Fro es e . e 7 e d l y p g , l p d g M a docks of V r on I w is in a dver te n tly ca rr ie d to Gra ce ;

his wife in s e a Of to o n M a do cks Of B odva ri . e se , t d J h Th ,

owe er a re m a e rs of su m in or im or a n e a s n ot to h v , tt ch p t c

t r f m a r ia i h w r in e er e te lly w th t e va lu e Of the o k .

S a e for i s u s to do m or e a n n o i e the e i re es p c b d th t c p d g ,

I n f - n u m e ou s a s e a re . a oo n o e on a e 1 02 th r th y t t p g , e W R E VIE S .

des e n Of Gwa ithvoe d Prin e Of Ca r i a n is rven u to c t , c d g , g p

Gw ddn o Goron Au r m ore om m n a e Ga ra n hir bu t y , c o ly c ll d , a so ewr a r th Wle di the u n for tu n a e o en a e w ose l D g, t p t t t h prin cipa lity wa s to a gr ea t e xten t de str oyed by a n in u n da tion Of the se a sa i a e e en a u se the i n i a ion , d to h v b c d by tox c t

h n i ou r in Prin e Seith n n H en e his e s e n Of t e e ghb g c e y . c d c d a n s e a m e s a t e re a n d we ﬁn d m a n of e m o a e d on t b c c t d , y th l c t

h r Of Wa e Gw ddn o Ga ra n hir wa s th e son t e n o th coa st l s . y Of Gorvi n ia wn a b Dy vn wa l H én a b Edn yve d a b M a xe n

Wledi a n d is is on e Of ose in es Of des e n t of w i h g, th th l c h c

1 w a e som in li e a i r We a r o d a Ma e n e e s . e h v th g k h to y t l th t x ,

a in m a r rie H e en the a u e a n d e ir e ss Of E u da v h v g d l , d ght r h ,

Prin e Of Ewia s his e s e n a n s er e e a m e sse sse c , d c d t th by b c p o d

Of a ll the ou n r e wee n the W e a n d Se ern a n d wer e c t y b t y v , the on ly fa m ily which seate d them selves in Wa les in the

im e of the R om a n s a n d a he i i e n e a r a ll Wa es t , th t d v d d ly l a m on s his r e a i e s a f e r w i he e a r e im self g t l t v , t h ch d cl d h

r f R m A r in Em er o o o e . o to on e e i ree M a e n w a s p cc d g p d g , x the fa er Of Cu n e dda Wle di bu t the O e e n ea o ie s th g, ld r g l g m a e him his o u si n hrou Ga w u ia m o e r Of k c t gh l (J l ), th

C u n e dda .

S e in in H erefor s ir e a n d M on m ou s ir e the r o e n ttl g d h th h , p g y

Of M a en w e a re o ro e e e to e e the Gw ddel x t ld , p c d d xp l y , w ho ha d settle d in la rge n u m ber s on the we st coa st Of

W a e s w ere in e e r a e s of e m a r e s i to be fou n l , h , d d , t c th t ll d .

Am on ese e s e n a n s w e ﬁn d Gw ddn o Ga ra n hir who g th d c d t y , ,

f e r the e s ru ion of his er ri or r em o e his ief s a t d t ct t t y , v d ch e a t to Diga n w y ; a n d in this wa y a fa m ily w hich w a s ﬁrst se a te d i n Sou th Wa les is tra ce d r ou n d the we ste r n coa st to Nor th

Wa e s a n d e a m e a r u in ower e en in its swa o l , b c l g p , xt d g y ver

n l We a re re fer r to a n o er a r Tega i g e . ed th p t Of the H istor y of

P owis Fa do for fu r er a r i u a rs w ere the son s Of Gwa th g th p t c l , h e

voed a re i en a n d the fa is n o i e of his e in on fu sed g v , ct t c d b g c ,

er a s in e n ion a wi a n o er erson Of the sa m e p h p t t lly, th th p R E W VI E S . n a m e of w m i e is n own e n h is , ho l ttl k b yo d the fa ct tha t e “ ” a e Of Pow s Hi i d h . s e ee u to eon is i e n a n e c ll d y p d gr p T g v ,

e a m e i u s ri u s hr u the a ia n es of his e s e n a n ts b c ll t o t o gh ll c d c d , m o e es e ia b the m a rr ia e of hi s ra n dson C n f n a b r p c lly y g g , y y

Gwer sta n a b Gwa ithvoe d w i An ha ra d widow Of L e we n y , th g , l ly a b Seiss llt a n d a u e r a n d e ire ss of M e re d dd for som e y , d ght h y ,

im e K n of a ll Wa e s a n d osse sse Of P w s t i g l , rightly p d o y

rou his m o er An a ra a u e r a n d heire ss Of L e w th gh th gh d , d ght l e n a M er n who wa s on s i u e Pr in e Of Pow s b ly b vy , c t t t d c y y hi fa r R ho ri M wr Th i i a ri f n a m s ossi s e d a . e s m o e th , l ty p bly su ggeste d to ou r gen ea logists the possibility Of borr owin g a m ore historica l a n cestry for the su bsequ e n t Prin ces Of

Pow s a n eir ro e r a n e s or ossesse a n d e n e the y th th p p c t p d , h c con fu sion for w e m u st rem e m be r tha t the H ou se Of Gwa ith voe d Pr in e O f Ca r i a n wa s on the e in e w il e a of , c d g , d cl , h th t

wa ithvoed Of Pow s w a s risin G y g.

