DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from Brill.Com10/07/2021 05:18:19AM Via Free Access 4 IAWA Bulletin N.S., Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/07/2021 05:18:19AM Via Free Access 4 IAWA Bulletin N.S., Vol IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 13 (I), 1992: 3-16 WOOD ANATOMY AND STEM OF CHLORANTHUS; SUMMARY OF WOOD ANATOMY OF CHLORANTHACEAE, WITH COMMENTS ON RELATIONSHIPS, VESSELLESSNESS, AND THE ORIGIN OF MONOCOTYLEDONS by Sherwin Carlquist Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Department ofBiology, Pomona College, Claremont,Califomia 91711 , U.S.A. Summary In contrast to the monopodial Ascarina and dicotyledons. While these cases are theoreti­ Hedyosmwn, Ch/oranthus and Sarcandra are cally possible, the histological and ecological sympodial. Sarcandra and Coerectus have seenarios that must be hypothesised for these woody canes of finite duration, whereas other events are ignored by cladists; most of these species of Ch/oranthus have shoots of one seenarios are unlikely for reasons explored year's duration ; these latter species have sec­ here, although a few are still worthy of con­ ond year wood only on rhizome s, not on up­ sideration. Stern endodermis is reported for right shoots. Rhizome portions transitional to three species of Ch/oranthus . upright sterns were selected for study. Chlo­ Key words: Ascarina, Chloranthaceae, Chlo­ ranthus erectus has abundant septate fibre­ ranthus , endodermis in sterns, Hedyos­ tracheids, C. jap onicus none, and two other mum, monocotyledon origins, Piperales, species a few. Ch/oranthus (and Sar candrai Sarcandra , vessel evolution, wood anat­ have rays of two distinct sizes in wood: rays omy . that are extensions of primary rays, and uni­ seriate and biseriate rays in fascicular areas. Introduction Wood anatomy of each of the four genera can be characterised, and is summarised in the The present study offers new data on wood form of a key. Except for primitiveness of anatomy of the genus Ch/oranthus. This pa­ vessels, wood of Chloranthaceae is very sim­ per is the fourth in a series that deals with ilar to that of Lactoridaceae and Piperaceae, wood of the family ; the other papers have and this probably indicates a close phyletic dealt with Sar candra (Carlquist 1987), As­ relationship. The large rays of chlorantha­ carina (Carlquist 1990), and Hedyosmwn ceous wood, little modified from prim ary (Carlquist 1992a). A summary of wood anat­ rays and with upright cells predominantly, are omy of the family is offered; other papers that indicative of some degree of herbaceousness have contributed to this summary are those of and some degree of secondary woodiness. Thierry (1912), Swamy & Bailey (1950), and Scattered bundles and multilacunar node s, Swamy (1953). characteristics of monocotyledons, are absent The inherent phylogenetic interest of CWo­ in Chloranthaceae but present in Piperaceae. ranthaceae is very great. The farnily has ethe­ The sympodial habit ofCh/oranthus and Sar­ real oil cells as well as other feature s that candra, and the presence of vessel s in roots place it unmistakably in Magnoliales sensu but not in sterns of Sarcandra are conditions lato (now superorder Magnoliidae of some like those basic to origin of monocotyledons. authors). However, the location of the farnily The possibility that Chloranthaceae are close within the order is not at all certain: several to Piperales and that these groups are close to recent treatment s consider it in a separate or­ origin of monocotyledons should be consid­ der (Chloranthaies) of the superorder Magno­ ered. Some cladists have hypothesised that liidae (e.g. , Lammers er al, 1986), which secondary vessellessness is polyphyletic in merely states the uncertainty of its relation- Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 05:18:19AM via free access 4 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 13 (1), 1992 ships. Endress (1987), in a review of fea­ Whether vessellessness is primaryor sec­ tures of the family, cites more numerous ondary in particular dicotyledon phylads is an resemblances of Chloranthaceae to Hamame­ issue that has received comments in recent lidales, which lack ethereal oll cells and are years. For several reasons, Chloranthaceae are not placed in Magnoliidae, than to Laurales of pertinent in this regard, and a section of this Magnoliidae. Chloranthaceae have some high­ paper is devoted to a discussion of this matter. ly primitive features (e.g., wood) plus some Stern endodermis is reported here for three highly specialised features (floral structure). species ofChloranthus. This feature is SC8ICe Few will agree with Leroy's (1983) idea that in angiosperms, so occurrences are worthy of the inflorescences