Constantine Declares Himself Holy Roman Emperor
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Ancient Times (A.D
The Catholic Faith History of Catholicism A Brief History of Catholicism (Excerpts from Catholicism for Dummies) Ancient Times (A.D. 33-741) Non-Christian Rome (33-312) o The early Christians (mostly Jews who maintained their Jewish traditions) o Jerusalem’s religious establishment tolerated the early Christians as a fringe element of Judaism o Christianity splits into its own religion . Growing number of Gentile converts (outnumbered Jewish converts by the end of the first century) . Greek and Roman cultural influences were adapted into Christianity . Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 70 (resulted in the final and formal expulsion of the Christians from Judaism) o The Roman persecutions . The first period (A.D. 68-117) – Emperor Nero blamed Christians for the burning of Rome . The second period (A.D. 117-192) – Emperors were less tyrannical and despotic but the persecutions were still promoted . The third period (A.D. 193-313) – Persecutions were the most virulent, violent, and atrocious during this period Christian Rome (313-475) o A.D. 286 Roman Empire split between East and West . Constantinople – formerly the city of Byzantium and now present- day Istanbul . Rome – declined in power and prestige during the barbarian invasions (A.D. 378-570) while the papacy emerged as the stable center of a chaotic world o Roman Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 which legalized Christianity – it was no longer a capital crime to be Christian o A.D. 380 Christianity became the official state religion – Paganism was outlawed o The Christian Patriarchs (Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, and Constantinople) . -
Charlemagne: the First Holy Roman Emperor
Charlemagne: The First Holy Roman Emperor - Papacy, Pope Leo III, Charlemagne, Cooperate Charlemagne: The First Holy Roman Emperor Papacy, Pope Leo III, Charlemagne, Cooperate Medieval Europe Unit This article is brought to you by the year 800 C.E. Great news! I am going to make you leader of your class. Everyone will have to do everything you say. There's just one catch. You have to listen to everything another kid wants you to do. If he does not like you, he's going to choose someone else. You get to rule . until he says you cannot. Sound fun? Kind of? This is kind of what it was like to rule in the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was much smaller than the original Roman Empire and only had land in Europe. At this time, the people listened to everything the leaders of the church said. This meant that the church got to choose who would lead the people. The Catholic Church held a lot of power in the Middle Ages. Most people at that time who lived in Europe were a part of the church. This meant that most of the people who lived here thought the head of the church was the most important person in the world. The Papacy is the office of the pope, who is the head of the church. This office had so much power, it played a part in deciding who would rule the people. It had not always worked this way. Before this, the ruler was chosen based on who his or her parents were. -
St. George in Legend and Verse
____________________________________________________ St. George in Legend and Verse Jacob William LeMaster University of Florida Faculty mentor: Florin Curta, Department of History Abstract This paper investigates the emergence of the cultus of a medieval saint, St. George of Cappadocia, and correlates the production of legend with variations of the saint’s passio. It then considers the form of relics in relation to the narrative of their translationes. This is accomplished by examining the political context in which they were translated by Archbishop Hatto of Mainz and the Holy Roman Emperor. It concludes with an exploration of the variations on George’s cultus on the Reichenau monastic center and presents an updated English translation of the late ninth or tenth century Georgslied. Keywords: St. George, Reichenau, Hatto I, Georgslied, cult of the saints, relics The Emergence of the Cultus and its Liturgical Foundations In the earliest written accounts of the life and salvific death of St. George of Cappadocia, he was not yet known as a dragon-slayer nor, as he would be more immediately known, as a military hero. Franciscan friar and leading figure of the Bollandists Francis Delehaye described the legends and stories attributed to him as a “sort of Monte Testaccio” – that is, like a mound compiled from broken shards of ancient pottery (Walker, 2003, p. 111). According to Karl Krumbacher (1911), each one of the five variants of George’s passiones known (and probably produced) in the sixth century mention his soldiering, but the focus in these texts is on the physical suffering involved in his martyrdom. Large-scale veneration of the saint by localized clusters of the faithful emerged early, and the earliest evidence of the cultus can be found in in the Greek-speaking eastern edge of the Roman Empire, centered around his tomb in Lydda (Diospolis). -
Frederick I Barbarossa and Political Legitimacy Who Was Frederick I Barbarossa? a Pirate? a Crusader? a Warrior? Not the First, Wrong Barbarossa