1 1 1 w e a ve th e n f th r in r s in At p. h e d sce t o e ve y te e t g esta te

Of Yn ys y M a e n Gwyn tra ce d fr om the a bove - m en tion e d

Gw a ethfoe d Prin e Of Ce r e i io n or Ca r i a n rou the , c d g ( d g ) , th gh

eire ss N e s wife Of L e we n a b C n w ri on e Of the h , t , l ly y g (

Gera in e s to p hn W n n w ose son H u m r e ef two ld ) , J y , h , ph y, l t co - eirs the e er Of w o m E iz a e eca m e e ir ess Of h , ld h , l b th , b h

i s es a e w i she a r rie to Sir a m e s son Of o n th t t , h ch c d J , J h

Pr se Of Go e r dda n bu t e a vin a n on B r i e y g ; th y h g ly child, dg t,

a s se wi h he r to her u s a n R o e r C r e Of H u m it p d t h b d , b t o b t

hreston in S ro s ir e a ou n er son Of Sir Vin e n Cor e p , h p h ( y g c t b t

M or e n Cor e who ha d su e e e to the H u m hreston Of to b t) , cc d d p

a e in ri Of his m o er Fra n es a u er Of Wi ia m e st t ght th , c , d ght ll

H u m hreston of H u m hr e ston a n d e ire ss of her fa m il . p p , h . y I n the ir descen da n ts this e sta te con tin u e d u n til it was

r he ﬁrs im e su se u e n the a te 183 8 —a sold fo t t t , b q tly to d , cu riou s in sta n ce Of how lon g a n esta te m a y con tin u e in on e i fa m ly. I t m ight ha ve in tereste d r e a ders Of the work to kn ow tha t

2 18 R EVI EWS . the son of C n wri a b R ot e rt his o e ' wife w ho a so y g p by th r , l

re the n a m e Of An a ra d bu t was the a u te r o f Gr u f bo gh , d gh f V n w ydd ycha n Of Na n t Co y . Ma n y re a de rs will be tha n kfu l for the tra n sla tion s which a cc m a n the E e es a n d o er e m s a n d w a in the o p y l gi th po , hich, t k g

a n ua e in t c n s era ion m u s a e e en Of o n si er a e l g g o o id t , t h v b c d bl

n Of th Sa n s who h d a a n e a r difﬁ u . The n u e ce e a t c lty i ﬂ xo , ly pe riod pla n te d severa l colon ies on the n orthern shores of

Wa e s is a a en fr m the a r e n u m e Of fa m ilies w i h l , pp r t o l g b r h c de u e ei esce n fr om E win Kin Of Te a in le t a d c th r d t d g g g , h t m os Sa on Of We s m e n —Sa n I n his n a m e Sa n in the t x l h , xo , xo a rm or a bea r n g s a ri u e to him w i ea r a ose i l i tt b t d , h ch b cl resem a n e ose of E w a r the C n fesso Sa on in his bl c to th d d o r, x ti e Sa on in his e r r Sa on in his m o er w e m i tl , x t r ito y, x th , ght ’ n ea r e e him Sa n a lso on the fa er s si e We a ly b li ve xo th d . h ve s en a o e Of the r en Of Gwa ithvoed of C a r i a n pok b v p og y d g , s r e in a n s n or e rn s or e a n d e e for a im t tch g lo g thi th h , h r t e

ﬂou ris e Edn owa in B e n de w Pr in e Of Te a in le a s he is h d , c g g , ca e O sin the in roa s Of the Sa n s sea a n d a n ll d, ppo g d xo by l d. As the poets som etim es hid fa cts of histor y u n der a llegor ica l

a n in s we m i a mos im a in e a the e s r u i e wi p i t g , ght l t g th t d t ct v ld boa r sla in Sin gle - ha n de d by this Chiefta in re fe rre d to som e

n i f w h ri n B u Sa xo ch e la id lo by is ght ha d. t thou gh the fa m i i es Of E a n s of Northo L o of W wa r a n d o e s l v p , l yd ick , th r his escen a n s e a n e the a n s Of t e forefa ers the d d t r t i d l d h ir th ,

Sa on r o e too werfu for the B t n a n d E win Kin x p v d po l ri o , d , g of En leﬁeld e a m e the rea e a e a s the su n Of Edn owa in g , b c g t l d r,

B e n dew P n ce Of Te a in le w a n e a n d set . , ri g g , d The a u thor is to be con gr a tu la ted u pon keepin g u p the in terest of his work thr ou gh SO m a n y volu m es ; the a m ou n t

ou e esen e is im m e n se a n d e er s u en of the Of la b r r pr t d , v y t d t e a rly history Of Wa les wou ld do well to possess a copy for

r n a in so u m in ou s a o e ion of the sa ke Of refe e ce . Th t vol c ll ct

i r ees e e s ou be er rors a n d t a we s ou a e ped g th r h ld , h t h ld h v I EW REV S . 2 19

e s e a n d e e e see som e e e rees e e is d ir d xp ct d to oth r p dig th r , on ly wha t is to be e xpecte d by a ll those a t le a st who kn ow th e gre a t difﬁcu lty of dra win g ou t these m a tters with perfe ct a ccu ra cy . F H H . VA AN. . J . UG

OLD STONE CROSSES OF TH E V ALE OF CLWYD AND N EIGH

B OU R I NG PAR I S HES e e r wi som e A ou n Of the , tog th th cc t An cie n t M a n n ers a n d C u stom s a n d Legen da ry Folk - lore

n r i B n e e wi th Pa s es. th EV ELIAS co ct d th e h y e R .

