WT/TPR/M/370 WT/TPR/M/371

8 August 2018

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Trade Policy Review Body

29 and 31 May 2018

TRADE POLICY REVIEW

GUINEA AND MAURITANIA

MINUTES OF THE MEETING

Chairperson: H.E. Mr Eloi Laourou (Benin)

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON ...... 2 2 OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF MAURITANIA AND GUINEA ...... 3 3 STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT ...... 7 4 STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS ...... 12 5 REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF MAURITANIA AND GUINEA AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ...... 40 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON ...... 49

Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided by Guinea and Mauritania are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/370/Add.1 and WT/TPR/M/371/Add.1 and will be available online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.

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1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON

1.1. This second joint trade policy review of Guinea and Mauritania, the fourth for Guinea and the third for Mauritania, took place on 29 and 31 May 2018. The Chairperson, H.E. Mr Eloi Laourou (Benin), welcomed the delegation of Mauritania, headed by H.E. Ms Naha Mint Hamdi Ould Mouknass, Minister of Trade, Industry and Tourism; the delegation of Guinea, led by Ms Fanta Cissé, Secretary General, Ministry of Trade; the other members of the delegations from Nouakchott and Conakry, together with their colleagues in the two missions in Geneva; and the Discussant, Mr Alberto Sanz Serrano (Spain).

1.2. The Chairperson recalled the purpose of trade policy reviews and the main procedural aspects of the meeting. The reports by Guinea and Mauritania were contained in documents WT/TPR/G/370 and WT/TPR/G/371 and those of the WTO Secretariat in documents WT/TPR/S/370 and WT/TPR/S/371.

1.3. Questions from the following delegations had been submitted in writing ahead of the deadline: Argentina; Brazil; Canada; China; European Union; Japan; and United States. The delegations of the Republic of Korea and Thailand had submitted written questions after the deadline.

1.4. The reports drawn up for this joint review described the reforms that had helped to improve the economic situation in both Guinea and Mauritania since 2011. The reforms included restructuring of the two countries' exchange rate regimes; tightening of their monetary policies; significant fiscal consolidation; improvement of communication and transport infrastructure; and efforts to enhance their respective business environments. On the other hand, most of the concerns expressed by Members at the time of the two countries' previous joint review still stood: they related in particular to trade facilitation, exceeding of WTO tariff bindings, notification gaps, and weak sectoral policies with regard to transparency, sustainability and poverty reduction.

1.5. Partly owing to sharp inequalities in the distribution of national wealth, poverty levels remained high in the two countries, both of which continued to rely essentially on the mining sector providing the largest share of export earnings.

1.6. Customs reform was still tentative in Guinea and Mauritania, neither of which had as yet ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Certain tariff bindings were still being exceeded in both countries. In their written questions, several WTO Members wished to know what Mauritania's intentions were in regard to participation in ECOWAS, some of whose CET rates were appreciably higher than the rates currently applied by Mauritania to a number of food products. Neither country had as yet caught up with the delays in submitting notifications to the WTO.

1.7. At sectoral level, the prospects offered by new sources of energy were promising in terms of facilitating industrial development. Members were keen to know how future regional electricity trade would be regulated. As regards fisheries, a sector of importance to both economies, Members were interested to know what measures the two countries intended to take in order to combat overfishing of several fish species and to promote investment in sustainable fishing.

1.8. The Chairperson was convinced that the current review would provide an opportunity for Members to discuss all these issues, as well as other topics of interest to them in the trade regimes of Guinea and Mauritania.

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2 OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF MAURITANIA (H.E. MRS NAHA MINT HAMDI OULD MOUKNASS) AND GUINEA (MRS FANTA CISSÉ)

H.E. MS NAHA MINT HAMDI OULD MOUKNASS (MAURITANIA)

2.1. First of all, I would like to thank you, Mr Chairperson, for the warm welcome extended to me and the delegation accompanying me.

2.2. My thanks also go to the Discussant and to WTO Members for their interest in this review of my country's trade policies.

2.3. Moreover, I wish to express my appreciation to the WTO Secretariat's Trade Policies Review Division for its dynamic and constructive spirit during the preparation of the report.

2.4. The members of the Mauritanian delegation and I are pleased to be with you today as we undertake the third review of Mauritania's trade policy.

2.5. Competition in international trade does not preclude solidarity between Members of our Organization. Mechanisms such as special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries, Aid for Trade and trade-related technical assistance bear powerful witness to global economic solidarity, thus providing evidence of international trade with a human face.

2.6. Speaking on behalf of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, I would like to express my country's deep gratitude to all WTO Members, with particular thanks to those governments that demonstrated their interest in Mauritania's trade policy review by submitting advance questions relating to specific aspects of our economic and trade policies.

2.7. Lastly, special thanks are due to all those taking part in this meeting.

2.8. As the previous Director-General of the WTO, Mr Pascal Lamy, more or less predicted back in 2013 "Africa has changed from the land of pessimism to the land of opportunity".1 The opportunities that the African States are seeking to harness indeed concern trade benefits but presuppose the lifting of a number of constraints.

2.9. Since the previous review of its trade policies held in 2011 on these very premises, Mauritania has been active in reducing a number of constraints on the implementation of the general rules and principles of the WTO.

2.10. This is a most opportune moment for us to present to Members and our economic partners Mauritania's recent performance in enhancing political, legal and economic conditions conducive to investment and multilateral trade relations.

2.11. This morning's session is an excellent opportunity to apprise all our trading partners of the details of our country's progress in a number of areas with a view to aligning our domestic environment with the WTO's requirements.

2.12. Mauritania reiterates its attachment to the multilateral trading system and to the latter's fundamental principles, which are a point of reference in our trade policies.

2.13. The Director-General recently reminded us that "the WTO has a strong track record in helping the most vulnerable develop the tools and skills to trade. And that is what we must continue doing".2

1 World Trade Organization, WTO News: Speeches – DG Pascal Lamy, speech delivered at the University of Nairobi on 22 May 2013. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl283_e.htm. 2 World Trade Organization, WTO News: Speeches – DG Roberto Azevêdo. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spra_e/spra146_e.htm.

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2.14. At the 100th Session of the Committee on Trade and Development, you yourself, Mr Chairperson, reiterated that the least developed countries would require support in their efforts to integrate into international trade and combat poverty.3

2.15. The Mauritanian Government thus takes this opportunity to pay special tribute to our Organization and to all the technical and financial partners for their assistance in the context of Aid for Trade.

2.16. In conclusion, I would stress that all the economic reforms implemented by Mauritania are part of an ongoing process of adaptation to the changes and demands of the international environment.

2.17. I also wish to reaffirm my country's determination to join efforts with other WTO Members in order to ensure that the multilateral trading system evolves in a stable, predictable and equitable manner beneficial to all.

2.18. I would remind you that we have received questions from a number of fellow countries. These have been dealt with and forwarded promptly, except for those from the United States, to which we sincerely apologize for failing to reply in a timely fashion; this is because the questions need to be addressed in the most correct and realistic way. Our responses to the United States' questions will be sent to the Secretariat within a week at the latest.

MS FANTA CISSÉ (GUINEA)

2.19. I have the honour today, 29 May 2018, to deliver the introductory statement for this opening session of the trade policy review of the Republic of Guinea, on behalf of the Guinean Government and especially on behalf of Mr Boubacar Barry, the new Minister of Trade of the Republic of Guinea, recently appointed by H.E. the President of the Republic, Professor Alpha Condé.

2.20. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude, and that of the delegation accompanying me, to Mr Roberto Azevêdo, Director-General of the WTO, the WTO Secretariat and the Trade Policies Review Division for their unstinting efforts and sustained support for Guinea in preparing this review and the actual holding of this meeting.

2.21. I would also like to thank Mr Alberto Sanz Serrano for kindly agreeing to serve as the Discussant in this review.

2.22. Finally, thanks are due to all WTO Members, whether or not present in this room, for their continued interest in Guinea, not only through their attendance and active participation in this meeting, but also for their pertinent comments and questions relating to the documents provided to them. I also take this opportunity to apologize for all the replies still outstanding; the matter will be promptly addressed and the responses sent as soon as possible.

2.23. The Republic of Guinea's rationale and intent in presenting its trade policies before the Trade Policy Review Body of the World Trade Organization for the fourth time are underpinned by the belief of the Government and people of Guinea in a fairer, more transparent and inclusive multilateral trading system that takes into account the interests of all Members without exception.

2.24. As you know, in the period that followed our country's previous appearance before the WTO Trade Policy Review Body in 2011, the Guinean economy was severely affected by the Ebola epidemic in 2014 and 2015. More than 3,000 people lost their lives in this unprecedented health crisis, leaving numerous orphans and bringing grief and sorrow to many Guinean households.

3 H.E. Mr Eloi Laourou, Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Benin at Geneva, Les chaînes de valeur commerciales mondiales et le développement (Global trade value chains and development), statement at the 100th Session of Committee on Trade and Development (CTD/WTO), Geneva, 24 November 2016. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/eloinlauroubenin.pdf.

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2.25. It was not until the end of the health crisis that the Government of the Republic of Guinea regained momentum in implementing economic reforms, which yielded very encouraging results. This led to an effective resumption of economic activities and support for Guinea's process of integration into the regional and world economies.

2.26. Thanks to the unstinting efforts of the Guinean authorities, my country experienced rapid economic growth after the Ebola epidemic, bouncing back from the lowest levels of growth recorded in those two years.

2.27. While Guinea has achieved positive outcomes in harmonizing its domestic trade policies and implementing regional regulations a great deal remains to be done in order to definitively overcome the serious consequences of the crises that have struck the country.

2.28. It is important to underscore that with the signing of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and the application of the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET), our countries' trade policies will be strongly linked to the common trade policy implemented by our subregional organization.

2.29. Pursuant to its new National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES) 2016-2020, Guinea has undertaken major reforms in order to make the most of this new regional and international environment.

2.30. With a view to implementing the PNDES objectives, Guinea organized a donors' round table in Paris in November 2017, which led to pledges of US$21 billion worth of funding.

2.31. Guinea is potentially rich in mining, agricultural and fisheries products, inter alia, and it also has attractive transport and tourism opportunities. On account of its structural weaknesses, however, it has not yet been able to take advantage of the multiplier effects that this range of opportunities should generate for the domestic economy.

2.32. In order to bolster this potential, investment is needed in infrastructure, particularly for the rehabilitation and building of roads, the construction of storage facilities for agricultural products, and the elimination of black spots on the main goods transport highways.

2.33. In addition to mining products, Guinea's exports include coffee, cocoa, cashew nuts, food crops, in particular maize, cassava and its by-products, and fruit, chiefly mangoes and pineapples. Thanks to its deep-water port, it could also play the role of transit country for the exports of neighbouring landlocked countries.

2.34. In the case of all these reforms, special emphasis is placed on quality promotion, with the establishment of the appropriate infrastructure to support enterprises and the population in the quest for quality.

2.35. All in all, it should be noted that Guinea's budget still depends heavily on revenue levied at the customs cordon.

2.36. However, structural reforms at the fiscal level are envisaged to change this tendency. The aim is in particular to achieve a gradual shift towards domestic taxation.

2.37. In the context of Aid for Trade, Guinea, as a least developed country (LDC) which has experienced crises, requires special support in order to improve the value chains in its production systems and strengthen their economic and transport infrastructure.

2.38. Particular emphasis is laid on the sustainability support phase of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) programme so that Guinea, which is already a beneficiary under the programme, can continue to implement new development projects thanks to the EIF.

2.39. In closing, I would like to convey my sincere thanks, on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Guinea, to the various bilateral and multilateral partners for their technical and financial assistance, and voice the hope that the current WTO negotiations may resume and be

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- 6 - concluded with a view to the integration of every developing country into an inclusive economy for all, which genuinely leads to development and poverty reduction.

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3 STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT

3.1. Your Excellency Ms Naha Mint Hamdi Ould Mouknass, Minister of Trade, Industry and Tourism of Mauritania, Ms Fanta Cissé, Secretary General of the Ministry of Trade of Guinea, Ambassadors, and members of the delegations of Mauritania and Guinea, in my capacity as Discussant I bid you welcome to Geneva and the WTO.

3.2. I hope that our discussions today and on Thursday will be interesting and rewarding. Despite the fact that this review is common to two Members, I will try to be brief, for, as Don Quijote so rightly said to Sancho Panza, "no discourse can please when too long".

3.3. If I may, I shall now address you in Spanish, which is my mother tongue.

3.4. Permítanme expresarme en mi lengua materna, el español.

3.5. I will start with Mauritania and then move on to Guinea.

Mauritania

3.6. In this third review of Mauritania's trade policies, we will be looking at key developments since the 2011 review, focusing on those most likely to help the external sector boost the sustainable development of Mauritanian society.

3.7. First, it is necessary to take into account the basic conditions in this least developed country, with its per capita income of US$1,500 in 2014. The Mauritanian economy depends to a large extent on the extraction of iron ore, fishing and livestock farming, which are also key foreign trade sectors.

3.8. Although productivity is poor and the economy uncompetitive, economic growth between 2010 and 2014 was strong but not sufficiently inclusive. Despite weaker growth in 2015-2016, monetary stability was maintained in those years, with very low rates of inflation.

3.9. I would like to emphasize the main structural challenges facing Mauritania. These are specifically referred to as the main strategic pillars in Mauritania's report, namely:

 strengthening good governance (public governance);  enhancing the competitiveness of the economy; and  the social aspect, namely increasing human capital and access to basic services.