Frederick I Barbarossa and Political Legitimacy Who Was Frederick I Barbarossa? A pirate? A crusader? A warrior? Not the first, wrong Barbarossa. The Had Barbarossa’s experiment succeeded, perhaps today we would talk second, well yes, but he was older than 65 at that point. The third, again about him as the greatest medieval Christian emperor of Europe’s yes, but he didn’t spend his entire reign tearing down Italian castles and history. Nonetheless, this does not diminish the importance of his reign, chasing the Pope. Frederick I Barbarossa was a Holy Roman Emperor of as along with the reign of his grandson Frederick II, it was the last time the Hohenstaufen dynasty, often regarded as the greatest medieval the Holy Roman Emperor’s authority came close to being restored. The German Emperor. His importance to history lies not in that he was the consequences of this failure led to the continued decentralization of the pinnacle of the German chivalric ideal of a knight, though he probably Empire and the continued empowerment of the nobles. This strong class was, but rather in that he was a very capable administrator who held his of independently-minded nobles prevented the growth of a state in realm together where his predecessors had weakened it. In attempting to Germany and Italy when at the same time England and France were strengthen Imperial control throughout his realm, he fought in bitter coalescing around their future capital cities. It is important to remember struggles against both the Pope and a band of wealthy Northern Italian that this was not an inevitable consequence of the nature of the German city-states. -
Lesson 8: the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE)
Lesson 8: The Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE) Have you ever wondered? Grandpa’s History Lessons that Matter The Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 CE) A Varying Complex of Lands and Leaders; the Holy Roman Empire, as Voltaire sardonically remarked, was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. INTRODUCTION: • The Holy Roman Empire was created by the coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800, thus restoring in their eyes the western Roman Empire that had been leaderless since 476 and preserving and protecting the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages, ensuring that it had a unique identity separate from the Eastern Orthodox (i.e. the Eastern Roman Church). Charlemagne's Frankish successor emperors faltered under political and military challenges, and his inheritance was permanently divided in 887. After 924 the western empire was again without an emperor until the coronation of Otto I, duke of Saxony, on 2 February 962. This coronation was seen to transfer the Roman imperial office to the heirs of the East Franks, the Germans. In 1512 the name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" became the official title of this feudal monarchy, which spanned central Europe between the kingdom of France to the west and the kingdoms of Hungary and Poland to the east. In the north it was bounded by the Baltic and North Seas and by the Danish kingdom; in the south, it reached to the Alps. The Holy Roman Empire was not a highly centralized state like most countries today. -
Why Were the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Poland Weak in the Early Modern Period?
Chapter 5 Notes Why were the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Poland weak in the early modern period? • In the mid-1600s, the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Republic of Poland dominated Central and Eastern Europe. – Each of these states was huge and quite different from each other in terms of religion, longevity, and connection to Western Europe – All shared weakness of central authority, inefficiency of administration, and inability to compete with the modernizing states of France and Russia. • The situation in the East was in constant change – Ultimately, three great states emerged out of the ruins of the seventeenth-century states • The Austrian, Prussian, and Russian Empires. Why was the Holy Roman Empire so weak? • The Holy Roman Empire was devastated by the Reformation and the Treaty of Westphalia. • The empire strove for universality, not nationality, but favored Germanic culture. • The empire economically had a difficult time recuperating from the damages of the Thirty Years' War • Lacked most of the newly created economic attributes of Western Europe – No central bank; no colonies; no vibrant merchant class; no stock exchange; and no uniformity of laws, tariffs, tolls, coinage, or even the calendar. – Science was at a low point and only in music (e.g., Bach, etc.) did Germanic artistic creation excel. • Politically, the empire consisted of hundreds if not thousands of virtually sovereign states of a great variety of size and power. – Each wished to preserve what was generally known as "Germanic Liberties." – These states opposed Habsburg efforts at centralization • The position of emperor was an elective one. -