M ill u r a wi n in n d OWEN . A s e e a s on o e a , t t d th gr v g c pp r

L n on : u a ritch . Oswes r : Woo a Min a woo . s d o d Q t y d ll, h ll , d a n CO .

HIS wor ori in a issu e in a s su s i ers is n ow T k, g lly d p rt to b cr b ,

om e e a n d form s a a n som e vo u m e w w e a e c pl t d, h d l , hich h v plea su re in brin gin g u n der the n otice of m em bers of the

who a e n ot su ri Mr w r — s e . O en S ociety h v b c b d . a ppea s a s fa r a s on e who is n ot a cqu a in te d with the district tr ea te d of — ca n j u dge to ha ve don e his work very ca refu lly a n d ' W r e a r to th o s h ou . e sse e n ot n i thor ghly ith g d cr , o ly g ves

n a u n Of ose s em a in in bu t als a es a s f a cco t th till r g, o tr c a r a s possible th e history of others which ha ve been described by

i u a i s u n ow os es ro a r a n e e . a r f e rlie t q r , tho gh l t or d t y d C e u l

ra win s of the e is in sses a re i en m in u e m a d g x t g cro g v , t e su re m en s a e een re or e a n d rou n - a n s m a e s owin t h v b c d d, g d pl d h g

u os n s of the m on u m en s es ri e It i the a ct a l p itio t d c b d . s ha rd to see how es ion u s ra ion u l be a r e fu r d cript or ill t t co d c ri d ther. An d in a ddition to the crosses a ll other in scribe d or scu lp tu red s n e s w a n s a n - e s a n d Sim i a r O to , ood c rvi g , h d b ll , l bj e cts i fou n w in the di s r es ri e a re a r e fu n i e . d ith t ct d c b d, c lly ot c d Bu t it is likely tha t m a n y rea ders will ﬁn d the Accou n t of the An cien t M a n n ers a n d C u stom s a n d Legen da ry Lore ” e w the Pa ris es e en m re n te re s n U n con n ect d ith h v o i ti g. der 220 RE WS VIE . this hea d the a u thor has colle cte d m u ch in form a tion a bou t the Old C is m a s ser i es l a i n os er ca n w lla u hr t v c (p yg , g p y ,

Ea s er e fes i i es fu n e a ce re m on ies m a r ria e u stom s t tid t v ti , r l , g c ,

S u n a a m es Su n a fa i s wi m a n o her fe a u res O f the d y g , d y r , th y t t

w n ha s een Old or e w i h n o a a wa M r . O e d r h ch a s w p sse d y. b com m e n da bly ca r efu l to give the sou rce Of his in form a tion in n ea rly every ca se ; a n d thou gh the a cco u n t ca n ha r dly be su ose e x a u s i e a n d the in f r m a ion is n ot a ll n e w et pp d h t v , o t , y the fa ct tha t the rea der is e n a ble d to ﬁx the da te s a n d loca li

ties i es a i i n a a u e to the e a i s e or e . , g v dd t o l v l d t l r c d d I s it to a serie s Of m isprin ts we a r e to a ttribu te the de ” scription Of the c h ddu gwtta a s

Yn n yddu a c yn ga r dio ” Pob a n a u a gl g (p .

An d how a r e we to u n dersta n d the sta tem e n t tha t a certa in ” ra i e wa s a e Yn r ha m a n ta or rom a n in p ct c c ll d , c g The elu cida tion of the Ode on the Tre m eir chion C ross is

i fa or F r n ot a to e er sa s . o e a m e Owlen in the ﬁrs l g th t ct y x p l , t ” sta n z a of the Ode proper does n ot m e a n a cow] or hood ; ” a n wyl- sa in t Cwlen a re the well- kn own three Kin gs of Cologn e It wou ld be u n fa ir to close this brief n otice of a sa tisfa c tory book withou t sta tin g tha t the wa y in which it ha s been ” u r r i n n Pr tu rn ed o t reﬂects very g ea t c e d t o the Ca xto ess .

’ H ANES M ETHODISTIAETH ORR IS A R AMGYLCHOEDD a n C , g

RIFFIT ELLI . E n G S A Do a u : E W. a s. H M B o e . e . , o tl lg ll v 1 885 .