3.10. Good public governance, based on simple rules that apply to all citizens and a stable and predictable legal framework to effectively combat corruption, is essential to the proper provision of public services. Mauritania continues to face complex security issues – a critical factor where the proper development of economic activity is concerned.

3.11. It is also crucial for enterprises to enjoy an attractive and favourable business environment in which to conduct their activities. This is a matter that goes beyond the requisite investment in production and infrastructure. It is necessary to identify those rules which, albeit well-intentioned, are complicated to apply in practice, restrict economic initiative and may induce Mauritanians to offer their services in the informal sector. Efforts to boost such activities by simplifying the tax system, the various regimes for foreign investors, and foreign exchange and customs procedures are unquestionably of prime importance.

3.12. Overall, the indicators in the Doing Business report periodically issued by the World Bank highlight very considerable challenges in all areas relating to public governance and the business climate. There are, however, positive signs in this respect: between 2014 and 2017, Mauritania climbed 26 places in the Doing Business ranking.

3.13. Along with good governance and a favourable business climate, the third basic strategic pillar is social development. Education, higher levels of literacy, disease control and improved living conditions are all key factors in enabling the benefits of economic activity, which are highly

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- 8 - concentrated in specific sectors and enterprises, to reach the population as a whole and contribute to economic development in the longer term.

3.14. After these initial considerations, I would like to turn to matters concerning Mauritania's external sector. First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the difficulties in reversing the structural external deficit, which in some financial years exceeded 15% of GDP. The fluctuations in international iron-ore and gold prices are a recurrent source of instability of the current account deficit. Another severely limiting structural shortcoming is the country's heavy reliance on staple food imports. One point worthy of mention is the progress – albeit still insufficient – made in respect of some staple crops, such as rice. A better knowledge of informal trade flows, especially livestock exports, would give us a more complete picture of the situation.

3.15. China and the European Union are the leading destinations for Mauritania's exports, dominated by minerals and fishery products, respectively. A rise in fish exports was not enough to compensate the decline in mining exports, so that the share of fish exports in GDP decreased from 51% in 2011 to 35% in 2016. Imports are still dominated by food products and petroleum products, since Mauritania depends on imports for its fuel supply. While regional trade remains essentially informal, there has been a surge in fish exports to West African countries, in particular Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria.

3.16. I would also like to mention the tourism sector. Despite considerable tourism potential, with 720 km of coastline, protected natural parks and interesting cultural routes, no major progress has been made because of the lack of infrastructure and the feeling of insecurity in the region. The sector deserves special attention as a source of diversification of export activities in the future and as a factor of cultural cohesion and integration into the global economy.

3.17. At the WTO, Mauritania has bound 41% of its tariff lines, including all agricultural products. The ad valorem applied tariff comprises four rates (0%, 5%, 13% and 20%), with an average rate of 12.1% in 2017 (almost the same as in 2010). The highest rate of 20% applies to about 39% of tariff lines, essentially covering end-consumer goods. For around 11% of tariff lines, the applied rate exceeds the WTO maximum bound rate.

3.18. It should be pointed out that, in addition to the tariff, a series of charges are levied on imports at the border, increasing the final burden for importers. Consumption taxes, collected exclusively at importation, have been raised for a large number of products. The standard VAT rate has also increased to 16%. Foreign goods trucks entering or transiting through Mauritania are taxed as well.

3.19. Moreover, there was a rise in export taxes during the review period.

3.20. In 2017, Mauritania re-joined the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) – an unquestionable sign of openness and commitment to economic and regional integration. It is set to apply the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET) as from January 2019, which would entail higher rates for approximately 39% of agricultural tariff lines, in particular for fruit, vegetables, plants, and animal products. This might be an opportune time to streamline the range of border levies in order to attract trade flows currently taking place on an informal basis, without being declared.

3.21. Let us now go on to analyse two key export sectors, i.e. mining products and fishery products.

3.22. Mining products (iron, gold and, to a lesser extent, copper) account for between 30% and 50% of Mauritania's exports, their share varying according to international prices. The State-controlled National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) produces and exports mainly iron ore. Foreign presence is possible in the mining sector, particularly in copper and gold extraction, essentially under mining agreements and often in partnership with the SNIM. In 2017, some 60 operators were working under 64 exploration licences. Further efforts are needed to ensure that the profits from these activities, which are highly concentrated and capital-intensive, are reinvested through the appropriate channels in the development of Mauritanian society as a whole.

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3.23. Fisheries account for approximately one third of exports; their share is on the rise and is not subject to wide fluctuations. Mauritania draws 8% of its public revenue from the sale of fishing licences to foreign companies, particularly under the agreements with the European Union and China. There are some 100 freezing or fresh fish-processing plants set up in the Nouadhibou free zone. It is important to highlight the fact that fish exports have benefited from the modernized services of the laboratory of the National Office for Sanitary Inspection of Fishery and Aquaculture Products, accredited to international standards since March 2013.

3.24. Mauritania continues to face the challenge of ensuring its food security. The external sector should support that objective, both by generating export revenue and by securing sufficient imports of staple foods at affordable prices for the population. Significant progress has been made in rice production. Further work should be done to improve product control in order to boost exports, especially as regards meat and hides, skins and leather, where Mauritania has definite comparative advantages.

3.25. Since 2011, efforts have been made to improve services infrastructure. Extension work has been carried out on the port of Nouakchott. A new telecommunications law has been enacted to enhance competition, and the fibre optic cable linking Mauritania to Europe is now operational.

3.26. Mauritania's participation in WTO activities remains limited, and there is delay in the submission of notifications. Mauritania has not ratified or notified any commitments under the Trade Facilitation Agreement – a win-win agreement for all, which contains numerous flexibilities to ensure better customs procedures in least developed countries. These are important matters for Mauritania, as evidenced by the fact that the country is currently investing in its customs procedures of its own accord.

3.27. I would like to close with a reference to the Diagnostic Trade Integration Study updated by Mauritania in 2016. The DTIS very appropriately points out the need to build on recent macroeconomic progress to break away from the current economic model based on unsustainable revenue from natural resources, and to adopt a strategy for inclusive green growth, based on fisheries, agriculture and services (including tourism). The DTIS concludes that profound changes in governance will be necessary in order to lift the constraints on diversification and growth.

Guinea

3.28. Guinea has introduced a number of reforms since its previous trade policy review in 2011. The 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan identifies four key pillars for the country's development, namely good governance, economic transformation, human capital, and natural capital. Although per capita income doubled between 2011 and 2014, serious challenges remain in reducing poverty levels and narrowing the sharp inequalities in wealth distribution.

3.29. Guinea has implemented macroeconomic policies that have enabled it to reign in the public deficit and limit its monetization, and gradually bring inflation under control, which fell from 21% in 2011 to 8% in 2016.

3.30. The Guinean economy is highly exposed to the external sector. Goods and services trade flows accounted for 74% of GDP in 2016. Export statistics do not record informal, undeclared transactions. The country still runs a high external deficit (33% of GDP in 2016), which fluctuates widely according to the price of mining products.

3.31. Two exogenous events severely affected Guinea during the review period:

 the terrible Ebola epidemic, which had a serious impact in human terms; and  at the economic level, the fall in mineral export prices.

3.32. Mining operations (essentially bauxite and gold) generate one sixth of GDP and three quarters of the country's export revenue. On the other hand, they make a very minor contribution to employment. The adoption of a new Mining Code in 2011 aims to increase the

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- 10 - transparency of mining contracts, boost public revenue and combat corruption. A noteworthy development is that Guinea was declared compliant with the standards of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2014. It is essential to ensure that mining profits are reinvested in the social development of local communities and the country as a whole.

3.33. Guinea's development potential in agriculture and fisheries is considerable, but only 25% of arable land is under cultivation. Agricultural exports are concentrated in a very limited number of products (coffee, cocoa and cashew nuts) and have experienced some measure of growth, albeit with wide fluctuations. Poor infrastructure is an impediment to both domestic distribution and exports.

3.34. Guinea has a 300-km long shoreline, but fishing has been hit very hard by overfishing and illegal fishing. Fish stock management measures need to be further developed.

3.35. Guinea's extensive water resources are an asset in terms of hydroelectric power generation. Sound management of the water system could turn Guinea into a major regional exporter of electricity.

3.36. Manufacturing is confined to a small number of enterprises that frequently require tariff protection and fail to generate enough exports to benefit the economy as a whole. Tourism is among the services where there is significant potential for development

3.37. I shall now turn to tariff issues. The average tariff rate of 12% has remained unchanged since the previous review. However, Guinea has bound only 40% of its tariff lines, and for 600 lines the applied rate exceeds the maximum bound rate. Guinea applies the ECOWAS common external tariff at ad valorem rates of zero, 5%, 10%, 20% and 35%.

3.38. Worthy of note are the high rates that have traditionally applied to some staple food products, such as flour, products of animal origin, fruit and vegetables. Food security does not depend only on domestic production but also on the ability to import at affordable prices. In this connection, it should be mentioned that innovations were introduced by the ECOWAS tariff, applied as of 2017, which corrects some of the anomalies that directly affected the cost of food.

3.39. Apart from ordinary customs duties, there are many non-tariff levies on imports as well as numerous customs fees and internal taxes at the border.

3.40. Guinea has not yet ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement, nor has it yet notified which commitments it might be in a position to undertake. On the domestic front, however, in 2015 the authorities adopted a new Customs Code, which provides for the electronic processing of certain documents. The IT system is undergoing changes, and the average stay of goods in customs has been reduced, once all the documents have been produced, from seven days in 2011 to three days in 2017. Efforts are also being made to apply risk analysis techniques and electronic management of all types of administrative procedure. In other words, this determination at domestic level to improve customs procedures should lead to a systematic and comprehensive effort to enhance the system, as would be the case if the Trade Facilitation Agreement were to be implemented. I believe that this review is a good opportunity to give thought to the matter.

3.41. On the financial side, I would like to emphasize that reform of the exchange system has helped to considerably reduce the black market exchange premium. On the other hand, there are still specific requirements to repatriate export earnings, which may discourage exporting through formal channels.

3.42. The new 2015 Investment Code aims to promote investment by streamlining procedures and creating a single window, although many different incentive schemes remain in effect. Public-private partnerships are also being introduced, and the privatization of some 15 State-owned enterprises is being encouraged. Although this goes without saying, it should be remembered that the best incentives for investment are institutional stability, the fight against corruption and good governance in general.

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3.43. I would also point out that the government procurement regime, with its complex institutional framework, largely relies on the award of contracts by direct negotiation.

3.44. There has been a surge in trade in services. On the other hand, further investment is needed in transport infrastructure so that transport services can fulfil their role in the country's development. Following the adoption of the texts implementing the 2017 Public-Private Partnership Law, more financing may be available for the modernization of the physical infrastructure and administration of the port of Conakry, whose obsolescence directly affects international and regional trade.

3.45. In a very positive development, progress has been made in terms of access to mobile telephony and mobile-based payment systems, with the ensuing access to services thus far restricted to the banking system. This is a source of dynamism that should be protected and encouraged.

3.46. I shall conclude by mentioning the increase in Guinea's participation in WTO technical assistance activities during the period under review. Greater involvement necessarily implies being up to date with the payment any outstanding contributions and a resumption of notifications. More active participation in the Organization should, of course, go hand in hand with stronger involvement in any type of aid-for-trade programme run by the WTO or by other institutions.

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4 STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS

CANADA

4.1. Canada is pleased to take part in the trade policy reviews of Mauritania and Guinea. We join other WTO Members in welcoming the two delegations to Geneva, and thank them for their contributions.

Mauritania

4.2. Canada commends Mauritania for achieving, since its previous trade policy review in 2011, four consecutive years of economic growth at 5-6% per year, driven in particular by major public investment in a new airport, the extension of the port of Nouakchott, and road infrastructure. Moreover, in spite of a sharp fall in world iron-ore prices in 2015, the most recent data from the International Monetary Fund indicate that Mauritania experienced real GDP growth of 3.2% in 2017.

4.3. Canada welcomes such performance and underscores the measures adopted by the authorities to enhance the business climate and diversify the national economy, inter alia by implementing the 2016-2030 Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity. Canada also commends Mauritania for maintaining macroeconomic stability, especially by eliminating most of its subsidies for energy consumption, purging the government payroll and rationalizing tax exemptions.

4.4. Canada also congratulates Mauritania for its major efforts in enhancing the business climate. According to the World Bank's Doing Business Report 2018, Mauritania has progressed in terms of business regulation since 2010, jumping from 165th to 150th place out of 190 countries.

4.5. According to the report by the World Economic Forum, however, Mauritania's performance in terms of competitiveness leaves much to be desired (133rd out of 137 countries reviewed in 2017-2018). Canada encourages Mauritania to try and address the main obstacles to doing business in the country, for example by improving access to financing and cutting red tape.

4.6. We take this opportunity to express Canada's interest in resuming talks with a view to concluding a foreign investment promotion and protection agreement, which would spell progress in deepening our relations and serve as a driving force for prosperity within our respective societies.

Guinea

4.7. Canada and Guinea have well-established trade relations and growth prospects are promising. Canadian investment in the extractive sector is one of the key economic levers in support of our trade.

4.8. Canada congratulates Guinea for the reforms undertaken over the period covered by its fourth trade policy review, which have contributed to improving the country's economic situation. In addition to having a wealth of natural resources, Guinea has created a positive momentum for reform underpinned by Guinea Vision 2040 and the 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan. The adoption of a new Mining Code, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector and the revival of hydroelectric power production have helped to enhance the attractiveness of the Guinean economy and will boost its diversification over the coming decades.