of Hedyosmum are actual­ being recorded. ly multistaminate primitive flowers (see the response to that idea by Endress 1987). The Materials and Methods phylogenetic problems posed by Chlorantha­ Stems and roots of ChJoranthus serratus ceae are not elose to solution at present, (Carlquist 15684 RSA) were collected in the The habit, wood, and vascular bundles of forest of Mt. Unzen, Kyushu, Japan, in 1982 Chloranthus in particular, and Chloranthaceae and preserved in formalin-acetic-alcohol. The in general, contain features relevant to con­ kindness of Prof. Mikio Ono in aiding my sideration with respect to origin of mono­ field work is gratefully acknowledged. Mate ­ cotyledons. Although Chloranthaceae have rial of other species of Chloranthus was de­ not been considered elose to origin of mono­ rived from herbarium specimens: C. erectus cotyledons because of such features as their (Stone 12116 KLU), Templer Park, Selangor, rather specialised flowers, opposite leaves, Malaysia; C. japonicus (Gorovoy 8 June and cylindrical arrangement of bundles, the 1968 RSA),N of the River Komarovka, family is definitely worthy of consideration in Primorye Terr., Siberia, USSR; C. multi­ this respect. Features ancestral to origin of stachys (Sino-American Botanical Expedition monocotyledons include sympodial growth 1185 RSA). habit, short-lived upright stems, minimal cam­ Stems of Chloranthus erectus were boiled bial activity, wide primary rays , and vessels in water, stored in 50% aqueous ethyl alco­ in roots only (tracheids only in other organs): hol, and sectioned on a sliding microtome. these are features of Sarcandra (and, except for Sections for study by SEM were dried be­ distribution of vessels, Ch/oranthus). Trim­ tween clean glass slides. Material of C. ser­ ery, basic to flowers of monocotyledons, is ratus was infiltrated, embedded in paraffin evident in flowers of Chloranthaceae (female and sectioned. Material of C. japonicus and flowers of Hedyosmum have three tepals ). C. multistachys was from herbarium speci­ Chloranthaceae have a range of habits: mens and was treated with 2% NaOH to ex­ Ascarina and Hedyosmum are monopodial pand tissues, then stored in 50% aqueous shrubs to trees, whereas Chloranthus and Sar­ ethyl alcohol, infiltrated, embedded in paraf­ candra have a sympodial growth form; Sar­ fin, and sectioned. Sections of all species candra, C. erectus, and C. spicatus have up­ were stained with a safranin-fast green com­ right shoots that last for several years and can bination. Paraffin seetions for SEM study branch somewhat, whereas the remaining were mounted on aluminum stubs followed species of Chloranthus form upright stems by removal of paraffin by means of xylene. that last only a single year. This range of habits Macerations of all species were prepared by is obviously of interest with respect to wood means of Jeffrey's fluid and stained with anatomy, An attempt is made here to charac­ safranin. terise the wood of the species and genera stud­ Terms used are according to the IAWA ied. In this regard, the reader should be aware Committee on Nomenclature (1964). Primary that species names commonly encountered in wall presence in perforations is referred to as Chloranthus and Sarcandra have been sup­ membraneremnants (Carlquist 1992b). Vessel planted in accord with the studies ofVerdcourt diameter is taken as lumen diameter at widest (1985). A synonymy is offered in the Materi­ point. In scanning a section with the light mi­ als and Methods section. croscope to determine vessels per mm -, ray Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2021 05:18:19AM via free access Carlquist - Anatomy of Chloranthus 5 areas were not excluded (but only secondary nonstoried. Starch present in ray cells and xylem was included). occasionally in septate fibres. The species names in Chloranthus and Chloranthus japonicus (Figs. 12-15). Sarcandra are according to Verdcourt (1984, Wood diffuse-porous (Fig. 12), although the 1985): Chloranihus erectus (Buch.-Ham .) second year's wood (on rhizomes and bases Verdcourt (= C. ofjicinalis Blume); C.japo­ of upright stems) has smaller vessels, often nicus Siebold; C. multistachys Pei; C. serra­ irregular in shape and size (Fig. 15, left third tus Roem & Schult; Sarcandra chloranthoi­ of photograph), whereas the first year's ves­ des Gardner (= S. irvingbaileyi Swamy); S. sels are arranged in orderly rows (Fig. 12). glabra (Thunb.) Nakai [= C. brachystachys Vessels at the end of first year wood are nar­ Blume, S. hainanensis (Pei) Swamy & Bai­ rower and more tracheid-like (Fig. 14, mid­ ley]. Sarcandra thus consists of two species; dle); some may actually be tracheids. During Chloranthus, which has not been monograph­ the second year's growth (Fig. 14, top), wider ed as a genus, contains about 10. vessels are intermixed with narrower vessels; narrower vessels bear scalariform end wall pitting typical of wider vessels (Fig. 15). Anatomical descriptions of wood Vessels as seen in transection in large groups Chloranthus erectus(Figs. l-ll). Diffuse­ by virtue of absence of imperforate tracheary porous (Fig. 1). Vessels mostly solitary (Fig. elements. Mean vessel diameter, 33 um . 