Thou gh this little volu m e professes to be on ly a ske tch of the history of Ca lvin i stic M ethodism in a rem ote district of

M eri n e s ire is in i en a som e in m ore a n d we o th h , it c d t lly th g ; ca a en ion it' a s a n n e s n r u i n wi n its o wn ll tt t to ho t co t ib t o , thi

222 R EVIEWS .

ETUDES DE M THOLO IE GA LOISE a r H ENR GAIDOZ Y G U , p Y ,

M e m re de la So é é de s An i u a ir es de Fr a n e Direc b ci t t q c ,

’ - te u r a ec l de H u s E u s. I LE DIE GAU LOIS l o e s a te t de . U

DU SOLEIL ET LE S MB OLISME DE LA R O E a v e 1 a n e Y U , c pl ch

r 1 886 . et 26 ﬁ u res a n s le te Pa r s : Er n es Le ou . g d te x . i t x

WE ha ve here the ﬁrst Of a series Of stu dies in Ga u lish

M t H G idoz a n m e w e n own to m e m e s M . a a y hology by . , ll k b r

Of the So ie a n d to a ll who a r e in eres e in Ce i ilo c ty, t t d lt c ph

lo a n d a r o The resen issu e is a r e rin of gy cha e logy . p t p t pa pers which a ppea r e d in the R evu e Ar chéologiqu e d u r in g

the ea r 1 8 1 As the wor n ea e u s y s 8 4 a n d 885. k o ly r ch d

a fte the r ea e a of is s ee ha d een set u w e m u s r g t r p rt th h t b p , t

c n en ou r s wi a rief n im a ion Of it on en s o t t elves th b i t t s c t t . Am on g the deities to whom m odern a rchaeologists ha ve given a pla ce in the Ga u li sh pa n theon is on e whose sta tu e ttes a n d

a lta rs a r e r egu la rly distin gu ishe d by the sym bol Of a wheel.

M Ga idoz O n hi a er wi a rief es i ion Of su . pe s s p p th b d cr pt ch

m n u m en s Of his ei a s a e u to the esen ee n dis o t t d ty h v , p pr t, b

o ere The w ee he e a in s a s a n a ro ria e em em c v d . h l xpl pp p t bl

of the su n a n d the ei dis in u is e it he ta es a e , d ty t g h d by k to h v

een th ld i u n - od I n i u s ra ion Of is iew e O Ga u s s . b l h g ll t t th V , ” the sym bolism Of the whe el is tra ce d throu gh differ en t la n ds

a n d a m on iffer en eo es in I n ia in a ssi a a n i u i g d t p pl , d , cl c l t q ty,

Germ a n Ass ri a n d a a is s m o i w ee is a C ae . y, y , h ld Th y b l c h l

fou n a in a a r in ea en fes i a ls a n d in C ris ia n d pl y g p t h th t v , h t

fea s s in the u r i i a u s om s Of the Germ a n s a n d in the t , j d c l c t ,

n u m n a in ri ion of th a u s Am on the a tte r m o e t l sc pt s e G l . g l

eo e too it a ea rs to a e een u se e er a s a n a m u let p pl , , pp h v b d ith

or a s a n orn a m en a n d i u s ra ion s a r e i en S win how t, ll t t g v ho g

it w a s s m e im es su s en e from the n e a s a a rm s m e o t p d d ck ch , o

’ i r m A se n is e o to tim es a ﬂixed to sold e s hel ets. ctio d v te d

the u se of the w ee on oin s a n d t ere a re two a en es h l c ; h pp dic , W 22 R EVIE S . 3

“ on e a t u a r n e es in on Les S u m om s de u e r p r ic l ly i t r t g, J pit ” da n s les in scri ti n s p o . The w rite r ha s n ot be en a ble to ﬁn d a n ythin g in m odern Celtic litera tu re to throw light on the su bj e ct Of his in vesti

a tion . Ou r m o e n We s oe s u se the erm r hod in su h g d r l h p t t , c e ressi n s a s is r hod u n er the ea en u n er the su n xp o y , d h v , d , a n d tr e n r hod the m a er ia u n i e se the sm os bu t t ese f y , t l v r , ko ; h a re ro a l sim oe i e ression s n ot n in a n p b b y ply p t c xp , i volv g y m o o i a yth l g c l tra dition . I t is u n n e cessa ry to a dd a n y words Of com m en da tion to t is r f n ffi i t h wri r h e o i e . Su e t o sa a t e e w o com h b i t c c y th t t , bin es the qu a lifica tion s Of a scie n tific philologist with the spe cia l kn owledge of a tra in e d stu den t of a r chaeology a n d m t ha s a e ou t his in u i r w hi s we - n wn y hology, c rri d q y ith ll k o ca e a n d ru ion r e dit .

K ELT SCHE E n H ein ri im r w i H f I ST DI N vo m e . e es e U , ch Z Z t t

EBE I BE N N T B r in U R ALTIR SCHE TONU G U ND V ER SKU S . e l

Weidm a n n sche B u ha n u n ch dl g.