4.9. As regards ease of doing business, Guinea rose by ten points in the Doing Business Report 2018, ranking 153rd out of 190 countries. We welcome this improvement

4.10. On the other hand, we note that despite the resumption of growth, projected at 6.2% in 2018, advances on the social development front, particularly in reducing poverty and inequalities and in increasing social protection, remain limited. Canada encourages Guinea to pursue its efforts to generate more inclusive growth, especially in rural areas where women and

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- 13 - girls should have the means to realize their full potential; this will benefit their families and boost economic growth in their local communities.

4.11. In this connection, we welcome the agreement reached this past April by Guinea and the IMF on the first review of the economic policy and reform programme supported by a three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility, which aims to promote more inclusive growth and reduce poverty while preserving macroeconomic stability.

4.12. We also believe that in order to succeed, Guinea should continue to develop its human capital in order to respond more effectively to labour market needs.

4.13. In conclusion, we will continue to encourage respect for and the use of international institutions to promote good governance and transparency in the world of business and international trade. We wish the delegations of Mauritania and Guinea every success in this trade policy review and in their current reform endeavours. We shall follow with interest your ongoing integration into the global economic system.

CHINA

4.14. China is very pleased to note the recovery of the Guinean economy after the shock caused by the Ebola epidemic, with real GDP growth estimated at 6.6% in 2016 and 6.7% in 2017. In the same period, the introduction of the Trade Policy Action Programme and the implementation of measures aimed at reforming various sectors helped to revive economic growth, reduce poverty and increase employment opportunities. We encourage Guinea to further optimize its economy and achieve greater export diversification.

4.15. At the bilateral level, China is Guinea's second largest trading partner, with a volume of trade worth US$2.67 billion in 2017. China's cumulative investment in Guinea amounted to around US$2.3 billion in that same year. There is mutually beneficial Sino-Guinean cooperation in many areas such as agriculture, mining, electricity, infrastructure construction and industrial processing, which has strongly contributed to economic growth, increased employment and boosted export development.

4.16. We congratulate Mauritania for maintaining a 5-6% annual economic growth rate between 2011 and 2016, and for the ongoing reform measures to facilitate trade liberalization. We hope that Mauritania will continue to implement its Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity (SCAPP) 2016-2030 in order to achieve its objectives of strong economic growth and more effective poverty reduction with a view to sustainable development.

4.17. At the bilateral level, as Mauritania's second largest trading partner China accounted for US$1.65 billion worth of bilateral trade in 2017, and Chinese investment in Mauritania amounted to US$270 million in that same year. China is committed to extending its win-win cooperation with Mauritania in sectors such as the maritime economy, light manufacturing, mining, and constructions materials, in order to help the country enhance its capacity for self-development, expand its economy, improve the labour market, and increase exports.

4.18. China admires the contribution made by Guinea and Mauritania to the multilateral trading system, the more so because Guinea co-sponsored the MC11 Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation and Mauritania plays an active role in the Friends of Investment Facilitation for Development group. In order to learn more about developments in the two countries, China has submitted questions relating to their respective trade measures and would appreciate receiving replies in due course.

4.19. China and Africa have a time-honoured friendship. As a good friend and fellow country, and in the spirit of friendship, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusion advocated by President Xi Jinping, China is continuing to strengthen its mutual cooperation with Guinea and Mauritania in many areas, such as trade and investment, so that they can build their capacities for sustainable eco-social development.

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4.20. China has decided to organize the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, to be held this coming September, and has invited the African members, including Guinea and Mauritania, to take part, with a view to deepening the global strategic partnership between China and Africa, jointly driving the Belt and Road Initiative forward and building a human destiny community aimed at instilling positive energy into peace, stability and global development.

4.21. Today, unilateralism and protectionism are serious challenges facing the World Trade Organization. We urge all Members to work together to safeguard the multilateral trading system and defend its fundamental principles.

4.22. Lastly, I wish this review meeting every success.

EUROPEAN UNION

4.23. The European Union (EU) notes that both Guinea and Mauritania have made considerable progress since 2011.

4.24. During the period under review, Mauritania recorded steady economic growth (between 2011 and 2014), driven by high world prices for its main export products. After 2014, it succeeded in maintaining relative macroeconomic stability in spite of the fall in international iron-ore prices, which deepened the budget deficit. The authorities responded rapidly with fiscal rebalancing measures in 2016, eliminating certain subsidies for the consumption of diesel, butane gas and electricity, purging the government payroll and rationalizing tax exemptions.

4.25. Guinea introduced structural reforms to improve its business climate, in particular with the adoption of a new Investment Code and a new Mining Code, and investments that enabled the country to revive its hydroelectric power production. Economic activities picked up, and annual GDP growth rose to over 5% in 2011 and 2012, before gradually subsiding to 3.5% in 2015 owing to problems in the mining sector and the Ebola epidemic. With the end of the epidemic in 2016, mining activities resumed, and Guinea recorded economic growth of 6.6% in 2017.

4.26. The growth forecast for both countries could be improved, particularly by establishing active socio-economic development policies, strengthening good governance, and combating fraud and corruption. The EU notes the measures taken by the two countries to diversify their economies, but is of the view that the efforts made hitherto are inadequate and should be stepped up. The EU urges both countries to continue with their reforms to enhance the business environment.

4.27. As regards development cooperation in general, the EU has important relations with Guinea and Mauritania. Under the 10th and 11th European Development Fund for 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, the EU supports, inter alia, healthcare improvement in the two countries.

4.28. With regard to trade, the EU remains the largest trading partner of Guinea and Mauritania, which, as least developed countries (LDCs), enjoy duty- and quota-free access to the EU market under the "Everything but Arms" scheme.

4.29. Both countries have also been involved in the negotiations on the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the EU and 16 West African countries. Together with 12 other countries of the region, Guinea signed this regional EPA with the EU in December 2014. When it entered into an association agreement with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in August 2017, Mauritania reaffirmed its interest in the EU-West Africa EPA.

4.30. The EU encourages Mauritania and Guinea to further deepen their regional economic integration and to join in the work of ECOWAS. In order for businesses, especially small and medium businesses, to benefit from an integrated regional market, it is crucial that the two countries also undertake ambitious domestic reforms to thoroughly and sustainably improve the business climate.

4.31. At the multilateral level, the EU invites Guinea and Mauritania to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement and to work on preparing their Category B and C commitments. The EU notes the

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- 15 - modernization of customs administration following the introduction of the ASYCUDA WORLD automated customs system in Mauritania in 2016 and in Guinea in 2017. We encourage both countries to take this process further.

4.32. We also invite the two countries to pursue their efforts to notify their trade policy measures to the WTO, including those relating to technical barriers to trade and domestic support for agricultural production.

4.33. As regards intellectual property rights, the EU encourages Guinea and Mauritania to ratify the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement.

4.34. The EU has submitted a few questions to Guinea and Mauritania. Of particular interest to us are the publication of the 2017 Customs Code (in the case of Mauritania), government procurement legislation (in the case of Guinea), and the energy sector reforms.

4.35. On behalf of the EU, I welcome this constructive exchange of views and wish Guinea and Mauritania every success throughout this review of their trade policies.

BRAZIL

4.36. Brazil commends Guinea for the measures adopted under the National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES) that have impacted positively the national economy, and contributed to improvements on several indicators, such as the reduction of inflation, the downward trend on unemployment rate and the GDP growth of 6.6% in 2016.

4.37. Regarding trade, Brazil notes the strong growth of meat imports in recent years, but regrets the sharp increase in the corresponding customs duties - from 20% in 2011 to an average of 35% in 2017 – as a result of the adoption of the ECOWAS Common External Tariff. An added matter of concern derives from high levels of informality in the local economy: as a result, the value added tax is collected mostly on imported meat, creating a de facto discrimination between local and imported products.

4.38. Bilateral trade relations are very modest but have potential for growth. Brazilian exports to Guinea are basically made up of sugar and poultry while imports are mainly composed of bauxite, natural rubber and methanol. There are certainly opportunities for diversification.

4.39. As for Mauritania, Brazil commends the measures taken by the Government with the aim of maintaining macroeconomic stability, reducing inflation, encouraging private investment, and stimulating investment in the economy. We also note improvements in the country's infrastructure, including the construction of a new international airport, the expansion of the Port of Nouakchott and the construction of 4.000 km of roads.

4.40. On the trade front, we note that more than 10% of tariffs are applied at a level higher than that bound in the WTO. Also, Mauritania seems to discriminate between national and imported goods. Specifically in the case of sugar, a product of high importance to Brazil, a consumption tax of 7.5% is levied on imports of lump and powdered sugar, while the local products are exempt.

4.41. The bilateral trade flows are equally modest but can grow. In recent years, exports included mostly sugar, wheat and electrical appliances, and three EMBRAER aircraft. Imports, on their part, varied from year to year, including telephone sets and ovine skins. Our two countries can explore additional opportunities for diversification.

4.42. Let me conclude by wishing the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania a successful Trade Policy Review.

UNITED STATES

4.43. Both Guinea and Mauritania have faced challenges over the review period caused by the global decline in commodity prices earlier this decade, and Guinea also had to deal with the scourge of the Ebola epidemic. We are pleased to see that both have rebounded and are on a

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- 16 - trajectory of steady economic growth. Both Governments have worked to move up in the World Bank Ease of Doing Business rankings, undertaking reforms in a number of areas such as streamlining customs procedures. However, neither government has ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement nor have they submitted Category A, B, or C notifications. The TFA provides for fundamental customs reforms that can spur trade flows, which in turn encourages investment. We urge both Governments to follow through in order to reap those advantages.

4.44. We see some similarities in the issues and experiences reflected in the two countries' reviews. Guinea is participating in the common external tariff of the Economic Community of West African States, or ECOWAS, as Mauritania has committed to do so as part of its Association Agreement with ECOWAS. We strongly support deeper regional integration among African nations, given the importance and benefits of achieving greater scale through such cooperation. Our companies have indicated that such initiatives make the region a more attractive place to invest and do business. We note that both Guinea and Mauritania have only bound a low percentage of their tariff lines in the WTO, which contributes to an environment of business uncertainty. Also, as the Secretariat has noted, the countries are applying numerous customs duties that exceed their bound rates. In addition, both governments are applying other duties and charges in contravention of their bindings. We look to the Governments to remedy this situation and suggest they work with the Secretariat as needed to do so. We also look forward to learning details on how the countries will implement the Kigali Decision, and encourage the use of non-trade measures to fund African Union activities. It is the view of the United States that excessive reliance on imports as a source of government and administrative revenue can choke off trade, investment, and development.

4.45. Both governments have ratified a number of WIPO treaties. We understand Mauritania has ratified the 2015 Bangui Agreement and encourage Guinea to do so as well. We call on both governments to notify the WTO of their legislation on intellectual property rights, to ratify the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement, and to designate a contact point under Article 69 of the TRIPS Agreement. We would also ask both Governments to consider ways to improve enforcement of intellectual property rights domestically, such as through increasing public awareness and improving border controls.

4.46. The notification requirements of the WTO serve an important function in promoting transparency, which in turn fosters a more hospitable investment climate. The Secretariat noted that Guinea has never submitted a notification on import licensing even though the government of Guinea subjects all merchandise imports to an automatic license for statistical purposes. The Guinean government could remedy this by submitting its Annual Questionnaire Notification to the Import Licensing Committee.

4.47. The Government of Mauritania has failed to notify almost anything pursuant to its WTO obligations for the last 16 years, including with respect to import licensing, technical standards, agriculture, state trading enterprises, and intellectual property. Secretariat capacity building training would help remediate the situation, but Mauritania is not eligible due to its arrears in its membership contributions to the WTO. We can appreciate that Mauritania is resource-constrained but the return on investment from fuller participation in the WTO could be significant for the country. Meeting the WTO's transparency requirements should be a fundamental part of Mauritania's strategy to become a more attractive place to invest and do business.

4.48. The Secretariat report makes brief mention of Mauritania strengthening a law criminalizing "bonded labor." While this was a positive development, my Government, along with a number of other Governments and international organizations, has indicated to the Mauritanian government that it needs to make further reforms in this area. There is no place for modern slavery in the 21st century.

4.49. In closing, the United States wishes to acknowledge the advances and reforms made by both the Mauritanian and Guinean Governments during the review period notwithstanding a number of challenges. We commend their efforts at deeper integration with the West African region and within the Continent as a whole. As we have noted, much work remains, such as in meeting their transparency commitments in the WTO and in meeting their obligations relating to WTO tariff bindings. We look forward to working with them on these and other areas. Finally, we offer Guinea and Mauritania our best wishes for a successful TPR.

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ARGENTINA

4.50. The Argentine Republic notes that Guinea introduced reforms during the review period that helped to improve its economic situation. Among the points worthy of emphasis are the adoption of a new Mining Code, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector, and the revival of hydroelectric power production. Guinea also succeeded in bringing the inflation rate down from 21% in 2011 to 8% in 2016.

4.51. We would further emphasize that since 2011 Guinea has undertaken various reforms to improve the country's business climate. We hope that the adoption of a new Investment Code will streamline and facilitate formalities thanks to the new single window mechanism.

4.52. On the other hand, Argentina is somewhat concerned that the contribution of fisheries to the Guinean economy has significantly diminished since 2011, owing in particular to overfishing of several fish species, structural weaknesses, and a lack of investment in sustainable fisheries. We trust that this review of Guinea's trade policies will help to clarify this issue and other points of interest to Members.