1); mean number ofvessels per group, 1.15. Mean vessel wall thickness, 2.2 um. Mean Mean diameter of vessels, 32 lUD. Mean num­ vessel element length, 1188 um. Perforation ber of vessels per mm-, 107. Mean vessel plates all scalariform (Fig. 20). Mean number wall thickness, 2.0 lUD. Mean vessel element of bars per plate, 76. Lateral wall pitting of length, 1207 um, Perforation plates scalari­ vessels transitional, opposite, or alternate. form (Fig. 6), mean number of bars, 78. Axial parenchyma not present in the ordinary Membrane remnants in perforations varying sense; parenchyma cells between vessels in from extensive (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascarina Lucida Var. Lanceolata
    Ascarina lucida var. lanceolata COMMON NAME Kermadec Islands Hutu SYNONYMS Ascarina lanceolata Hook.f. FAMILY Chloranthaceae AUTHORITY Ascarina lucida var. lanceolata (Hook.f.) Allan FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No Hutu. Photographer: Bec Stanley ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE ASCLVL CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 26 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS Hutu. Photographer: Bec Stanley 2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: IE, OL PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: IE, OL 2004 | Not Threatened BRIEF DESCRIPTION Small bushy tree of upland Kermadec Islands. Leaves narrow and tapering to a narrow tip and with coarse black- tipped teeth on margins. Flowers in clusters of spikes. Fruit small, white. DISTRIBUTION Endemic. Kermadec Islands, Raoul Island only. HABITAT One of the characteristic trees of the wet forests of Raoul Island which are mostly found above 245m. However, in the ravines this tree may extend down to almost sea level. In the wet forest it is mostly a subcanopy tree which co- associates with Coprosma acutifolia, Pseudopanax kermadecensis, Melicytus aff. ramiflorus and on occasion Boehmeria australis subsp. dealbata. Occasionally, such as on the ridge lines and crater rim it may form part of the forest canopy. FEATURES Glabrous gynodioecious tree up to 15 m tall. Trunk up to 500 mm diameter. Bark greyish-white. Branchlets slender, striate, initially pale green maturing dark green to emerald green. Interpetiolar stipules conspicuous, comprising 3 1.2-2.6 mm long pale pink to red, filaments; these connate near base, behind which are 3-6 smaller hyaline filaments. Petioles up to 15-20 mm long, lamina subcoriacous, somewhat fleshy, 50-100 × 10-30 mm, green, emerald green to dark green above, paler beneath, serrations weakly pigmented, pink to pale maroon often fading into pale pink spotting, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, lanceolate- oblong to narrowly elliptic, acuminate to acute.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition
    ALISO 12(4), 1990, pp. 667-684 WOOD ANATOMY OF ASCARINA (CHLORANTHACEAE) AND THE TRACHEID-VESSEL ELEMENT TRANSITION SHERWTN CARLQUIST Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Department of Biology, Pomona College Claremont, California 91711 ABSTRACT Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 13 collections of 8 species of Ascarina. Wood anatomy is maximally primitive in most respects; moderate exception occurs in the imperforate tracheary elements, which range from tracheidlike (A. solmsiana) to fiber-tracheids (septate in two species). Perforation plates are scalariform, average more than 100 bars per plate, and have bordered bars. Even more significantly, portions of the primary walls in perforations characteristically fail to dissolve; these pit membrane portions range from nearly intact (much like the pit membranes in pits on end walls of tracheids of vesselless dicotyledons) to remnant strands or flakes. Dissolution of pit membranes in perforations is apparently inhibited by deposition of resinlike substances in some species; the rugose surfaces formed by these deposits may account for a report of vesturing on vessel walls of Ascarina. Axial parenchyma is diffuse, with only very small expressions of diversification; apotracheal banded parenchyma is, however, present in A. swamyana. Wood of Ascarina is highly mesomorphic. With age of plant, vessels increase in diameter, vessel elements and fiber-tracheids increase in length, and rays become wider and have a higher proportion of procumbent cells; uniseriate rays decrease in abundance. The implications of wood anatomy data on generic distinctions within the family and on the systematic position of Chloranthaceae will be examined when monographs on woods of the other genera have been completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad De Los Andes Facultad De Ciencias
    UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TRACING BACK THE POLLEN FOSSIL RECORD OF HEDYOSMUM (C HLORANTHACEAE ), A BASAL ANGIOSPERM CAMILA MARTÍNEZ AGUILLÓN Trabajo de grado para optar al título de Biólogo Director: Carlos Jaramillo, STRI Co-director: Santiago Madriñán, Universidad de los Andes Bogotá D.C., 2009 TRACING BACK THE POLLEN FOSSIL RECORD OF HEDYOSMUM (C HLORANTHACEAE ), A BASAL ANGIOSPERM ABSTRACT The Chloranthaceae family has been described as one of the oldest lineages within the angiosperms. Hedyosmum is the only Neotropical genus and is composed of approximately 45 species. The fossil record shows that the first apparition of the genus was in the Early Cretaceous (~120 Ma), followed by a time gap of 70 Ma during the Paleogene, where no fossil records of Hedyosmum were found. It is only until the Early Miocene when a new record associated with Hedyosmum: Clavainaperturites microclavatus is found. The association was established using only transmitted light microscopy. The aim of this study was to determinate the relationship between the fossil Clavainaperturites microclavatus from the Miocene and the extant genus Hedyosmum using transmitted light microscopy, scanning and transmitted electron microscopy. The quantitative characters were evaluated with a non-metric multidimensional scaling. Given the high morphological affinity of the pollen fossil with the extant Hedyosmum it is concluded that C. microclavatus belongs to Hedyosmum, and that the radiation of the genus could have occurred in Central and South America in the Early Miocene, before to the emergence of the Panamanian Isthmus and the rising of the Andean cordillera. Two hypotheses were suggested to explain the gap in the fossil record of the genus, a change in the pollination syndrome or/and a dramatic population decrease after the K/T event.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses of Cretaceous Fossils Related to Chloranthaceae and Their Evolutionary Implications
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Phylogenetic Analyses of Cretaceous Fossils Related to Chloranthaceae and their Evolutionary Implications Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0d58r5r0 Journal Botanical Review, 84(2) ISSN 0006-8101 Authors Doyle, JA Endress, PK Publication Date 2018-06-01 DOI 10.1007/s12229-018-9197-6 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Phylogenetic Analyses of Cretaceous Fossils Related to Chloranthaceae and their Evolutionary Implications James A. Doyle & Peter K. Endress The Botanical Review ISSN 0006-8101 Volume 84 Number 2 Bot. Rev. (2018) 84:156-202 DOI 10.1007/s12229-018-9197-6 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by The New York Botanical Garden. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Bot. Rev. (2018) 84:156–202 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-018-9197-6 Phylogenetic Analyses of Cretaceous Fossils Related to Chloranthaceae and their Evolutionary Implications James A.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition Sherwin Carlquist Pomona College; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 12 | Issue 4 Article 3 1990 Wood Anatomy of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-vessel Element Transition Sherwin Carlquist Pomona College; Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1990) "Wood Anatomy of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-vessel Element Transition," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 12: Iss. 4, Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol12/iss4/3 ALISO ALISO 12(4), 1990, pp. 667-684 WOOD ANATOMY OF ASCARINA (CHLORANTHACEAE) AND THE TRACHEID-VESSEL ELEMENT TRANSITION SHERWIN CARLQUIST Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Department of Biology, Pomona College Claremont, California 91711 ABSTRACT Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 13 collections of 8 species ofAscarina. Wood anatomy is maximally primitive in most respects; moderate exception occurs in the imperforate tracheary elements, which range from tracheidlike (A. solmsiana) to fiber-tracheids (septate in two species). Perforation plates are scalariform, average more than 100 bars per plate, and have bordered bars. Even more significantly, portions of the primary walls in perforations characteristically fail to dissolve; these pit membrane portions range from nearly intact (much like the pit membranes in pits on end walls of tracheids of vesselless dicotyledons) to remnant strands or flakes. Dissolution of pit membranes in perforations is apparently inhibited by deposition ofresinlike substances in some species; the rugose surfaces formed by these deposits may account for a report of vesturing on vessel walls of Ascarina.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Ascarina Lucida</I>