’ THI S se con d in sta lm en t Of Professor Zim m er s Celtic Stu dies is a n ora a n d a on ri i n I n i t w i ela b te v lu a ble c t bu t o . t he r ter e n e s u on a er fu l n ot to sa e a u s i e is u ssi n Of t r p v y l , y xh t v , d c o the qu estion Of a ccen t in Old I rish cer ta in la ws a r e form u

a e a n d eir O er a tion is a e in a ll eir ea rin s a n d l t d, th p tr c d th b g e ver y step Of the in qu iry is illu stra te d by a w e a lth Of ex a m ples which wou ld give the work a va lu e even were its

i n n ' I n i c n u s o s a ll o e to be w . s res e t n o ou o cl pr v d ro g th p c , d bt,

’ the a u thor s la bou r m u st ha ve be en grea tly lighten ed by . his c e n Of m a e ia for his ro e e Old I r ish Thesa u r u s oll ctio t r ls p j ct d , a w e - c n ei e w the ea m e i n Of w i is ll o c v d ork , rly co pl t o h ch m u to be esir e The im o a n e of the wo u n er ch d d . p rt c rk d c n si era i n en i es it a eta i e n i e bu t it is n ow o d t o t tl to d l d ot c ; , u n f u n a e a e to e n er u on a n in i e the fu ort t ly, too l t t p yth g l k ll R 2 R E I W V E S . re ie w whi h deser ves a s it is a rea d n own to a ll Ce i v c it , l y k lt c scho a rs a e to a recia e it It ha s een fa ou ra n i l bl pp t . b v bly ot ced b the n i a h o o i a ou rn a ls Of E u ro e a n d Am eri a y pri c p l p il l g c l j p c , a n d is en u h a dd ha s e en e n era l a e , it o g to , b g l y cc pte d a s a

a u a e n ri u n the s u of Old I ris ra m m a r v l bl co t b tio to t dy h g .

L . G . L T .

Y GOMERYD DAS IST GRAMMATI DES KYMRAEG ODER DER , K

K E - v T ATT LTO WKLI SCHEN S RACHE on ERNS S LER . ur i P , Z ch ’ u n d L ei z i A r M u r V r a 1 8 6 L n n : e e s e 8 . o : p g lb t ll l g, ( o d D N t u . . t )

Y GOMER YDD THAT IS A GR AMMAR OF THE C MRAE OR [ , , Y G

CELTO - WELS H LAN E E RNST ATTLER u ri h A S . GU G , by Z c

a n d i i 1 L n n : D N Le z : A er M iiller 886 . . u t p g lb t , o do t ]

WE ha ve j u st received this w ork a t the m om en t of goin g to _

ress SO a the t m e a n d s a e a t ou r s sa m e u s p , th t i p c di po l co p l to postpon e to ou r n e xt issu e the deta iled n otice which we fe el tha t the spe cia l in terest Of its con te n ts dem a n ds in a jou rn a l

e ot W i We w erefore n e n o u r d v e d to elsh top cs . ill th co t t selve s with sa yin g here tha t the w ork com bin es in on e a scien tiﬁc gra m m a r a n d progressive e xer cise - book Of the

i e a We s a n u a e n stru e on a m ore m o ern a n d l t r ry l h l g g , co ct d d system a tic prin ciple tha n the Welsh gra m m a rs which ha ve a e a re in is ou n r a n d a a s su it a n n fa pp d th c t y ; th t, ch , c ot il to be m ost u se fu l to those who desire to lea rn We lsh a s a

i era r on u e a n d a r e we en u a u a in e wi Germ a n l t y t g , ll o gh cq t d th , to en a ble them to m a ke u se Of a w ork written in tha t la n

Am on m a n s e ia fea u es Of the w or two m a gu a ge . g y p c l t r k , y — be m e n tion ed ( l ) tha t the u n cou th dd is throu ghou t t e pla ced by the sym bol a dopte d by m a n y We lsh schola rs of

n u r a a re d a n d 2 a the We s the l 6th ce t y, b r d ; ( ) th t l h

e for the e e r ises ou a ll in m o ern e x a m ple s sele ct d x c , th gh d

m t e f a ur o B ooks.

B Y WEN F Y E EDITED D ELSH E T S . G OG R N ANS . OL W T X . J V

R E I SED BY PROFESSOR HN R H S M A . AND JO . V Y ,

NOT on r fe sse Ce c s o a r s bu t a s a a r e od ly p o d lti ch l , l o th t l g b y of Welshm en who ta ke pride a n d in tere st in the a n cien t l te ra m em a s of eir ou n r wi ea n wi h rofou n i ry ori l th c t y, ll l r t p d sa tisfa ction tha t a n e dition is prom ise d of som e of the m ost im orta n ea r We s e ts w i wi m ee it m a be p t ly l h t x , h ch ll t, y a n i i a e the e a tin e u ir em en s of m o e n scientiﬁc t c p t d, x c g r q t d r schola rship ; a n d to m a n y it will be a n a ddition a l sa tisfa ction to lea rn tha t it is by Welsh ha n ds tha t this lon g- n ee de d w i m i la It h in n s e n a o s e a t s . a s ee e e ork b i g cc pl h d t , d d , b som ew a of a e a to u s a s a n a ion ha of su im h t r pro ch t , t t ch

a n e s a s se on a n e in the R ed B ook o H er est port t t xt tho c t i d f g , a n d the B la ck B ook o Ca rm a r then n ot m en ion o er s f , to t th e u a ll a u a e w e a e ha d u to the r e sen n o a e u a e q y v l bl , h v , p p t, d q t

r di tion to pla ce before the world of Eu ope a n lea rn in g. Su ch e dition s a s e xist were issu e d a t a tim e when the n ee ds of

xa s en e were m erfe u n ers oo a n d for the m os e ct ci c i p ctly d t d , , t

a r esen so m a n s o om i n s a s to be a u a m is p t, pr t y h rtc g ct lly f ea in if n ot u se ess. We m a ere ore we on ra u a e l d g, l y, th , ll c g t l t ou rse e s a a We s s o a r who is a t the sam e im e a lv th t l h ch l , t

in a n d n s ien iou s a aeo r a er ha s set hi m self to tra ed co c t p l g ph ,

u l the eﬁ ie n a n d a hewill en o the e n eﬁ of s pp y d c cy, th t j y b t

’ l a ra ion in e e u in i ro s Professor R hys s co l bo t x c t g h s p j e ct .