4.53. Trade relations have been strengthened in recent years. In 2017, total bilateral trade reached US$15.9 million. Argentine exports to Guinea rose by 14.4% in that year, and Argentina imported US$15.2 million worth of liquid natural gas from Guinea. We hope that trade between our countries will continue to increase.

4.54. As regards Mauritania's trade policy review, we highlight the country's steady annual growth at 5-6% since 2011. Despite the decline in world iron-ore prices, Mauritania managed to maintain a certain macroeconomic stability, narrow the budget deficit by almost 3 percentage points in two years, and bring inflation down to less than half over the period 2011-2017.

4.55. Argentina also notes that Mauritania has modernized and simplified its goods import and export mechanism since 2011. Customs clearance times have been reduced thanks to the adoption of the ASYCUDA WORLD automated customs system in January 2016. That same year also saw the simplification of procedures for the banking domiciliation of imports and exports.

4.56. Turning to agricultural matters, Argentina is paying close attention to the application of higher bound rates to certain products, such as coffee, tea, maté, spices, cereals, alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. We are especially concerned about the implementation of the common external tariff of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS), set for 2019; this would lead to increases for close to 40% of agricultural tariff lines.

4.57. Bilateral trade with Mauritania is marked by strong fluctuations, especially where Argentine exports are concerned. There were peaks of US$37.6 million in 2012, for example, followed by a low point of US$738,000 in 2015. We are confident that the coming years will bring a sustained increase in bilateral trade between Argentina and Mauritania.

4.58. Lastly, while reiterating our appreciation of this renewed opportunity to exchange information and comments on the trade policies and practices of Guinea and Mauritania, we would like to draw attention once again to the importance of this exercise in transparency (for which we have submitted questions to both Members) from every point of view, and to wish the Guinean and Mauritanian authorities a successful conclusion to this review.

JAPAN

Guinea

General affairs

4.59. According to the Secretariat report, during the review period, Guinea introduced various initiatives to improve the economic situation which resulted in a steady growth in GDP. Although, in 2015, the Ebola outbreak caused brought about severe socio-economic damage to Guinea, the country established the Post-Ebola Recovery (Emergency) Plan and the Economic and Social

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Development National Plan (2016-2020) and, based on those national strategies, is now making efforts to promote its economy, particularly taking advantage of its abundant natural resources.

Trade policies

4.60. Now let me briefly touch upon its trade policies. According to the Secretariat report, during the review period, Guinea's activities in the WTO, in particular through participation in technical assistance activities, have significantly increased. With regard to maintaining its trade policies transparent, although the number of notifications is still not enough, we have seen improvement which Japan commends.

Customs duties

4.61. With regard to the tariff rate, Japan is concerned with its tariff escalation, which results in high tariff rates on final products. In addition, we are also concerned with its complicated tariff system which is likely to discourage our exporters and importers to develop trade between Guinea and Japan. Hence, we urge Guinea to take measures which enhance transparency in its tariff system, for example, by distributing materials clearly, it explains the system to importers and exporters.

4.62. Moreover, we are concerned with the fact that the applied rates exceed the bound rates on about 600 tariff lines. We would like to request Guinea to elaborate how Guinea plans to improve this situation in the future.

Other issues

4.63. In general, Japan positively evaluates the progress in the computerization of customs procedures. However, if you see in detail, there still remain cases where a detailed customs declaration is required together with a whole range of documents. We would like to encourage Guinea to continue its efforts on improving customs procedures and to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement.

Mauritania

General affairs

4.64. Now, let me move on to the statement to Mauritania.

4.65. According to the Secretariat report, while Mauritania has accomplished stable economic growth of 5 to 6% each year since the previous review in 2011, tremendous gaps of income and wealth have been crucial problems to be addressed. Japan is aware that the Government of Mauritania is now undertaking financial reconstruction with the assistance of related international organizations. We hope that the Mauritanian efforts will accomplish a more steady economic growth resulting in forming the middle class which play a central role of its society and economy.

Trade policies

4.66. Now to briefly touch upon its trade policies. Although Mauritania is an original member country of the WTO, since 2002, we have not heard any notifications from Mauritania, with very few exceptions. Japan requests Mauritania to comply with the notification obligations under the WTO agreements.

4.67. Similar to Guinea, according to the secretariat report, Mauritania allows the applied rates to exceed the bound rates on about 600 tariff lines, which Japan is concerned with. Japan requests Mauritania to elaborate how it plans to improve this situation in the future.

4.68. With regard to customs procedures, we positively evaluate Mauritanian efforts on the computerization and simplification of custom procedures. However, we think that there is still room for improvement with regard to transparency. For example, there are no websites for custom

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- 19 - procedures I order for importers and exporters to obtain relevant information. We expect Mauritania to make efforts in this area.

4.69. In the fishery industry which is one of the major industries of Mauritania, Japan appreciates that Mauritania adopts international regulations on IUU fishery and undertakes proper fishery resource management.

4.70. In conclusion, I would like to express our strong wish to continue our cooperation with Guinea and Mauritania. We wish Guinea and Mauritania successful and productive TPRs.

THAILAND

4.71. With regard to Guinea's trade policy, Thailand welcomes Guinea's consistent efforts in improving its economic situation by undertaking reforms in several areas since 2011 such as the exchange system, investment, public-private partnerships, and the financial supervision of public companies. Thailand commends Guinea for facilitating export procedures by the creation of a single window. The adoption of a new Mining Code, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector, and the revival of hydroelectric power generation all helped to improve the attractiveness of the Guinean economy.

4.72. Turning to Mauritania, Thailand welcomes the commendable performance of Mauritania's economy since its last Trade Policy Review. Mauritania has experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year, driven by the high world prices for its main export products, which is iron ore, and massive public investment in the new airport. Mauritania has managed to maintain a certain macroeconomic stability in spite of the fall in world iron ore prices.

4.73. Thailand is pleased to learn that Mauritania's goods import and export mechanism has been modernized and simplified since 2011, and customs clearance has been improved with the adoption of the Automated Customs System ASYCUDA WORLD. In addition, the mandatory preshipment inspection programme was abolished in 2014. These efforts reduce the import and export documentation required, and overall, the procedures were simplified.

4.74. In 2017, total trade value between Thailand and Guinea was US$20.2 million and between Thailand and Mauritania was US$18.14 million. Although the bilateral trade with the two countries is still relatively small, there is trade potential that can be explored. For trade with Guinea, such potential may exist in beverages, rice, sacks, and bags. While rice, floor covering, pineapples, and octopus can be considered potential trade with Mauritania.

4.75. Moreover, Thailand would like to encourage both countries to ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in order to reap the full benefits of the TFA.

4.76. In the fourth Trade Policy Review of Guinea, Thailand submitted a few questions covering the measures of our interests such as licenses to engage in financial services, the promotion of the exports of mangoes and financial services. We thank Guinea in advance for the written responses.

4.77. In conclusion, we wish Guinea and Mauritania a successful Trade Policy Review.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

4.78. Korea has developed a stable and sound economic relationship with Guinea and Mauritania. Even though the trade volume overall is not large, in general bilateral trade has been gradually expanding. For Guinea, bilateral trade reached US$92.3 million in 2017 up from US$53.5 million in 2011 when the last Guinea TPR was conducted. Over the review period, annual trade volume hit a record high of US$780.8 million in 2014. As for Mauritania, bilateral trade reached US$31 million up from US$19.8 million in 2011 when the last TPR was conducted. Korea hopes economic partnerships with both Guinea and Mauritania will continue to expand and develop in the future.

4.79. Let me now turn to the overall performance of the Guinean economy. As the Secretariat's report noted, the Guinean Government has introduced a number of reforms to improve its economic situation such as the adoption of a new mining Code and the revival of hydro-electric

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- 20 - power generation. Thanks to these efforts, the annual GDP growth rate surged to over 5% in 2011 up from less than 2% in 2010. Even though problems in the mining sector and the Ebola epidemic in 2015 undermined the continuous improvement of the Guinean economy, Korea would like to encourage the Guinean Government to continue pushing ahead with its reform policies to promote trade and revitalize its economy. In this regard, Korea urges Guinea to promptly ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement for the simplification, modernization and harmonization of its export and import processes.

4.80. On the other hand, the Mauritanian economy, as the Secretariat's report noted, has continued to perform well over the review period. The economy has maintained a steady growth rate of 5-6% annually and average per capita income has continued to raise reaching US$1,500 in 2014. Korea would like to extend its congratulations to Mauritania for achieving such a remarkable development during the review period and hopes the Mauritanian Government will continue to make efforts to boost its economy and expand trade. Having said that, as the Secretariat's report pointed out, it is regrettable that Mauritania's participation in the WTO was limited during the review period. Korea urges Mauritania to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement and Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement in the near future. Korea believes that active participation in the WTO will enable Mauritania to continue its pursuit towards economic prosperity.

4.81. My delegation has submitted, albeit somewhat late, our written questions to Guinea regarding its policy on the fishery sector. We look forward to receiving a reply in due course.

4.82. I am pleased to note that three new young candidates for future diplomats in the Korean delegation have joined our meeting and are observing our discussions here today. I am sure that this will be a unique and impressive experience for them and that they will continue to watch the efforts of Guinea and Mauritania for facilitating trade, increasing investment, and enhancing their overall economic environment in a sustainable manner.

4.83. Korea looks forward to cooperating with Guinea and Mauritania to enhance opportunities for trade and investment in the future.

4.84. In closing, we would like to express our sincere appreciation once again to the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania for their hard work and wish them every success in this TPR. Thank you.

SINGAPORE

Guinea

4.85. Singapore's total bilateral trade with Guinea amounted to S$13.82 million in 2017. We also saw an increase in visitor arrivals from Guinea.4 We welcome this increase and believe there is potential for deeper bilateral economic relations.

4.86. During the period under review, Guinea introduced several reforms that have helped to improve its business climate. This includes the adoption of a new mining code, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector, and the revival of hydro-electric power generation. While the Ebola epidemic hampered growth during the period of 2015-2016, we note that the mining and agricultural sectors have since recovered. We are encouraged by Guinea's introduction of reforms to improve its economy and hope it will continue these efforts to ensure sustained future economic growth.

4.87. We note that Guinea has yet to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and that there are still outstanding notifications. We encourage Guinea to address these as soon as possible. We further note that Guinea has not ratified the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement, which could give it better access to lower cost medicines; we urge Guinea to do so. We wish Guinea every success in its Fourth Trade Policy Review.

4 A 73.5% increase from 2016.

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Mauritania

4.88. Turning to Mauritania, trade flows between Singapore and Mauritania, albeit modest, saw healthy growth in 2017.5 We welcome this positive trend. Singapore's top exports to Mauritania include non-aerated beverages and lubricating oils, and our top imports from Mauritania include aircraft and other machine parts.

4.89. Since its last TPR in 2011, Mauritania has experienced several years of steady economic growth at about 5-6% per year. This is due in part to increase investments in public infrastructure, as well as the modernisation and simplification of Mauritania's goods import and export mechanism that has helped to reduce clearance times. Considerable work has been done to improve Mauritania's business environment, including through the adoption of a code of property rights and a law on public-private partnerships. We note that Mauritania has also launched efforts to reform its fiscal policy and strengthen its tax administration. We welcome these developments and encourage Mauritania to continue in this direction.

4.90. Moving forward, we urge Mauritania to ratify the TFA and the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement as soon as possible, as well as to submit its outstanding notifications, including on technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

4.91. Finally, we wish Mauritania a very successful Third Trade Policy Review.

INDIA

4.92. Guinea has abundant natural resources with about one-third of world's Bauxite reserves besides being rich in diamond, gold, minerals, hydroelectric power and agriculture. During the period under review the GDP growth rate of Guinea stood at 3.5% in 2015. The country also faces challenges which include addressing poverty, socio-economic indicators, epidemics and diversifying the economy which remains heavily depending on mining resources. We commend the Government of Guinea for the efforts it has been making to address these challenges including reforms in mining sector, targeted agricultural measures and re-energising the hydropower sector under its National Economic and Social Development Plan.

4.93. Since the last review in 2011, Mauritania has experienced steady economic growth of 5 to 6%. The average per capita income also reached US$1500 in 2014. However, the country also faces challenges including addressing the unequal distribution of wealth, poverty, improving human development indices and diversifying the economy. We appreciate the continued efforts of the Government of Mauritania for promoting growth and development which include attracting investment, developing infrastructure, sectoral reforms and initiatives in sectors like mining, fisheries, agriculture and tourism.

4.94. India shares close and friendly relations with Guinea and Mauritania. Our bilateral trade with Guinea stood at around US$873 million and with Mauritania at US$77 million in 2017. There is considerable potential to promote trade between India and both countries in sectors like automobiles, textiles, pharmaceuticals, machinery, metals, minerals and iron and steel. Indian companies are also exploring investment opportunities in manufacturing, mining and agriculture.

4.95. India is assisting both countries for socio-economic development. The following lines of credit have been extended to Guinea:

 Line of Credit USD 28.51 million through ECOWAS Bank for importing 100 buses from India (US$8.1 million).

 An LOC of US$20 million for rehabilitation and extension of the electricity networks in Guinea.

4.96. The following lines of credit have also been extended to Mauritania:

5 Trade flows increased by 5.3% from 2016 to 2017.

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 US$15 million for development of agro-industries.

 US$6.8 million for a drinking water project.