    MARTIN,Available on-line OGDEN: at: http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzjeENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCE OF ASCARINA LUCIDA 53 Experimental studies on the drought, waterlogging, and frost tolerance of Ascarina lucida Hook. f (Chloranthaceae) seedlings Timothy J. Martin* and John Ogden School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. * Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Ascarina lucida Hook.f. (Chloranthaceae) is a small tree species endemic to New Zealand. The distribution of A. lucida suggests an inability to survive severe frosts or droughts. Therefore, peaks in the abundance of A. lucida in pollen records have usually been interpreted as indicating periods of mild, moist climates. The environmental tolerance of A. lucida seedlings to climatic extremes was experimentally tested by exposing seedlings to frost, drought, and waterlogged soil conditions. This research confirms the sensitivity of A. lucida to climatic extremes. Ascarina lucida has a similar drought tolerance to Coprosma grandifolia, a species known to be drought intolerant; seedlings had considerable tolerance of waterlogged soils, but exhibited reduced root weights when severely waterlogged; and a frost of -2°C resulted in complete mortality for seedlings sourced from lowland and submontane populations. Peaks in the abundance of A. lucida can be attributed, at least in part, to periods of warm, wet climate. However, the early successional nature of this species also suggests that disturbance regime plays an important role in regulating its distribution and abundance. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Ascarina lucida; Chloranthaceae; Coprosma grandifolia; frost; drought; waterlogging; climate change Introduction less frost tolerant. Pollen records indicate A.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition Sherwin Carlquist Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden; Pomona College
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 13 | Issue 3 Article 4 1992 Wood Anatomy of Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-vessel Element Transition Sherwin Carlquist Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden; Pomona College Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Carlquist, Sherwin (1992) "Wood Anatomy of Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-vessel Element Transition," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 13: Iss. 3, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol13/iss3/4 ALISO ALISO 13(3), 1992, pp. 447-462 ~)from Spain. Mycotaxon WOOD ANATOMY OF HEDYOSMUM (CHLORANTHACEAE) AND THE TRACHEID-VESSEL ELEMENT TRANSITION ~tophagidae, Lathridiidae, emoir No.9. The My- SHERWIN CARLQUIST 7 p. niales (Ascomycetes) on Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden ~ and Part I. Mem. Amer. Department of Biology, Pomona College Claremont, California 91711, USA ABSTRACT Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for 22 collections of 14 species of Hedyosmum . Acad. Arts 48:153- Wood of the genus is primitive in its notably long scalariform perforation plates; scalariform lateral wall pitting of vessel elements; and the low ratio of length between imperforate tracheary elements and vessel elements. Pit membrane remnants are characteristically present to various degrees in perforations of vessel elements; this is considered a primitive feature that is related to other primitive recharacterization vessel features. Specialized features of Hedyosmum wood include septate fiber-tracheids with much Bull. 36:381-389. reduced borders on pits; vasicentric axial parenchyma; and absence of uniseriate rays (in wood of larger stems). Ray structure (predominance of upright cells) and ontogenetic change in tracheary element length are paedomorphic, suggesting the possibility of secondary woodiness in the genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Canrightiopsis, a New Early Cretaceous Fossil with Clavatipollenites-Type Pollen Bridge the Gap Between Extinct Canrightia and Extant Chloranthaceae