’ n i M r E va n s s a en ion a r th The texts whi ch a re e ga g n g . tt t e e

k B ook o Ca r m a r then the Whi te B ook o R h dder ch the B la c f , f y ,

o An eu r i n a n d Ta li essin a n d the rea cor u s of the B ooks f , g t p

Th a n s ri s of se er al of e se o H er est. e R ed B ook f g tr c pt v th , B 22 NOTICES or OOKS . 7

rom i e e i ion s a r e to be r n e a re from which the p s d d t p i t d, a lre a d fa r a a n e a n d w e m a sa a vin ha d the y dv c d, y y, h g o r u n i of in s e in em a e ea e i e or ppo t ty p ct g th , th t th y l v l ttl

f u r a or om n n othin g to be desire d in poin t o a cc cy c plete ess.

’ Acc rdin to the edi r s s em e e a e er or e er -form o g to ch , ch l tt , l tt , o f the origin a l will be re prese n te d in pr in t by a sepa ra te t e ou t to in i a e the a ra e em o e in the m a n u yp , d c t ch ct r pl y d

ri i a rie of wil be u se in t sc pt. A spec a l v ty type l d to pr t ose or i n s of the m a n u s ri w i a in a fa e h p t o c pt h ch , h v g p rtly d d, ha e been su se u en i n ked over a n d a n o er va rie wi v b q tly , th ty ll s w the ortion s es ro e bu t su ie the edi or from ho p d t y d , ppl d by t o er t t on a n in the sa m e su m r th e x s c t i g bj e ct a tte .

’ The bolde st a n d m ost a rdu ou s of the e ditor s u n der ta kin gs is tha t of tra n scribin g a n d bri n gin g ou t the grea t bo dy of m a n u s i wo s n a in e in the R ed B ook o H er est cr pt rk co t d f g , whi wil m a e a o e er a ou a es of rin ch l k lt g th b t p g p t.

A r in the s em e the a iou s m a er w i the R ed cco d g to ch , v r tt h ch B ook con ta in s is to be ca refu lly cla ssiﬁed to m eet the con ven ien ce of s u e n s a n d to be issu e a s fou r s in wor s t d t , d di t ct k , ea ch of which will com prise by itself on e of the fou r gen e ra l

l f i r b f o c a sses o l te ra tu e to e ou n d in the bo k. These works w il a ea r a t in er a s of from we e e i een m on s l pp t v l t lv to ght th , a ordin to ir iz The S i of C m m ro dori n e s e . c e o a s cc g th o ty y , a re a hn n ou n ced in ie w o f the esir a ili of se u rin a s l dy , V d b ty c g

fa r a s ossi e the e ecu ion of s o e ha s a ee to p bl x t thi pr j ct, gr d ta e a t ea s 400 o ie s of ea w or a s issu e for distribu k l t c p ch k, d,

ti n to its m m r o e be s.

I n a d i n — o ese a re a n n u n ce 1 . The B l k d it to th , o d a c B ook

Ca r m a r then en t e e r u e col o e fa m of , ir ly r p od c d by l typ csi ile .

2. The e of the B la ck B ook the B ook o An em ia a n d the t xt , f ,

Book o Ta li e n T ss 3 . he h f i . te xts of t e lea din g version s of

the Histor ica l Tr ia ds wi a n s a on s a n d n e s , th tr l ti ot by Pro f essor R s. 4 A r i i a i M . e on of the a bi n o i on as e hy c t c l d ti g , b d

on .the e of the White B ook o R h dder ch the es t xt f y , old t

n wn wi a n s a ion s a n d n e s P fess R s k o , th tr l t ot by ro or hy . 228 NOTIC ES OF BOO S K .

u a t Pa r tic la r in terest will ta ch to the collotyp e. rep r e se n ta

ion of the B la ck Book s win its a ra eris i a ll i ra h t , ho g ch ct t c c g p y , a s w ell a s the o o a i a ecu lia ri ie s of the rth gr ph c l p t te xt. It is n ot u su a l in a lite ra r y j ou rn a l to m a ke a llu sion to the u sin ess a s e ts of a i e a r e n e se bu t the s e ia b p c l t r y t rpri , p c l a n d a lm ost prohibitory difficu lty a tta chin g to the pr odu ction of works of Welsh schola rship is so w ell kn own to m a n y of ou r rea ders a w e fe e we s a n ot be m su n r oo in , th t l h ll i de st d a d in a the s of u is in ese w s so e ssen tia l d g th t ri k p bl h g th ork , to ou r i e a r e i a s a n a ion e e in so fa r a s l t r y cr d t t , xc pt covere d by the su bscription of the Society of Cym m rodorion to the R ed B ook o Her est is a s w e u n e sta n be rn e f g , , d r d, to bo b the sc o a r e n e n e in ei u i a y h l chi fly co c r d th r prod ct on . Th t su ch wo s s u e e in the e u n ia r sen se r e a the rk ho ld v r, p c y , p y trou e s e n u n e m is we fea r a to be oo e for bl p t po th , , h rdly l k d bu t we thin k we a re j u stified in e xpressin g a hope tha t ou r cou n trym e n will n ot a llow this pra iseworthy u n der ta kin g to en a l a s so m a n sim i a u n e a n s ha e en a i e a t i , y l r d rt ki g v t l d , n

u n i ro e or a ctu a l loss po ts p j ct .