4.97. Besides these India also has a number of projects in the countries under the PAN-African initiatives for assistance. During the third India-Africa Summit our Prime Minister announced a comprehensive development assistance plan for all the African countries over the next five years which include US$10 billion in LOCs; US$600 million as grant assistance and US$100 million through India-Africa Development Assistance Fund. India has been extending lines of credit to countries in Africa for projects in areas of infrastructure development, agriculture, irrigation, transport, health, power and information technology. An excellent example of our cooperation with Africa is the PAN-African E-network Project for tele-education and tele-medicine which symbolises India's commitment to transfer skills and technology to address the digital divide. For capacity building in human resources, India has announced 50,000 scholarships in the next five years under various programmes including for students and professionals under the India Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme.

4.98. India has also always been a supporter of special dispensation for LDCs and provides 98.2% tariff lines as duty free or preferential access to LDCs with applicable tariff on all cotton lines at zero.

4.99. To conclude, we look forward to working closely with the authorities of Guinea and Mauritania for further expanding and harnessing the potential of our trade and investment ties for mutual benefit. We wish the delegation of Guinea and Mauritania a productive and successful TPR.

SENEGAL

4.100. My delegation endorses the statements made by the African, LDC, ACP and ECOWAS Groups.

4.101. The delegation of Senegal commends the Mauritanian Government for its systematic efforts to improve the country's economic and financial environment.

4.102. These led to a 5-6% rate of growth for five consecutive years, driven in particular by export products, including iron ore, and large-scale investment in airport, port and road infrastructure.

4.103. It should also be emphasized that macroeconomic stability was maintained, which kept the budget deficit under control. In addition, important measures were taken in the agricultural and livestock sectors, efforts were made to improve services infrastructure, and the decision was taken to open up telecommunications to competition.

4.104. The Islamic Republic of Mauritania has also simplified and modernized its goods import and export procedures since 2011. These efforts began to bear fruit with the reduction in the import and export documentation required.

4.105. The further efforts under way to achieve the structural transformation and diversification of the Mauritanian economy should be consolidated. The delegation of Senegal remains confident in this regard and encourages the authorities of this fellow country to pursue the work they have already begun.

4.106. Relations between Mauritania and Senegal span several centuries and are diversified, nurtured as they are by history, geographical location, and not only spiritual, religious and cultural ties but also political, economic and social links between our two peoples.

4.107. Both countries have strengthened and consolidated their bilateral relations, particularly in the energy sector, with the Intergovernmental Cooperation Agreement (ACI) concerning exploitation of the Greater Tortue/Ahmeyin (GTA) unitized offshore gas field.

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4.108. As regards the Republic of Guinea, since the last trade policy review the Guinean economy has recorded remarkable performance at the macroeconomic as well as the sectoral level, with a 3.5% growth rate in 2015, in spite of the Ebola epidemic and the crisis that affected the mining sector.

4.109. The major reforms undertaken by the Guinean authorities have significantly contributed to improve the country's economic situation, leading to a reduction in debt service and internal and external debt levels, with inflation falling from 21% in 2011 to 8% in 2016.

4.110. The delegation of Senegal is convinced that by pressing on with these efforts Guinea will succeed in improving its socio-economic indicators and in raising the population's living standards.

4.111. The Guinean economy relies heavily on the mining sector, with bauxite, gold, iron and diamonds accounting for approximately 95% of its goods and services export earnings, which makes the country vulnerable to world raw material prices and endogenous factors. Hence the need for greater economic diversification.

4.112. Guinea undoubtedly has very significant potential in sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture. It also possesses natural resources that could contribute to the development of these sectors, as well as the energy sector.

4.113. At the bilateral level, Guinea and Senegal have strong historical, cultural, economic and trade ties. Both countries belong to several subregional organizations, in which their cooperation is exemplary. This is the case within the Gambia River Basin Development Organization (OMVG), the Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS), and ECOWAS. Trade is intensive and diversified, and constitutes the social cement that binds our two populations, who are, in fact, a single people.

4.114. To conclude, the delegation of Senegal encourages the Republic of Guinea and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to pursue their economic diversification, structural transformation and industrialization efforts, and invites all partners to support their objectives in terms of development, job creation and raising living standards for the populations of these two fellow countries.

4.115. The delegation of Senegal commends Mr Aly Diané, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Guinea, Ms Salka Menthe Bilal Yamar, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Mauritania in Geneva, and their respective staff, for the excellent work done in Geneva.

4.116. Senegal wishes the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the Republic of Guinea a successful review of their trade policies.

KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA ON BEHALF OF THE ARAB GROUP

4.117. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is pleased to participate in the Trade Policy Review of Mauritania and Guinea and welcome the entire delegation of both countries.

4.118. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia commends Mauritania and Guinea for overcoming their daunting challenges and keeping their economy open even in difficult times

4.119. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia welcomes the reforms undertaken by Mauritania in the areas of trade, customs, investment, and combating corruption. The privatization process along with policies and laws used to foster competition in the bidding process for government contracts are to be applauded.

4.120. When it comes to Guinea, despite the Ebola crisis and the low commodity price shocks that adversely affected its economy in 2014 and 2015. The Guinean economy grew by 6.6% in 2016 and 6.7% in 2017, mainly due to growth from bauxite mining and thermal energy generation as well as the resiliency of the agricultural and infrastructure sectors.

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4.121. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia commends the Government of Guinea for launching a proactive drive to reform its 2040 Vision for the country and for its National Economic and Social Development Plan (2016–2020).

4.122. Saudi Arabia and Mauritania enjoy fraternal relations and excellent bilateral cooperation at political, economic and scientific levels and enhance efforts to promote cooperation in trade and investment in the area of infrastructure, mining, agriculture and fisheries.

4.123. There is also a strong foundation for an excellent trade relationship between Guinea and the Saudi Arabia. Both countries look forward to building on that foundation and fostering even better ties through trade and investment opportunities.

4.124. In conclusion, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia trusts that the resilient economic policies and growth-enhancing reforms adopted by both Mauritania and Guinea will continue to support the improvement of their economic performance and promote human, social and environmental development.

4.125. We wish a very successful Trade Policy Review for both Mauritania and Guinea.

MOROCCO

4.126. Morocco endorses the statements made by South Africa on behalf of the African Group and by Saudi Arabia on behalf of the Arab Group.

4.127. The review of the trade policies of Guinea and Mauritania is a prime opportunity for all WTO Members seeking to make trade more open and, above all, more equitable and inclusive, and we welcome the two countries' engagement in this review.

4.128. The Kingdom of Morocco congratulates the Government of Guinea for its structural reforms, incentive measures and initiatives, which enhanced the economy's attractiveness during the period under review, and for ensuring that the budget deficit had all but disappeared in 2016, despite the sharp fall in world prices of raw material exports.

4.129. It is remarkable to note that the country has managed to achieve strong agricultural export growth as a result of the guidance and incentive measures introduced.

4.130. Morocco commends Guinea for its commitment to transparency, as evidenced by the latter's new mining legislation.

4.131. The Guinean economy's attractiveness is also boosted by the country's commitment to trade liberalization and economic integration in the framework of its bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral relations.

4.132. Morocco values its special relationship with this fellow country, particularly at the economic and technical levels – a relationship to which the two countries' public and private sectors provide an active and coordinated contribution in a number of areas that include the banking, agri-food and mining sectors.

4.133. Guinea's development potential in agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture is considerable.

4.134. The contribution of fisheries to the national economy has significantly diminished since the last trade policy review in 2011. We hope that the ongoing negotiations on fisheries subsidies will result in a legal instrument that ensures substantial technical and financial assistance and renewed interest in Guinean waters on the part of trading partners.

4.135. Guinea's extensive waterways are also an exceptional asset which the country is beginning to exploit for hydroelectric power production.

4.136. There has been a surge in telecommunication services since the relevant regulations were improved.

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4.137. On the other hand, transport infrastructure needs further investment and support from the international community so that transport services can better fulfil their role in the country's development.

4.138. We encourage investors and development partners to capture the opportunities offered by the Guinean economy.

4.139. Morocco wishes Guinea every success in this review of its trade policies.

4.140. Mauritania experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year in the period following its second trade policy review in 2011, as a result, among other things, of substantial public investment, which has more than doubled since 2011-2012, not to mention the tax and customs concessions granted to exporting enterprises.

4.141. Mauritania has managed to maintain macroeconomic stability in spite of the fall in world prices of iron ore, which is one of its leading export products.

4.142. We congratulate Mauritania for its performance and its reforms, especially the modernization and simplification of its goods import and export mechanism and the new legislation aimed at increasing the transparency of government procurement.

4.143. Mauritania signed an Association Agreement with ECOWAS in September 2017, thus affirming its commitment to trade liberalization and economic integration.

4.144. Although Mauritania, like several other developing countries, faces the challenges of food security and resource sustainability, its economy has considerable potential.

4.145. Morocco has believed in this potential for decades. Thus, 17 years ago, Moroccan operators began to invest in promising sectors, such as telecommunications.

4.146. Several other areas, renewable energy in particular, offer promising prospects.

4.147. Morocco wishes Mauritania every success in this review of its trade policies

TURKEY

4.148. Turkey's vision with regard to its relations with Africa is a partnership approach for mutual development. In this respect, Turkey has a special attention towards the development of the African continent and collaborates with its African partners for this purpose, wherever it is possible.

4.149. Within this perspective, we would like to share, first, our comments with regard to the trade policy review of Guinea.

4.150. The detailed and comprehensive reports prepared for this review as well as today's presentations have highlighted huge economic potential of Guinea. They show that vast natural resources and advantageous geographic location provide ample opportunities for Guinea's economy.

4.151. Although there are major challenges impeding this potential, we see it exists a solid ground for ensuring faster and sustainable economic growth in the country. Despite interrupted by Ebola epidemic and declining commodity prices, average annual growth rate for the last five years realized as 5% and economic activities have been recovered soon after Ebola disaster. We also notice that inflation rate was also reduced in review period, from 21% in 2011 to 8% in 2016. The role of structural reforms has been vital for achieving this economic growth.

4.152. However, we also witness that the persistence of macroeconomic challenges are ongoing. In addition to the others, we observe the rise in external current account deficit, from 17% of GDP in 2011 to 33% in 2016. This figure shows that there is urgent need for crafting creative policies to reinvigorate commercial activities in the country.

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4.153. In this context, we see that, aligned with regional and international development agendas, the 2016-2020 National Economic and Social Development Plan of Guinea already diagnoses existing challenges and drafts strategic framework for the country. The plan outlines main recipes against the shocks in international trade, especially against fluctuations in global commodity prices.

4.154. Taking into account its high share in the GDP, a special focus for policies should be on agriculture, which is main driver of job creation and economic growth. Investment projects in hydroelectricity sector will be pivotal to develop the sector in this regard.

4.155. In this context, in investment architecture, we note with satisfaction that a number of reforms and new policies were adopted during the review period and upon entry of new Investment Code, an investment promotion agency has been entitled. We view that continuation of those reforms for fuelling investments will amplify production capacity in mining, energy and agriculture sectors. The policies towards enhancement of the capacity of private sector will also be complementary in this regard.

4.156. We believe that the WTO can provide a sustainable path for further development of Guinea's economy. In this context, Guinea's increasing participation in the WTO technical assistance programmes in review period shows how Guinea embraces the values of multilateral trading system.

4.157. In line with this recognition, Turkey also believes that easing trade procedures, simplifying tax system and enhanced customs entry programme will also be stepping stone for well- functioning of foreign trade activities. In this regard, we believe that trade facilitation agreement can contribute the improvement of overall system.

4.158. As regards to bilateral relations between Turkey and Guinea, the relationship has been strengthened in recent years. The trade volume between Turkey and Guinea has been growing significantly over the last years and increased more than seven times since 2005. Based on investment treaty between our countries, Turkish companies also stimulated their investments in Guinea, especially in the fields of energy and construction.

4.159. Turkey will continue to work closely with Guinea bilaterally, and as a close partner here at the WTO and we wish the entire delegation here the best of success in this trade policy review.

4.160. We would also like to share our remarks with regard to the trade policy review of Mauritania.

4.161. We observe with satisfaction that, during the review period, Mauritania has maintained an average annual economic growth rate of more than 5%, as well as a relatively stable macroeconomic environment with reduced budgetary deficit and decreased inflation rate.

4.162. Despite the decline in commodity prices in recent years, the steady growth rate and macroeconomic stability in Mauritania, to large extent has been based on a reform-minded economy policy, including budgetary discipline, strong monetary policy, new regulations on commerce, investments, banking and government procurement, modernization of customs and big infrastructure projects.

4.163. Especially, we commend the implementation of the automated customs clearance system in 2016, as well as the simplification of customs procedures and documentation, which is in line with the spirit of the Trade Facilitation Agreement. We believe that the ratification and full application of Trade Facilitation Agreement will further improve the business-friendly environment in Mauritania.

4.164. We also believe that the recent reintegration of Mauritania with ECOWAS has been a positive step both for developing and diversifying trade flows of Mauritania, and for strengthening the economic ties among West African countries.

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4.165. The positive economic environment during the review period has contributed to the increase of foreign direct investments and exports of Mauritania, as well as to reducing poverty and improving economic welfare in the country. The reduction of the poverty rate, down to 31% of the population in 2014 from 45% in 2008, and 17% increase of per capita income in purchasing power parity during the review period according to the World Bank data, is good examples about the benefits of the reform process in the country.

4.166. Against this background, the need for diversification from a mining and commodity dependent to a more balanced structure between manufacture, agriculture and services is the main remaining challenge of Mauritanian economy.

4.167. We are confident that continued investment in infrastructure, especially in electricity generation and grid, as well as in road transport will further improve the business environment and further increase the foreign direct investments in the country in many sectors. Also, the continuation of budgetary discipline, effective monetary policy and open trade and investment regime, will help to alleviate the burden of the external debt and current account deficit on the economy, while improving the access to finance by the private sector.