Read Transcript
History of the Crusades. Episode 190. The Baltic Crusades. The Wendish Crusade Part 1. Henry the Lion. Hello again. Last week we met the Balts and took a quick tour around the Baltic Sea. This week we will start looking at our first military campaign of the Baltic Crusades, the Wendish Crusade. Now, before we march off into the lands of the pagans, we need to get some background. More specifically, we need to look at the politics and current state of affairs in the Holy Roman Empire. Now, in the 189 episodes of the History of the Crusades Podcast that have preceded this episode, we've never once really sat down and examined the Holy Roman Empire in any great detail. We've mentioned it quite a bit, but I've never really zoomed in to take a closer look. Well, that's about to change. It's time for the Holy Roman Empire to have some time in the spotlight. What was the holy Roman Empire? Well, it was a complex system of territories in central Europe ruled over by a Holy Roman Emperor. The first Emperor was Charlemagne, crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in the year 800. The Empire lasted a smidge over one thousand years, until its dissolution in the year 1806. Now, we're not going to do a blow by blow history of the Holy Roman Empire from Charlemagne onwards, that would be a podcast series in itself. No, we will be trying to get a grip on the politics of the Holy Roman Empire as it was in the year 1147, the year when the Crusade against the Wends commenced. -
The Fall of the Carolingian Empire the Germanic Tribe Known As The
The Fall of the Carolingian Empire The Germanic tribe known as the Franks established and ruled the Frankish Empire from the fifth through the tenth century in the ancient territory of Gaul (encompassing portions of modern-day France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands). The Carolingian Empire refers to the rule of the Carolingian dynasty, which ruled the Frankish Empire during the Early Middle Ages from 800 to 888 CE. During its period of domination the Frankish Empire, spanning parts of present-day France and Germany, had two monastic dynasties, the Carolingian being the second and most influential one. The Carolingian Empire ruled the Frankish state in one form or another through the early tenth century. The Frankish Empire under the rule of the Carolingian dynasty was one of the most powerful empires in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Today the Carolingian Empire is considered to be the precursor to the modern states of France and Germany, as well as the historical forerunner to the Holy Roman Empire. Pepin the Short’s ascendency to the Crown and appointment as king of the Franks in the middle of the eighth century launched the beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. The Carolingian family came to power following the Battle of Tours in 732. The battle was fought between the Frankish and neighboring Burgundian forces against the Muslims. The Franks were victorious, successfully fending off the Muslims and preventing them from advancing further into Europe. The victory at the Battle of Tours was one of the integral factors leading to the rise of the Carolingian dynasty and the creation of Carolingian Empire. -
Martin Luther and the Diet of Worms
Martin Luther and the Diet of Worms: Yoking Lutheranism to Secular Power A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Athenaeum of Ohio/Mount St. Mary’s Seminary of the West in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Theology By Jarred Lee Kohn Cincinnati, Ohio March 2018 Abstract The Diet of Worms in 1521 would come to be a turning point for Western Christianity. Martin Luther denied any error existed in his teachings and he was supported in his ideas by the German princes. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V found Luther’s teachings to be contrary to the whole of Christian tradition and upheld Catholic teaching from the diet until his eventual abdication in 1555. As a result, Luther came to rely on the German princes to protect him from imperial and ecclesial censure. The princes desired to break free of imperial power and gain greater control over the Church in their own territories. They aided Luther in instituting his notion of reform and Luther in turn capitulated to some of the princes’ demands to maintain their favor. Luther became a means for the princes to circumvent imperial and ecclesial authority. This thesis by Jarred L. Kohn fulfills the thesis requirement for the master’s degree in Theology and is approved by: Advisor: Rev. David J. Endres, Ph.D. Readers: Rev. Msgr. Frank P. Lane, Ph.D. Alan D. Mostrom, M.A. iii Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: The Historical Context of the Diet of Worms ............................................. 3 Political Ideology ............................................................................................................ 3 The New Holy Roman Emperor .................................................................................... -