’ STEPHENS S ESSA ON M ADOC Y .

WE a re gla d to lea rn tha t it is in ten de d to pu blish shortly the essa y on M a dog a b Owe n Gwyn e dd a n d his a llege d dis er of Am e a w i h the a e ma s S e e n s cov y ric , h c l t Tho t ph

fo a t L a n o e n in 1 5 Th w rote for the Eistedd d held l g ll 8 8 . e

Essa r e e e ra ise a t the im e f om om e e n u e s y c iv d high p t r c p t t j dg , a n d a brief su m m a ry of its con ten ts will Show tha t it gives a w ell - a rra n ge d a n d fu ll a ccou n t of the Ma dog legen d a n d the

it Th w r n u con troversies con n ected with . e o k i cl des

n In trodu ctio .

a I —The Fa s a n d S a em en s u su a i e to Ch p . . ct t t t lly c t d

ro e the Dis o er of Am e r a M a do a b Owe n : 1 p v c v y ic by g ,

n otes a u u e ntries.

N O E S T .

R INTERS or WELS H BOO S P K .

’ u a ritch s n e es in i To M r. Q i t r t g L st of Prin te rs of We lsh

B o s C m m r odor 1 59 m a be a e the n a m f e o I . o k ( y , v, ) y dd d P .

C o a n of Lo n n who in the ea 1 6 n ghl , do , y r 77 pri te d wha t seem s to be a secon d edition of the Ca tholi c Book of De vo~ ti ed Allw dd P a r a dw s to w i M r n s s . B ow l o , tyl y y , h ch e W . Lloyd re fe rs in hi s va lu a ble pa per on Welsh books prin te d

b oa C m m r odor 65 As the e i i n in u i n a r d ( y , iv, ) d t o q est o seem s to ha ve esca p e d the n otice of the a u thor of Llyf r

m r a n d of hi s e i or M r - ddia etk C . S a n E a n s the y y y y , d t , ilv v , followin g pa rticu l a rs m a y be of in terest to the rea ders of the

m r o or The u m e n ow ef m Cym d . vol b ore e con sists of som e

4 a n d is en i ed 5 a es 12m o. 0 p g , , t tl

L Y D D Y A L W N E E , N E U

’ AGO B IA o R Po R Tn D , ’ T R

B Y W Y D T R A G W Y D D O L

T r eddia u Du wiol a r a m r h wy W , yw Ac osion An hen r heidiol a Ch fa ddas i g , y , bob C H R I S I ON FF YD D LON T . O a s lia d G . P E D O . g . Bha id w Gweddio bob a mser S L u . c . 18 y . . . p ’ s dd a eu r o r o i r hwn A r S . Ac r i Lu . 1 c. 1 y y , y g . , p r o n n ed mewn dd heb a mm u i E ith g f y n , e d m S P E R I O R U M P E R M I U ssU . LL U N DA I N

hw d a n I P O Ar ra . C G AN n g p y g HL , y y Flw dd n M C C LX X I y y D V .

- the efa ce w u ies . i a n d is a I n Pr , hich occ p pp ix, ddressed NOTES AND ERIES 23 1 QU .

h F f W th u r or om r P . to t e a u e s e a o e D . ith l l h th c pil , re fers to the a n te ce den t wor k in these term s Ma e rwon we i ca n t ﬂ n ddoed er a n Ar ra hw d ll fr Allw dd d o y y , p g p y , y y

P a r a dw s n wla d r Ellm n trw H a elion i C m m w n y , y g y y y , y y ’ a s a r wch Tra u l a cha redi r w dd ba i O r Sa is n ff ddlon g , , g y r o y , l n I a ith C m r A a n fod n u ll f r dol a t Ge ed a . r s , y y y g yr y y p y , w e i m n ed n rin n An a m l ia wn a c n a n ha wdd iw a e d y y b , y , y g l

Er a dd sc a c a deila da eth er c ssu r a didda n wch er da ion i y , , y , ,

’ ' ’ a ll es s r dol i en eidia u r ﬁ ddlon ia id o r Ta i r Ta la eth y p y y ,

B wria da is ﬂ a wn i h n n o ddiff ’ O her w dd , gy y y yg y ,

’ n a d oes u n Wldd a r a dwa en a f trw o a r a a n Cre m ewn , , y h ll d l d, m w o dlodi a c a n he n o l fra u du wiol o l fr a u ia wn y , g , y , y

' ’ ”