4.168. In this regard, we believe that continuation of the reform process will further strengthen the Mauritanian economy and improve the wellbeing of the population.

4.169. As part of Turkey's special attention vis-à-vis its relations with African countries, our bilateral economic ties with Mauritania is being steadily strengthened, and our bilateral trade volume increased more than three-fold during the review period, having developed in a balanced way.

4.170. We are also satisfied by the increasing interest of Turkish investors in fisheries and mining in Mauritania.

4.171. To further develop our bilateral ties in an institutional framework, some seven bilateral agreements have been signed in last February, during the visit of our President to Nouakchott (Nuakşot), including cooperation agreements in several fields, as well as a bilateral investment agreement. We also look forward to conclude a bilateral preferential trade agreement soon with Mauritania.

4.172. We will continue to cooperate closely with our Mauritanian colleagues both in bilateral and multilateral platforms and we wish Mauritania a very successful Trade Policy Review.

CHAD

4.173. Chad endorses the statements made by the Central African Republic on behalf of the LDC Group and South Africa on behalf of the African Group.

4.174. Chad values the WTO's engagement in supporting the work done by Mauritania and Guinea in recent years to create conditions conducive to the development of trade and investment, so as to ensure sustainable development for both countries.

4.175. My delegation commends Mauritania and Guinea for their considerable efforts, notably in regularly updating their schedules of commitments, acceding to several regional and multilateral agreements, binding their tariff lines, strengthening the necessary legal and institutional framework for coherent and sound policy-making, and diversifying in terms of goods and export markets.

4.176. All of this helps to strengthen the transparency and predictability of their trade regimes, their economies and the multilateral trading system.

4.177. Chad welcomes Mauritania's vision regarding the key strategic pillars of its overall policy, which include strengthening the foundations of the State and improving public governance; building a competitive economy that generates growth; developing human resources; and broadening access to basic services.

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4.178. Likewise, we congratulate Guinea for placing special emphasis on the implementation of major projects designed to have a direct impact on the population's living standards, while maintaining a climate of social and political stability.

4.179. In recent years, Mauritania and Guinea have implemented some important initiatives and reforms in order to increase the transparency and effectiveness of their trade policies, improve the business climate, and spur domestic performance in private-sector investment and competitiveness.

4.180. Like other African countries, Mauritania and Guinea both have enormous potential in terms of natural resources and a young population; these afford an extraordinary opportunity to attract and benefit from foreign direct investment.

4.181. Various incentives have thus been offered to foreign and domestic investors in a bid to encourage them to explore and invest in these countries, especially in agriculture, livestock farming, tourism, fisheries, mineral resources, energy infrastructure, telecommunications and transport.

4.182. Despite infrastructural weaknesses, limited access to financing and structural challenges, Mauritania and Guinea have made tremendous efforts to create a significant boost for trade and the multilateral trading system.

4.183. My delegation encourages the two countries to pursue their work to that end, and requests the support of the community of financial and technical partners to assist them in implementing their economic, trade and sustainable development policies. Chad wishes Mauritania and Guinea every success in the review of their trade policies.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ON BEHALF OF THE LDC GROUP

4.184. The Republic of Guinea and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania are both engaged in a dynamic process to strengthen their respective economies and their integration into the global trading system, and have been implementing numerous action plans and initiatives in various sectors of activity since 2010-2011.

4.185. In the case of the Republic of Guinea, the authorities are targeting all sectors that they regard as key to building production capacity, promoting the competitiveness of the economy and reducing poverty.

4.186. Other comprehensive programmes, such as the Guinea Trade Policy Action Programme (PAPCG) in 2011 and, more recently, the National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES) 2016-2020, are designed have a direct impact on the Guinean population's living standards, while maintaining a climate of social and political stability.

4.187. Despite the epidemic that severely hit the population and affected economic activities in 2015, Guinea did not experience a recession. The country withstood the shock and GDP growth rebounded to around 6.5% in 2016.

4.188. The mining sector is Guinea's main source of wealth, accounting for 75% of GDP. Guinea will continue to rely on this sector, modernizing it and improving its regulation under a new Mining Code adopted in 2011.

4.189. Moreover, Guinea is seeking to diversify by strengthening its agricultural sector, which employs the vast majority of the population. Private-sector involvement and support from the development partners are expected to play a major role.

4.190. Guinea also intends to increase access to electricity and drinking water, boost industry, expand the services sector, improve all types of transport, and provide a better telecommunication network, which will serve to increase trade opportunities.

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4.191. A great deal of progress has already been made in these areas as a result of investment, structured action plans, and a broader partnership with the private sector.

4.192. As far as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is concerned, the country experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year over the review period, driven mainly by exports of iron ore.

4.193. Mauritania regards mining as a key sector that needs to be strengthened as a vehicle for economic growth and poverty reduction. Steps have been taken to that end.

4.194. The country also relies heavily on fishing activities and is seeking to maximize the gains from fisheries under a sustainable development approach. Agriculture and livestock farming are further targets for modernization and increased productivity and competitiveness on the domestic, regional and international markets.

4.195. Lastly, Mauritania intends to develop tourism and telecommunication services by attracting investment in infrastructure and by strengthening their respective regulatory and institutional frameworks. For Mauritania (and ultimately all LDCs) transport plays a key role in development and is critical to achieving economic development and better integration into regional and international trade.

4.196. All of Mauritania's objectives for the years to come are set out in an ambitious development strategy known as the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity (SCAPP) 2016-2030.

4.197. On behalf of the LDC Group, the Central African Republic wishes the Republic of Guinea and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania every success in implementing their reforms and initiatives, as well as a successful review of their trade policies.

MALAWI ON BEHALF OF THE ACP GROUP

4.198. I make this statement on behalf of the ACP Group, in two parts. The first remarks are in support of the Trade Policy Review of Guinea and the second for Mauritania.

4.199. The ACP Group applauds the work the Government of Guinea has done in preparation for their fourth Trade Policy Review since Guinea's last review in 2011.

4.200. The Guinean Government has engaged in a serious programme of reforms since its last review in 2011 to ensure a successful fourth review.

4.201. The agricultural sector constitutes the backbone of the Guinean economy. The Government of Guinea has ushered in measures for the sector to boost production, productivity and export potential. The Government, for example, increased the diversity of export products, through interventions such as Accelerated Programme for Food and Nutrition Security and Agricultural Development (PASANDA). We would like to take this opportunity to applaud the Government of Guinea for its efforts to develop sustainable fisheries and including increasing sustainable exploitation, while at the same time exploring methods to increase the contribution of fisheries to Guinea's food security, job creation, and income generation. The Government of Guinea registered GDP growth of 4.9% in 2017. Furthermore, Guinea has also made intelligent use of the river network flowing through its territory to other neighboring states. This has led to an expansion in trade flows via the rivers and canals.

4.202. Guinea has also taken a number of steps to manage its natural resources, in particular in the extractive sector which must be maintained in a manner that best serves the needs, policies and objectives of the people of Guinea.

4.203. In strictly trade terms, Guinea has simplified export procedures with the establishment of a single window. In addition, Guinea has implemented several initiatives in the energy and renewable energy sector as well as harnessing its policies to support infrastructure development.

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4.204. Overall, the Guinean authorities have demonstrated strong initiatives to move the economy towards a market and liberal system guided by international norms and rules through a number of policies and privatization. Despite these efforts, there are challenges faced by Guinea in its efforts to achieve its goals such as barrier to their exports and vulnerability to fluctuations in commodity prices.

4.205. The ACP Group support Guinea in its efforts to improve its economy and call on partners to assist the country to achieve better responses to its trade and development, job creation, and poverty reduction.

4.206. On behalf of the ACP Group, I would now like to extend our remarks for the Republic of Mauritania.

4.207. We applaud the achievements of Mauritania on the occasion of its third Trade Policy Review.

4.208. The Government of Mauritania has made strides towards economic reforms and modernization. A case in point is the nation's embrace of the ASYCUDA World information system to promote and facilitate smooth and transparent procedures for international trade.

4.209. Another ongoing drive to strengthen trade activity features the country's development of its infrastructure. The Government has pursued the expansion of Port Nouakchott, which has enabled greater handling of cargo shipments. This measure forms part of Mauritania's clear intention of improving its economic landscape and trade environment, notably a broad effort at scaling up its infrastructure. In parallel, Mauritania has excelled in re-introducing a national airline carrier and building its network, which improves prospects for cross border movement not only of goods, but also people.

4.210. The Government of Mauritania has proven adept at overall macroeconomic management, which is essential to guarantee investor confidence. The efforts included having reduced the budget deficit significantly, brought down from 3.4% of GDP in 2014 to 0.5% in 2016.

4.211. While Mauritania has undeniably taken steps towards greater participation in global trade, there remain clear challenges ahead. Mauritania like most LDCs, they rely on the agricultural sector to generate revenues and has taken steps to harness and develop its mining sector.

4.212. It must be recognized that the economic structure of the country cannot be changed overnight and that significant investment will be required to boost production and productivity, starting with the primary sector and then moving to manufacturing.

4.213. Already the Government has promoted best agriculture practices in the rice farming industry that proved a success, which can be replicated in the production of other agriculture products in the primary sector.

4.214. We also support Mauritania in its efforts to develop her economy and call on partners to assist them to achieve better responses to Mauritania's drive for development, job creation, and poverty reduction.

PAKISTAN

4.215. We will be addressing first the Trade policy of Guinea.

4.216. During the period under review, Guinea's annual GDP growth rate has increased over the past five years, from less than 2% in 2010, GDP went over 5% in 2011 and 2012 before coming to 3.5% in 2015.

4.217. Guinea is a net importer of goods and services, and its main trading partners are the European Union, China, the United Arab Emirates, and Switzerland. Approximately 40% of Guinea Tariff lines are bound and the simple average of the bound rates stood at 20.4%.

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4.218. Guinea's has seen a rise in its participation in WTO technical assistance activities.

4.219. Pakistan commends the promulgation of a new Investment Code by creating a single window to streamline and facilitate formalities. A mechanism is also being introduced to promote public-private partnerships. A privatization strategy is under way, and reforms have been introduced to enhance financial supervision of public companies.

4.220. Pakistan welcomes such positive steps from the Guinean Government to promote its trade and investment. However, Pakistan notes with concern that Guinea has not yet ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.

4.221. Guinea has yet to notify the WTO of its legislation on intellectual property rights. It has not ratified the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement, which could give it better access to lower- cost medicines, nor has it designated a contact point under Article 69 of the TRIPS Agreement.

4.222. Guinea's development potential in agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture is considerable. Agricultural exports, which are centered on a few products, have increased sharply in the wake of the guidance and incentive measures introduced. Guinea's extensive waterways also constitute an exceptional asset which it is beginning to exploit for hydroelectric power.

4.223. Guinea has faced a growing external demand for bauxite, its main export product, following the ban on non-refined bauxite exports imposed by other countries. Its new mining legislation reflects the determination of the authorities to improve the transparency of contracts, to increase the amount of income the State derives from the country's mining resources, and to find other ways in which the sector can contribute to the national economy.

4.224. There has been a surge in telecommunication services since the relevant regulations were improved. Financial services are open to foreign presence, whatever the origin of the capital, as long as the companies are established under domestic law. Tourism is among the services where there is potential for development.

4.225. We will now turn to Mauritania Trade Policy Review.

4.226. Since its second Trade Policy Review (TPR) in 2011, Mauritania has experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year. Average per capita income continued its steep rise, reaching close to US$1,500 in 2014.

4.227. The EU is Mauritania's main trading partner, together with China, the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland. At the WTO, Mauritania has bound 41% of its tariff lines. The simple average of bound rates for all of these products is 20.4%, or 38.5% for agricultural products and 11% for non-agricultural products.

4.228. Mauritania does not apply any anti-dumping, countervailing or safeguard measures.

4.229. Pakistan notes with concern that as of March 2018, Mauritania still has to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement or the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement.

4.230. Pakistan appreciates that since 2011, efforts have been carried out to improve the country's services infrastructure, and to a lesser extent, to reform the relevant regulations. A new telecommunications law has been enacted with a view to enhancing competition and the role of the Regulatory Authority. Meanwhile, the first ACE (Africa Coast to Europe) fiber optic cable linking Mauritania to Europe is now operational.

4.231. In the financial sector, new texts were introduced to improve the external and internal audit of banks, to adopt the Basel II solvency standards, and to combat money laundering.

4.232. Pakistan also appreciates the efforts on Mauritania as a fellow friend of investment facilitation for development in taking forward the informal investment facilitation dialogue.

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4.233. In the end, we would like to wish Guinea and Mauritania, a very successful and fruitful TPR respectively.

SOUTH AFRICA ON BEHALF OF THE AFRICAN GROUP

4.234. Based on information contained in the four Trade Policy Review Reports, we wish to make the following comments and observations.

4.235. We fully recognise the difficulties and challenges that both Members have had to confront in recent years and express our solidarity with both Governments and people as you work to overcome those.

4.236. Starting with the TPR of Mauritania.

4.237. The strides Mauritania has taken in the few years since the last review, showing steady economic growth at 5-6% per year is remarkable, given the domestic challenges and the fragility and unevenness of the global economic recovery.

4.238. We commend the Government of Mauritania for the measures they undertook to ensure macroeconomic stability, as well as targeted interventions to modernise and simplify the clearance of goods with the adoption of the Automated Customs System ASYCUDA World.

