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Karsterscheinungen in Nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen Der Östlichen Republik Niger

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Karsterscheinungen in Nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen Der Östlichen Republik Niger WÜRZBURGER GEOGRAPHISCHE ARBEITEN Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber: D. Böhn - H. Hagedorn - H. Jäger - H.-G. Wagner Schriftleitung: U. Glaser Heft 75 Karsterscheinungen in nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen der östlichen Republik Niger Barbara Sponholz Würzburg 1989 Im Selbstverlag des Instituts für Geographie der Universität Würzburg in Verbindung mit der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Druck: Böhler-Verlag GmbH, Seilerstr. 10,8700 WOrzburg Bezug: Institut tOr Geographie der Universität WOrzburg, Am Hubland, 8700 WOrzburg © Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISSN: 0510-9833 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Universität Würzburg. Vorwort Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellten Untersuchungen basieren auf mehreren For­ schungsreisen in die Republik Niger in den Jahren 1986 und 1987. Eine erste Reise im Frühjahr 1986 unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Hagedorn und Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Bu­ sche, Würzburg, führte in das Massif de Termit, wo erstmals umfassende Aufnahmen des dortigen Karstformenschatzes in Sandsteinen und Eisenkrusten durchgeführt wurden. Bereits im August 1986 bestand die Möglichkeit zur Teilnahme an einem weiteren Geländeaufenthalt in Niger unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Grunert, Bonn. Schwer­ punkt dieser Reise waren das südliche Air und dessen Vorland mit der Stufe von Tiguidit sowie das Massif de Koutous im Süden Landes und die Kristallingebiete um Goure und Zinder. Unmittelbar anschließend bot sich im Herbst 1986 die Gelegenheit, unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Busche den Nordteil des Arbeitsgebietes (Tenere, Stufe von Bilma, Djado) kennenzulernen. Die Arbeiten in diesem Raum konnten im Frühjahr 1987 wäh• rend der dritten Forschungsreise unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Hagedorn und Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Busche wesentlich ergänzt werden. An den genannten Forschungsaufenthalten nahmen von deutscher Seite aus - bei wechselnder Zusammensetzung der Arbeitsgruppe - Dr. R. Baumhauer, Dipl.-Geogr. G. Nörr, Dipl.-Geogr. B. Schütt, Dipl.-Geogr. I. Stengel und M. Schiener (Geogr. Inst. Univ. Würzburg), Dipl.-Geogr. J. Schuh (Geogr. Inst. TU Berlin), Dipl.-Geogr. K.H. Erdmann (Geogr. Inst. Univ. Bonn) und Dr. J. Völkel (Geogr. Inst. Univ. Regensburg) teil. Von der nigrischen Partneruniversität in Niamey waren der Doyen der Faculte des Lettres, Departement de Geographie, A. Adamou sowie seine Mitarbeiter Dr. I. Ousseini, M. Bra, P. Schoeneich, M. Moussa und M. Taierou an den Feldarbeiten beteiligt. Für die gute Zusammenarbeit in allen Situationen sei den genannten Personen herzlichst gedankt. Die Durchführung der Untersuchungen wäre nicht möglich gewesen ohne die großzügi• ge finanzielle Förderung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen eines von Prof. Dr. H. Hagedorn und Prof. Dr. D. Busche geleiteten For­ schungsprojektes. Ihr gebührt daher mein aufrichtiger Dank. Die laboranalytische Bearbeitung des Probenmaterials konnte ich teilweise im Geomor­ phologischen Labor des Geographischen Institutes der Universität Würzburg durchfüh• ren. Für die Analyse einiger Dünnschliffe an der Elektronen-Mikrosonde sowie für Röntgenanalysen standen mir Geräte des Mineralogischen Institutes zur Verfügung. Für die freundliche Unterstützung der Arbeiten möchte ich den Herren Prof. Dr. M. Okrusch, Prof. Dr. K. Schmidt, Prof. Dr. P. Richter, Prof. Dr. M. Olesch und Dr. U. Schüßler vom Mineralogischen Institut herzlich danken. In diesen Dank einschließen möchte ich Herrn P. Späthe, gleichfalls vom Mineralogischen Institut, der die Anfertigung der Dünnschliffe für mich übernahm. Die S/C-Analyse einiger Pulverpräparate führte dankenswerterweise Frau Dipl.-Geogr. B. Schütt am Institut für Seenforschung, Langenargen, durch. Die raster-elektronenmikroskopische Analyse von Einzelkörnern konnte ich auf Einla­ dung von Prof. J.C. Flageollet, Universite de Caen (mittlerweile Universite de Strasbourg), an einem Gerät des ISMRa (Institut des Sciences de la Matiere et du Rayonnement), Caen, und auf Einladung von Mme. G. Coude-Gaussen, Universite d'Amiens, an der Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, durchführen. Beiden möchte ich meinen Dank für die großzügige Zusammenarbeit aussprechen. Wertvolle Anregungen erhielt ich von Herrn Dr. D. Burger, Geographisches Institut der Universität TÜbingen, dem ich für seine Diskussionsbereitschaft aufrichtig danken möchte. In meinen Dank einschließen möchte ich ganz besonders Herrn K. Wepler, der mir bei der Anfertigung der Reinzeichnungen wesentlich behilflich war und Herrn D. Wucher, der einen Teil der Photoarbeiten übernahm. In besonderem Maße gilt mein Dank Herrn Prof. Dr. D. Busche. Seiner immerwährenden Bereitschaft zu kritischen Diskussionen verdanke ich wesentliche Anregungen. Darüber• hinaus stellte er zur Auswertung dankenswerterweise sein umfangreiches Photomaterial uneingeschränkt zur Verfügung. Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Hagedorn sei für die Anregung zur Erstellung dieser Arbeit, für sein stetes Interesse an deren Fortgang und für seine großzügige Unterstützung während der letzten Jahre ganz besonders herzlich gedankt. Meinen Dank möchte ich auch allen anderen Mitarbeitern des Geographischen Institu­ tes der Universität Würzburg aussprechen, die durch ihre Bereitschaft zur wissenschaft­ lichen Diskussion und ihre Anteilnahme am Fortgang der Arbeit wesentlich zu deren Fertigstellung beigetragen haben. Die Arbeit wurde im Dezember 1988 vom Fachbereich Erdwissenschaften der Julius­ Maximilians-Universität Würzburg als Dissertation angenommen. Veränderungen gegenüber dem Original bestehen in geringfügigen Kürzungen im Text und in der Herausnahme einiger Abbildungen. Inhalt Seite 1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung ...................................................................... 13 2 Einführung.... ... ........... ... ... ... ... ........... ...... .......... ... .... ... .... .... ............ .... .... .... .... ... 15 2.1 Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. ...... ..... ............. ... .... ... .... ... .... .... ........ ..... .... .... ... 15 2.2 Die klimatischen Verhältnisse im Arbeitsgebiet... ........................................ 16 2.3 Vegetation und anthropogene Nutzung im Arbeitsgebiet..... .... .... ........ ...... 20 2.4 Die geologisch-tektonischen Verhältnisse im Arbeitsgebiet........ ............... 21 2.4.1 Überblick über die tektonische Entwicklung des Raumes ............. 11 2.4.2 Geologischer Bau der rand lichen Schwellenregionen ................... 25 2.4.3 Sedimentfolge in den zentralen Beckenbereichen. .... .... .... ........... 26 2.5 Die hydrologischen Verhältnisse im Arbeitsgebiet...... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... ..... 28 2.6 Die geomorphologischen Einheiten des Arbeitsgebietes ............................ 31 2.6.1 Flächen ......................................................................................... 32 2.6.2 Stufen und Hänge ......................................................................... 32 2.6.3 Stufenfußdepressionen ................................................................. 34 2.6.4 Fluviale Formen.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ............... ........ .......... 34 2.6.5 Äolische Formen ........................................................................... 35 2.6.6 Formen des "Silikatkarstes" .......................................................... 35 2.7 Grundzüge der paläoklimatischen Entwicklung .......................................... 36 3 Stand der Forschung zu Karst in silikatischen Gesteinen und Begriffsklärung ............................................................................................. 40 3.1 Überblick über die Geschichte der Karstforschung.. ... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... 40 3.2 Definitionen der Begriffe "Karst" und "Pseudokarst" .................................... 42 3.3 "Piping" ....................................................................................................... 44 3.4 Stand der Silikatkarst-Forschung im Arbeitsgebiet..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ........ 45 4 Methodik.............................................................................................................. 47 4.1 Geländeaufnahmen .................................................................................... 47 4.2 Laboranalytische Bearbeitung der festen Gesteinsproben. ... .... ..... ... .... ..... 49 4.2.1 Untersuchungen an Dünnschliffen ................................................ 49 4.2.1.1 Präparation des Materials.. ...... ...... .............. ............ ..... 49 4.2.1.2 Analyse der Dünnschliffe .............................................. 49 4.2.2 Mikromorphologische Untersuchungen an Quarzkörnern ............ 51 4.2.2.1 Materialgewinnung ....................................................... 51 4.2.2.2 Präparation des Materials ............................................. 52 4.2.2.3 Analyse der Einzelkornpräparate .................................. 52 4.2.3 Analyse von Pulverpräparaten.. ...... ...... .......................... .............. 52 4.3 Laboranalytische Bearbeitung der nicht verfestigten Verfüllungsmaterialien ........... , .......... ,. ................. ..................... .................. 53 4.3.1 Farbbestimmung ........................................................................... 53 4.3.2 Bestimmung der Korngrößenverteilung.... ...... .............. .......... ...... 53 4.3.3 Bestimmung des pH-Wertes.. ...... ...... ...... .................. .......... ......... 54 4.3.4 Bestimmung des CaC03-Gehaltes...... ...... ...... ...... ........ ............... 54 4.3.5 Mikromorphologische
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