ﬂ ddio a c o Add sc s r dol n a r C m r . y g y y p y , y y

en fo low s the a e n a r in w i a re i en the n a m e s Th l c l d , h ch g v of m a n We s sa in s a n d o er r e im in a r m a er e e n y l h t , th p l y tt , xt d

in a e ii . Af er is om es the o of the wor g to p g xxv t th c b dy k , whi e e n s to a e 43 5 fo ow e a n in e of w i ch xt d p g , ll d by d x , h ch two ea es n r em a in in the e fore m e w i en l v o ly copy b , h ch ds

wi a e 43 8 the em a in er ein w a n in . U n i e hi th p g , r d b g t g l k s

re e ess r . w ose w r wa s s e ia e i a e p d c o , J h o k p c lly d d c t d to ” his Cou n r m en a n d Fr ien s of Gwen a n d B r ein io t y d t ych g , ”

D . P. a re sses im se f to his u n r m en en era ll of dd h l co t y g y , ” the Thr ee P r ovi n ces r e su m a Gw n e P w s a n d , p bly y dd , o y , Deheu ba r th ; thou gh his la n gu a ge spea ks him a Gwyn edd i n Am on the r e i i u n a . g l g o s Observa ces which he com m en ds

’ to his ea ers a re Pi r im a es i n n on Gren frewi n eu i r r d lg g , f y ,

Ys r d a wr er lla w Fen n i n wlad Gwen er Ca ria d a r gy y f , g , y g t, ” Ddu w a c er Pen d a m e u Pechoda u The w r , y (p. o k ha s m a n y cu riou s pe cu lia rities of e xpression ; a la rge p ro

rt ion of w i owe er m a be m er e err rs of the po h ch, h v , y ly o

e wi hi h work i sa d ﬁ u h ss w t e s s e c. . t e pr , th ch dly i g r d ; g , ” m on th of Ma rch is ca lled M a orth ; the word for ” divin e is in va ria bly du wfol in stea d of the com m on er dwyfol NOTES AND U ER I ES Q .

in n o wn o f Is a n D P . The r w v yth g k . p e sen t or k gi e s n lu e to his i e n M r H w ] o c d tity ; . o e Lloyd cou ld pr oba bly

l u n h t row som e t e su e . R E O LL. N LDS h ight p o bj ct Y .

R AIN WIT H S NS HINE vii The We sh sa in is U ( , l y g ce ta in n om ete sin e it e r e sses the ra in si e of the r ly i c pl , c xp y d w her on l W a th n in u F ea t y. e h ve e co tra s t o r re n ch sa yi n g “ Le ( lia ble ba t sa em m e ET n m rie 3 a l — the de v i is ea in f , ﬁ e l b t g ” hi wif d m a in i u r s e a n h s a e . , rry g d ght

22 R u e S erva n d n i i I o Pa r s. H . A DOZ , , G .

I n referen ce to h h v l a n n D . S E a s t e sa m e n o e t e R e . t , i v v , B D w i . . tes Y r on cr o odd dia wl ei a m a r n o is th , r p y g y f e s in e - ree ri w E u on m u s E u r o ean s the m s p dl t or p ck ood ( y p ) , o t o do n a m e for w i is i sw dden rtho x h ch p y .

U R I Q E ES . — BASQU E TROOPS IN WALES I wish to a sk thr ou gh you r

ou n a for the fo lowin in form a ion w m a n o f ou r j r l l g t , hich y y

m em ers wi ei s e ia n w e e m a be a e to fu rn ish . b , th th r p c l k o l dg , y bl

1 E wa I in his n u es of Wa e s wa s m a eria ( ) d rd , co q t l , t lly a ss ste o ies of B a s u e roo s who a re m e n ion e a s i d by b d q t p , t d

il i r n i s h We s em se v be in g ve ry sim a r n a ce a d ha b t to t e l h th l es . I s there a n y r ecord (a ) of the m a n n er in which these m erce n a ries were a fterw a r ds disposed of (6) Whether these Ba squ es form e d pa rt of the Welsh con tin gen t of the a rm y in the Scot tish wa rs of the sa m e m on a r ch ? I t a ppe a rs to m e tha t the B a squ es m a y very likely ha ve becom e m erge d in the Welsh con tin gen t ; bu t I seek for deci

n w e m sive refer en ces to a n y fa cts co n e cte d ith th . (2) I Shou ld be gla d of a n y in form a tion con n e cte d with

' the em o m en of We s roo s e i e a t hom e or a a pl y t l h t p , th r bro d,

NOTE ND S A QU ER IES .

R EPLIES .

THE N AME or CARDIFF —The fo owin n s on h . ll g ote t e ea rly

fo m s of the n a m e of Ca ff m a r a in t r r rdi y pe h ps e est M .

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i n w i h M o e n a n a e a e St . e er i e fr om his g ld , pp ll t o h ch [ lo] d v d ” w i n B u t Lla n e ir w em h s a rthy com ple x o . g se s to be t e pa r ish ” Ll n L ir w in the M v r a n i M ii a ed a e i s r . Th c ll g y y l t ( y , e loss of the l is to be observe d a lso in the R a dn orshir e Lla n ” re w a o in R ees Welsh Sa i n ts is for y , hich , cc rd g to ( ,

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e i a e to Lleu rw a n d the su se u en N m a d d c t d g, b q t or n e diﬁce to the Norm a n bishop ?

ER R AT UM .

T H E NA I O N L E I S E FO O F 1884 T A T DD D .

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