4.239. We are particularly enthused by Mauritania's efforts to improve the services infrastructure, expand the Port of Nouakchott, and the creation of the new majority State-owned airline. Furthermore, the first Africa Coast to Europe fibre optic cable linking Mauritania to Europe is a welcome development.

4.240. We are very concerned by the chronic food shortages and high food import bills facing Mauritania and we call on the international community to support the country in finding ways to increase domestic food production, ensuring the population's food security and cutting the import bill.

4.241. The African Group strongly supports the dedicated focus that Mauritania has given to poverty reduction, notably the ambitious development strategy in the Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity Strategy and the sectoral policies that have been designed to make the most effective and sustainable use of resources and potential inherent in the production and services sectors. Trade policy and strategy should support these efforts to sustain socio-economic progress.

4.242. We wish to assure Minister Mouknass that we share these objectives and that we are working very closely with the delegation of Mauritania under the leadership of H.E Salka Mint Bilal Yamar, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Mauritania to the WTO. Our shared core objective is to achieve developmental outcomes at the WTO in order to contribute to industrialisation, economic diversification and structural transformation of our economies that are much needed as demonstrated by information under this review.

4.243. I would now like to share some remarks about the TPR of Guinea.

4.244. We note with satisfaction that following the last review conducted in September 2011, Guinea introduced sound macroeconomic policies which translated into reducing the inflation rate quite significantly from 21% to around 8% in 2017.

4.245. It is commendable that targeted macroeconomic measures have reduced the budget deficit very significantly, despite the sharp fall in world prices of Guinea's exports of raw materials, and that these measures have contributed towards a more conducive trade and investment environment and enabled the country to almost double their average annual per capita income.

4.246. We therefore commend the Government of Guinea for these reforms and for using trade policy to create an environment conducive to the development of trade, especially exports, and investment, so as to enable the country to attain its economic growth and poverty reduction targets, as laid down in its national development plan.

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4.247. The African Group is particularly impressed by the dedicated focus Guinea has given to pursuing a revival of its industrial production through a number of laws and decrees and the overall objectives of the National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES). Trade policy and strategy should support that effort to sustain socio-economic progress.

4.248. We wish to assure the Government of Guinea that we share these objectives and that we are working very closely with the delegation of Guinea to the WTO under the leadership of Ambassador Aly DIANÉ. Our shared core objective is to achieve developmental outcomes at the WTO in order to contribute to industrialisation, economic diversification and structural transformation of our economies that are much needed as demonstrated by information under this review.

4.249. We have noted that due to the fall in international commodity prices, slowdown in investment and the health epidemic, Guinea has undergone a growth deceleration. In this regard, the Report of the Secretariat notes that "Mining products contributed 99% of Guinea's export income in 2016, as against 84% in 2015, thus constituting the bulk of the country's exports; this shows how dependent the economy is on its mining sector, and above all how vulnerable it is to fluctuations in world prices for mining products." Given that the issue of commodity dependency is common to many African countries, this situation is a wakeup to all of us, and justifies the urgent need for industrialization, economic diversification and structural transformation in line with Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want.

4.250. In this perspective, we welcome a number of development strategies and regulatory reforms undertaken by Guinea towards changing the structure of the economy.

4.251. Agriculture is also an important sector for Guinea particularly as an employment source for about 80% of the population. We note a number of Government initiatives for increasing production and productivity in line with the National Agricultural Investment Plan, the ECOWAS agricultural policy and the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Despite this, food insecurity still poses a very serious problem in Guinea with almost 2 million people without food, translating to almost 18% of the population having been afflicted with food shortages in 2015. This demonstrates, once again, the importance of having meaningful outcomes in Agriculture negotiations in the WTO.

4.252. In conclusion, with both Governments of Mauritania and Guinea signing the Continental Free Trade Area Agreement, and engaged in the regional processes under ECOWAS, it is clear that these efforts will contribute to deepening integration and development across the continent. As markets become increasingly integrated across Africa, we will need to give greater attention to promoting industrial development across Africa, including through the development of regional value chains so that all African countries can benefit from more open markets. We look forward to working with Guinea and Mauritania and other African Union Members on this project and ensuring that the WTO supports those efforts.

4.253. Again, we congratulate Mauritania and Guinea for a successful TPR.

TOGO IN ITS CAPACITY AS ECOWAS COORDINATOR

4.254. On the basis of the information contained in the four TPR reports, we would like to highlight the following:

Guinea

4.255. Despite the decline in GDP growth to 3.5% in 2015 as a result of problems in the mining sector, aggravated in 2016 by the Ebola epidemic, the Guinean economy's outlook has been favourable, thanks to the recovery of mining activities and vigorous performance of the agricultural sector.

4.256. On the macroeconomic front, tightening of monetary policy, including the decision to halt the Central Bank's financing of the budget deficit, brought inflation down from 21% in 2011 to 8%

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- 34 - in 2016. This was underpinned by a budgetary policy that sought to optimize revenue collection while eliminating low-priority expenditure.

4.257. We are pleased to note that, as a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), since 2017 Guinea has applied the fully ad valorem common external tariff (CET), which is a powerful tool for the integration of our economies.

Mauritania

4.258. As stated in the first paragraph of the Secretariat report, in the period following its second trade policy review in 2011 Mauritania experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year, driven by the high world prices of its main export products (chiefly iron ore) and massive public investment in the new airport, the extension of the port of Nouakchott, and road infrastructure. Average per capita income continued to rise steeply, reaching close to US$1,500 in 2014.

4.259. On the other hand, the report highlights unequal distribution of the country's wealth, meaning that such growth has had no significant impact on the population's overall level of poverty. As is the case of most of our countries, Mauritania remains a least developed country with low human development indices.

4.260. Nonetheless, significant progress has been made in rice production, even though the numerous plans for agriculture and livestock development have not managed to meet the stated priority goal of agricultural policy.

4.261. We are also pleased to note that, albeit no longer a member of ECOWAS, Mauritania intends to implement the ECOWAS CET as of January 2019, within the framework of the economic partnership agreement with the European Union. This bodes well for stronger integration of the economies in the subregion.

4.262. Our hope for the two countries that are undergoing their joint trade policy review today is that with sound reforms and engagement on the part of their respective leadership, their economies will continue on the path towards structural transformation for the benefit of their populations.

4.263. Lastly, we wish both delegations every success in the joint review of their trade policies.

HONDURAS

4.264. We are pleased to note that during the review period Guinea introduced a number of reforms that helped to improve its economic situation; these included the adoption of a new Mining Code to promote transparency in the exploitation of the country's mineral wealth, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector, the revival of hydroelectric power production, the creation of a special investment fund, and the establishment of an investment promotion agency.

4.265. We further note that annual GDP growth, which was less than 2% in 2010, rose to over 5% in 2011 and 2012, and the set of public policies adopted brought the inflation rate down from 21% in 2011 to 8% in 2016.

4.266. The reports highlight the fact that regional economic integration within ECOWAS remains an important component of the trade policy of Guinea, which has been implementing the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET) since January 2017. The preshipment inspection system was dismantled in April 2017, and export formalities have been facilitated by the creation of a single window.

4.267. Guinea's development potential in agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture is considerable, and further reforms could help the country turn into a major regional exporter of electricity.

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4.268. Tourism offers promising opportunities for trade in services. Another noteworthy point is that Guinea was declared compliant with the standards of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2014.

4.269. As regards Mauritania, we are struck by the fact that in the period following its second trade policy review in 2011, the country experienced five years of steady economic growth at 5-6% per year, driven by the high world prices of its main export products (chiefly iron ore) and substantial public investment.

4.270. Moreover, coupled with budgetary reforms, the tightening of the money supply, in particular by halting the Central Bank's financing of the budget deficit, brought inflation down to 1.6-2.5% in 2016-2017, or less than half of the 2011 level, while average per capita income continued to rise steeply.

4.271. We are also aware that Mauritania has modernized and simplified its goods import and export mechanism since 2011, customs clearance times have been reduced thanks to the adoption of the ASYCUDA WORLD automated customs system in January 2016, and the services trade deficit trended down during the review period.

4.272. According to the reports, a new telecommunications law has been enacted with a view to enhancing competition and the role of the Regulatory Authority, and the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) fibre optic cable linking Mauritania to Europe is now operational.

4.273. The reports further state that Mauritania has a number of large mineral deposits, which have attracted foreign investors, and exports of iron ore, copper and gold bring in almost US$1 billion annually in government revenue, or the equivalent of 80% of earnings from goods exports.

4.274. Lastly, Honduras congratulates Guinea and Mauritania for their achievements during the review period and wishes both countries every success.

UGANDA

4.275. We congratulate Guinea on the very positive trend recorded since its last TPR in 2011, remarkably the near doubling of its average annual per capita income from US$330 in 2011 to US$645.52 by 2014.

4.276. Guinea's new economic development policy premised on the four pillars one of which is sustainable economic transformation resonates with the aspirations of my country of transforming the country from being a predominantly pleasant and low income to a competitive, upper middle income status with a per capita income averaging at US$9,500 by 2040.

4.277. The National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES), described in Law L/2017/057/AN of 8 December 2017 (the 2016-2020 Planning Law) continues to show positive results including reduction in the share of debt service from 68% of the budget to 20% between 2010 and 2013; the reduction in the external-debt/GDP ratio from 67.8% to 22.84% between 2010 and 2014; improvement and increase of banking services (with up to 99 branches in 2014 compared to 60 in 2010) creating their increased use by citizens (over 100,000 new customers between 2010 and 2014) to mention but a few. These are remarkable achievements and we commend the Republic of Guinea for them.

4.278. We particularly note the special emphasis that the Government puts in place by coming up with the law on the implementation of major projects with a direct impact on the Guinean population's living standards. The increased access to electricity for nearly 15,000 households in 30 rural communities covered by low-voltage mini-grids powered by generators with capacities ranging between 12.5 and 250 kVA, generating total power of 1.75 MVA through the Decentralized Rural Electrification Project (PERD) is a great testimony that the PNDES is working.

4.279. Guinea has also placed emphasis on its agriculture sector which employs over 80% of its population. This has been done through the adoption of various documents such as the Poverty

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Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP); the Agricultural Development Policy Letters I and II; the National Agricultural Investment and Food Security Plan (PNIASA 2011-2015); the National Plan for Agricultural Investment, and Food and Nutrition Security (PNIASAN 2018-2025). This, no doubt, is evidence of the importance of this sector to Guinea's economy.

4.280. The agricultural development and modernization Programme is being taken by the Government of Guinea to address the challenges facing this sector and limiting its full potential including enhancing the means of production. This is being carried out through rational use of forest resources and agricultural inputs to boost farmers' output; setting up agricultural financing systems in rural areas; rehabilitating and extending rural networks and roads; promoting the development of, and irrigation of agricultural areas; strengthening capacity in good agricultural practices and integrating the different sectors in value chains, which are all commendable efforts.

4.281. It is encouraging to note that the Government of Guinea with the aim of reviving industrial production has reduced the State portfolio by 19 industrial units through Decrees Nos. 077/PRG/SGG of 10 March 2011, D/2011/158/PRG/SGG of 23 May 2011 and D/2011/176/PRG/SGG of 6 June 2011, with a view to transferring them back to credible operators capable of reviving their activities.

4.282. We also note the infrastructural development initiatives that Guinea is undertaking in the transport and telecommunications sectors. These are not only a commendable major steps towards achievement of Agenda 2063, the Africa we want, on structural transformation, industrialization and diversification but will also specifically have significant positive impact on other sectors like the important agriculture sector.

4.283. In conclusion, and regarding trade liberalization, we note that Guinea is continuing to create the conditions necessary for is harmonious integration into the world economy by developing its trade relations and diversifying its trading partners. We particularly know that Guinea, as a signatory to the Abuja Treaty, fully participated in all negotiations for the establishment of the African Union's Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA). The AFCFTA indeed holds great promise for the continent through the improvement of the quality as well as the quantity of intra-African trade.

4.284. We wish the Republic of Guinea on this occasion of its third Trade Policy Review a successful conclusion of the review.

EGYPT

4.285. We associate ourselves with the statements given by Saudi Arabia on behalf of the Arab Group, and by South Africa on behalf of the African Group.

4.286. Egypt is pleased to see that the national economy of Mauritania has displayed robust growth rates between 2010 and 2014. As for investment, the work accomplished in this important domain has been reflected in the development of institutional tools and mechanisms for planning and programming public investment. Furthermore, considerable work has been done to improve the business environment in Mauritania. It is noteworthy that these major reforms have resulted in a rapid improvement in the country's Doing Business rankings, where it has gained 26 places in three years only (2014.2017).

4.287. Egypt commends the fiscal measures adopted by the Government of Mauritania with a view to maintaining the major macroeconomic balances, combating inflation, encouraging private investment, increasing public investment, improving the terms of trade, and accelerating investment in the extractive sector. The aforementioned efforts have yielded a considerably low inflation rate averaging 1.5% over the said period. As for the financial sector, our delegation noticed that prudent action had been taken with a view to enhancing financial oversight; consolidating the stability of the financial system; developing the banking system to promote financial inclusion; and increase private sector credit.

4.288. Egypt also praises the fruitful efforts the Government of Guinea has exerted within the framework of its macroeconomic stabilization programme, and the major structural reforms

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- 37 - undertaken by the Guinean Government, including the adoption of the new mining code, the creation of a special investment fund to ensure optimal use of mining revenues, the adoption of a new investment code and the establishment of an investment promotion agency, as well as the reforms in the agricultural sector.