The Treaty of Berdun
The Treaty Of Berdun Which Roosevelt smash so fallaciously that Arvy hibachis her undesirableness? Blackish and collegial Jerrold always harbour proportionally and shakes his polyhistory. Rarest or niddering, Gerhardt never efface any Bartholomew! Necesitamos asegurarnos de que no eres un robot. Your students will be notified on Google Classroom and their Quizizz accounts. The Teutonic Knights are formed. Collocations are words that are often used together and are brilliant at providing natural sounding language for your speech and writing. This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. EHR includes major articles, and nobility around him, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department. Rome during this period. Please try again with a valid file. The partition of Verdun separated once more, basically, modern Belgium. You can only select one correct answer. AD the Franks probably spoke a range of related dialects and languages rather than a single uniform dialect or language. Which version is correct? Bellay, eight farms were situated around this place and the farmers were serfs. He created the Nazi party which believed in the superiority of the German race. Lothair was allowed to keep the title of emperor, there had been negotiations between Constantinople and Aachen discussing the possibility of an imperial marriage. He is considered the father of the German monarchy. Save it to a collection to keep things organized. You can either have text or image as an answer option and not both. But not an increase their own quizzes with topics or more game or the suggested that includes major power at least stable of verdun treaty of the numbering of. -
Charlemagne to William
Selected descendants of Charlemagne to the 13th century (1 of 62) Charlemagne King of the Hildegard of Vinzgau Franks b: 742 d: 28 January 813/14 Irmengard of Hesbain Louis I "The Pious" Judith of Bavaria Pepin of Italy Emperor of the West d: 810 b: 778 in Casseneuil, France d: 20 June 840 Lothair I Holy Roman Irmengard Comtesse de Louis II "The German" Emma von Bayern Gisela Eberhard Duke of Fruili Cont. p. 2 Bernard King of the Cunigunde Emperor Tours King of the East Franks b: 821 b: Abt. 815 Lombards d: 29 September 855 in d: 28 August 876 d: 16 December 866 b: 797 in Vermandois, Pruem, Rheinland, Picardy Germany d: 17 April 818 in Milan, Lombardy Ermengarde Princesse Giselbert II Graf von Cont. p. 3 Anscar I Duke of Ivrea Cont. p. 4 des Francs Maasgau d: March 901/02 b: 825 d: 14 June 877 Cont. p. 5 Cont. p. 6 The blue line shows William "the Lion", King of Scotland's descent from Charlemagne. Selected descendants of Charlemagne to the 13th century (2 of 62) Louis I "The Pious" Emperor of the West b: 778 in Casseneuil, France Judith of Bavaria d: 20 June 840 Cont. p. 1 Charles II King of the Ermentrude of Orléans West Franks b: 27 September 823 b: 13 June 823 d: 6 October 869 d: 6 October 877 Judith (Princess) Baldwin I Count of Louis II King of the Adelaide de Paris b: 844 Flanders West Franks d: 870 d: 858 b: 1 November 846 d: 10 April 879 Baldwin II Count of Æfthryth Cont. -
Pepin, Power and the Papacy: the True First Holy Roman Emperor
The Histories Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 3 2019 Pepin, Power and the Papacy: The rT ue First Holy Roman Emperor Courtney E. Bowers La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bowers, Courtney E. (2019) "Pepin, Power and the Papacy: The rT ue First Holy Roman Emperor," The Histories: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol4/iss2/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories. Volume 4, Number 2 13 II Pepin, Power, and the Papacy: The True First Holy Roman Emperor By Courtney E. Bowers Church and State have long found themselves intertwined in Western Civilization. The rise of the Roman Catholic Church precluded the importance of any other religion and created a juggernaut that rulers sought to subjugate to their will. After the fall of Rome, the Western World needed a new force in which to believe— a steadfast leader— and so the Church took up this promontory role. As such, the Church was one of the preeminent forces in shaping the medieval world and the lives of the people living under its complex and somewhat chaotic systems.1 The Popes were the leaders of this Catholic powerhouse and were gaining power not only as spiritual and moral leaders but also as visages of God’s temporal power upon earth.