    Grana ISSN: 0017-3134 (Print) 1651-2049 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sgra20 Canrightiopsis, a new Early Cretaceous fossil with Clavatipollenites-type pollen bridge the gap between extinct Canrightia and extant Chloranthaceae Else Marie Friis, Guido W. Grimm, Mário Miguel Mendes & Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen To cite this article: Else Marie Friis, Guido W. Grimm, Mário Miguel Mendes & Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen (2015) Canrightiopsis, a new Early Cretaceous fossil with Clavatipollenites-type pollen bridge the gap between extinct Canrightia and extant Chloranthaceae, Grana, 54:3, 184-212, DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2015.1060750 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2015.1060750 © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & View supplementary material Francis. Published online: 15 Jul 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 298 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=sgra20 Download by: [Statsbiblioteket Tidsskriftafdeling] Date: 18 January 2016, At: 04:18 Grana, 2015 Vol. 54, No. 3, 184–212, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2015.1060750 Canrightiopsis, a new Early Cretaceous fossil with Clavatipollenites- type pollen bridge the gap between extinct Canrightia and extant Chloranthaceae ELSE MARIE FRIIS1, GUIDO W. GRIMM2, MÁRIO MIGUEL MENDES3 & KAJ RAUNSGAARD PEDERSEN4 1Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, 2Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 3CIMA – Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal, 4Department of Geoscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Abstract Canrightiopsis with three species (C.
    [Show full text]
  • Seedling Ecology and Evolution
    P1: SFK 9780521873053pre CUUK205/Leck et al. 978 0 521 87305 5 June 26,2008 16:55 Seedling Ecology and Evolution Editors Mary Allessio Leck Emeritus Professor of Biology,Rider University,USA V. Thomas Parker Professor of Biology,San Francisco State University,USA Robert L. Simpson Professor of Biology and Environmental Science,University of Michigan -- Dearborn,USA iii P1: SFK 9780521873053pre CUUK205/Leck et al. 978 0 521 87305 5 June 26,2008 16:55 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜ao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521873055 c Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ISBN 978-0-521-87305-5 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-69466-7 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. iv P1: SFK 9780521873053c04 CUUK205/Leck et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Înformâtiün I?J Ilshius
    îNFORMÂTiüN i?J ilsHiUS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortti Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9201729 Comparative ultrastructure of fossil gyrtmosperm pollen and implications regarding the origin of angiosperms Osborn, Jeffrey Mark, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 U’M'I 300 N.
    [Show full text]
  • Friday, 8 April 2011
    © Journal qf the Roa1 Societj of New Zealand Volume 19, Number 2, 1989, pp. 127-150 Palynology, vegetation and climate of the Waikato lowlands, North Island, New Zealand, since c. 18,000 years ago R . M . Newnham D . Lowe and D . J . J . Green The vegetationa' and climatic history of the Waikato lowlands during the last C. 18,000 years is inferred from the palynology of sediment cores from Lakes Rotomanuka, Rotokauri, and Okoroire. Intra- and inter-lake correlations were aided by multiple tephra layers interbedded with the lake sediments. The detailed chronological resolution given by these tephra sequences shows that late glacial- post glacial vegetational and climatic changes were nearly simultaneous throughout the Waikato lowlands. From c. 18,000 to just before 14,000 radiocarbon years ago, the region remained largely unforested. There were successive peaks of herb and shrub taxa: Gramineae, Phyllocladus, 1-lalocarpus, Coprosma. Tree taxa, mostly Nothofagus and Libocedrus, increased, probably because the harsh climates - windy, relatively dry and cool c. 4°C below present temperatures-were gradually abating. Tall podocarp trees were rare but not absent from the region. Reafforestation proceeded rapidly, beginning c. 14,500 years ago soon after thc deposition of Rerewhakaaitu Ash. The earliest forests were dominated by PrumnopItys taxfolia and, until c. 13,000 years ago, the persistence ofN. menziesii suggests that temperatures may have been as much as 3 °C colder than present. After that time, N. menziesii disappeared and Dacrydium predominated, reflecting a trend towards moister and warmer conditions. From c. 1 1 ,000 years ago the expansion of angiosperms especially Metrosideros, Nestegis and Ascarina and tree ferns within Dacrydium-dominated assemblages is con- sistent with evidence from elsewhere in New Zealand of an early postglacial period of maximum wetness and warmth.
    [Show full text]