4.289. And on the bilateral front, the value of bilateral trade between Egypt and Mauritania increased by 61% in 2017 compared to 2016, and the trade value between Egypt and Guinea has witnessed in 2017 alone an increase of 295% compared to 2016, such trade figures that we aspire to grow further in the framework of the African Continental Free Trade Area that Egypt, Mauritania, and Guinea have signed to.

4.290. Egypt is of the opinion that development retains a central position in the global trading system, and that trade, in turn, plays a principal role in achieving sustainable development to various nations. Consequently, we believe that the WTO has a leading role to play in extending necessary technical assistance to Mauritania and Guinea in the diverse moods and mechanisms that the Organization possesses, in such a way that would ensure Mauritania and Guinea's full integration in the global trading system, and the utilization of its potentials in realizing sustainable development.

BENIN

4.291. The delegation of Benin endorses the statements made by the various Groups to which its country belongs.

4.292. It commends Guinea for the progress made since the third review of its trade policies, as a result of bold measures taken by the Guinean Government to consolidate public finances, introduce the single treasury account principle, broaden the tax base, improve energy supply, promote agricultural diversification, and, above all, implement the ECOWAS CET.

4.293. The macroeconomic performance recorded over the review period bears ample witness to the appropriateness of these measures in strengthening the foundations of the country's economy. The delegation of Benin encourages the Guinean Government to pursue its efforts, in particular those aiming to extend electricity coverage, especially in rural areas; to liberalize the management of industry to attract new capital investment so as to boost industrial productivity and competitiveness; and to expand services trade and e-commerce.

4.294. As regards trade-related matters, the reforms introduced by Guinea have led to effective implementation of the ECOWAS CET, with five tariff bands subject to transitional provisions, and substantial customs and tax concessions laid down in the Investment Code.

4.295. Mauritania has sizeable potential (coastline; fisheries, mining and tourism resources), though its economy is vulnerable to external shocks.

4.296. The delegation of Benin welcomes the country's economic upswing, with a growth rate of around 2.8% in 2017.

4.297. Mauritania has introduced a series of institutional and structural reforms aimed at giving renewed impetus to the economy and trade, measured against the recommendations of the Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS).

4.298. The delegation of Benin encourages Mauritania to pursue its efforts and especially the reforms based on the lessons learnt from the conclusions and recommendations of the DTIS.

4.299. To conclude, the delegation of Benin invites the bilateral, regional and multilateral technical and financial partners to assist the Governments of Guinea and Mauritania in their socio-economic development efforts.

4.300. The delegation of Benin thanks the WTO Secretariat and the Governments of Guinea and Mauritania for their highly informative reports relating to the two countries' current trade policy review.

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4.301. It wishes Guinea and Mauritania every success in this review of their trade policies.

JORDAN

4.302. We would like to associate ourselves to the statement made by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on behalf of the Arab Group, and also to join other delegations in welcoming Her Excellency Mrs. Naha MOUKNASS, Minister of Trade, Industry and Tourism, and the Mauritanian delegation. Our welcome is also extended to Her Excellency, Mrs. CISSE Fanta, Secretary General of Ministry of Trade and her accompanied Guinean delegation. We congratulate both countries for the efforts in preparing their trade policy reviews and reports.

4.303. We thank the discussant for his insightful remarks, the head of delegations for the statements made and the Secretariat for the informative reports which provide a comprehensive highlight on the main developments in the trade regimes of both countries for the period under review.

4.304. We congratulate both countries for the reforms made and effective development policies. We wish them all success in their endavours.

4.305. We are looking forward to strengthening economic relations with both countries in different fields and we wish Mauritania and Guinea all prosperity and a successful Trade Policy Reviews.

MALI

4.306. Mali borders on the two countries under review. It has very significant historical and geographical ties and fruitful bilateral relations with Mauritania and Guinea. Five out of Mali's nine administrative regions share over 2,200 km of border with Mauritania.

4.307. Mali being a landlocked country, its proximity to the ports of Conakry and Nouakchott is highly important for the transit of import and export goods, in addition to the ports of Abidjan, Dakar and Téma.

4.308. Mali commends the resilience shown by Guinea despite the Ebola epidemic, which destroyed much of its infrastructure, and that of Mauritania in the face of the difficult circumstances it has to deal with, as does my own country.

4.309. We thank the two countries for undertaking reforms that will undoubtedly greatly benefit my country as well and wish them both every success with today's trade policy review.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE (ITC)

4.310. The ITC is an historical partner of Guinea and Mauritania as regards trade-related technical assistance.

4.311. A few years ago, we cooperated actively with Mauritania under the original Integrated Framework and JITAP, providing institutional support for the Chamber of Commerce in particular, trade information and support for the hides and skins subsector.

4.312. Our cooperation with Guinea has increased in several areas over the past five years, with a view to upgrading the country's production capacities and thus enabling it to achieve more effective integration into the multilateral trading system.

4.313. More specifically, the ITC, pursuant to its mandate and on the basis of its expertise, has supported Guinea in order to ensure more systematic incorporation of the private sector's perspective in regional and multilateral trade negotiations (respectively at West African level in regard to EPAs, and particularly in the context of the Trade Facilitation Agreement concluded in Bali).

4.314. The ITC has also assisted Guinea in identifying non-tariff barriers facing domestic economic operators in their export transactions. The survey carried out and the ensuing recommendations

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- 39 - have enabled Guinea's public and regulatory authorities to take steps to enhance the business environment.

4.315. At the institutional level, the ITC has helped build the operational capacities of the Ministry of Trade and other trade support structures, such as the Guinean Export Promotion Agency (AGUIPEX).

4.316. Under the Integrated Framework Programme, the ITC has also worked to promote subsectors with high export potential. In Guinea, the outcomes in the pineapple, chilli and mango subsectors have improved product quality and marketing in the targeted export markets.

4.317. In view of its excellent relationship with Guinea and based on the outcomes of its actions, the ITC has been retained as the implementing agency to work alongside the Belgian (ENABEL) and German (GIZ) technical cooperation agencies to implement a socio-economic integration programme aimed at combating illegal migration of young people to Europe. This €65 million programme, called INTEGRA and financed by the EU's Valetta Trust Fund, aims to create direct jobs for young Guineans so as to give them a firm foothold in the local economy. With a view to the programme's forthcoming implementation, the ITC will be working jointly with the General Coordinator, Secretary-General Fanta Cissé, whose presence we welcome here, and Ambassador Aly Diané, who facilitates our action in Guinea.

4.318. Guinea will also benefit from ITC technical assistance, provided jointly with UNIDO, under the regional West Africa Competitiveness Programme, funded by the EU's 11th European Development Fund (EDF) to the tune of €15 million. The ITC will help Guinea upgrade its capacity to supply mangoes, pineapples and cashew nuts in order to boost their export.

4.319. Lastly, based on the WTO's analysis in the context of this trade policy review and the comments offered by Members, the ITC stands ready to assist Guinea and Mauritania in implementing the recommendations put forward, particularly those aimed at enhancing the business environment and trade facilitation.

4.320. We will continue to make our expertise and know-how in trade-related technical assistance available in order to meet the needs and expectations of the Guinean and Mauritanian private sectors by connecting them to markets, in the framework of well-designed trade policies in support of a competitive, inclusive and sustainable economy.

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5 REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF MAURITANIA AND GUINEA AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

H.E. MS NAHA MINT HAMDI OULD MOUKNASS (MAURITANIA)

5.1. On behalf of the delegation of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and in my own capacity, I would like to reiterate our thanks for the excellent way in which you conducted the first day of our proceedings.

5.2. We have taken due note of the questions, comments, observations, various statements, and recommendations. We were very pleased to see how relevant and accurate they were. We have responded in writing to most of them, and will provide outstanding replies in the coming days.

5.3. So, rather than returning to them one by one and providing explanations and clarifications, it strikes us as more worthwhile to give you renewed assurance of our adherence to our commitments to multilateral trade.

5.4. Success for the WTO will undoubtedly spell success for our country. This prompts me to repeat once again that Mauritania is actively engaged in implementing all of its commitments in the WTO.

5.5. I am very pleased to inform you that Mauritania has paid its WTO contributions in full, and I look forward to the resumption of WTO technical assistance for our country.

5.6. Since the second review of Mauritania's trade policies in 2011, our Government has undertaken important and far-reaching reforms in all economic sectors.

5.7. As to the economic environment in general, I would like to recall the measures adopted to diversify the economy and enhance the business climate.

5.8. Substantial progress has been made. On the investment front, first of all, several priority programmes and projects were implemented between 2015 and 2017 – over 60% of the overall amount financed from the State's own funds and the remainder by concessional loans – in order to create conditions conducive to inclusive, sustainable growth, driven by the energy, transport, livestock farming, fisheries and agricultural sectors.

5.9. In the investment sphere, the Government's work is reflected in, among other things, the revision of the Investment Code in 2012 and the development of institutional tools and mechanisms for planning and programming public investment. As a result, an institutional framework for formulating, selecting and programming public investment, covering the period 2018-2030, has been put in place, an organic law on finance laws (LOLF) was enacted in 2017, and a dedicated legislative and regulatory framework for public-private partnerships has been drawn up and implemented since 2016.

5.10. With regard to mining, the establishment of a new mining strategy and improvements to the existing legal framework, in addition to operations carried out under the EITI, have provided a better legal framework for mining.

5.11. The reform of government procurement has instituted freedom of access to public contracts, equal treatment of candidates and transparency of procedures. It should also be mentioned that the introduction of audits of State-owned institutions and enterprises and the implementation of the recommendations emerging from such audits are already in place. A request for assistance in consolidating the public enterprise management framework has been submitted to the World Bank, and performance contracts between the State and public enterprises and institutions have been introduced.

5.12. It is also worth mentioning the establishment of the Nouadhibou free zone dedicated to fisheries development, and the creation of new regional development hubs.

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5.13. All of this has led to a gradual withdrawal of the State from production sectors and to promotion of the private sector.

5.14. As regards foreign exchange, a policy targeted at protecting external competitiveness has been implemented, thus enabling the country to increase its resilience to exogenous shocks resulting from the continuing weakness in commodity prices.

5.15. Reform plans are well under way to streamline the legal framework, in order to broaden the pallet of foreign exchange instruments and mechanisms in the short term. This will also make it possible to separate monetary policy-related refinancing operations from emergency liquidity-providing operations to ensure the stability of the financial system and improve the operation of the foreign exchange market.

5.16. As to the repatriation of earnings held abroad, a reform of the legal framework with a view to clearly defining the terms for exemption may well be considered.

5.17. Significant efforts have also been made to enhance the business environment in Mauritania by implementing the Doing Business roadmap.

5.18. As a result of these major reforms, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania has remarkably improved its global ranking, jumping 26 places in three years (2014-2017), ten of them in 2017 alone. A regulatory framework for the establishment of a multisectoral Doing Business committee is under preparation.

5.19. Our country intends to assume and implement all of the commitments undertaken as a WTO Member. Hence, the Mauritanian Government attaches full importance to the ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Several measures have already been taken ahead of the ratification of this agreement.

5.20. A number of amendments will also be made to social legislation, especially as regards the fiscal component.

5.21. With respect to WTO notifications, Mauritania now requests technical assistance to meet its corresponding obligations.

5.22. In the case of SPS standards, technical regulations and measures, the infrastructure already exists and most technical regulations have been prepared. Projects in support of building the capacity of the various institutions concerned are currently under way. Publication and notification obligations will be met as soon as these support projects have been completed.

5.23. We congratulate Members whose contributions to this exercise enable us to gauge the extent of the efforts still to be made, while highlighting the progress already achieved. We would like to reassure them that our Government is determined to gradually introduce appropriate measures to bring the country into conformity.

5.24. Every step that Mauritania takes on the path of progress requires unwavering political will in the face of generally difficult circumstances. The authorities undertake to continue the drive to improve trade-related legislation and practices on an ongoing basis, where necessary by seeking the multifaceted support that the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania could henceforth receive from the WTO.

5.25. That is what our commitment is all about and that is the way in which we view our mandate within the WTO.

5.26. We express renewed gratitude to all Members and thank you for your much appreciated attention.

MS FANTA CISSÉ (GUINEA)

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5.27. On Tuesday, 29 May 2018, in this very room, the Chairperson formally opened the proceedings concerning the fourth trade policy review of the Republic of Guinea and the third trade policy review of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania by the World Trade Organization's Trade Policy Review Body.

5.28. In my statement introducing the report by the Guinean Government, I expressed my country's confidence in a fair and transparent multilateral trading system. This has just been demonstrated by your active participation in this exercise

5.29. I would like to express renewed thanks for your support in ensuring the smooth running of this review.

5.30. My thanks also go to the Discussant and to WTO Members for the interest they have shown in this exercise.

5.31. Moreover, I wish to express my appreciation to the WTO Secretariat's Trade Policies Review Division for its dynamic and constructive spirit during the preparation and presentation of the Guinean Government and WTO Secretariat reports.

5.32. The members of my delegation and I are very pleased to spend these two days with you as we conduct the fourth review of Guinea's trade policies.

5.33. The trade policy review mechanism established by the WTO is undoubtedly an effective and transparent tool that helps to understand Members' trade policies.

5.34. Thanks to the essence and purpose of this mechanism, Guinea will be able to draw conclusions from this meeting, not only to increase compliance with its obligations as a full WTO Member, but also and above all to contribute to the achievement of a multilateral trading system that is respectful of the rights of the Membership as a whole and of those of each individual Member.

5.35. I am also very pleased to note the interest shown by WTO Members in the review of my country's trade policies, as evidenced by the number of participants and by the relevance and quality of the questions raised. Your collective determination during this exercise bears ample witness to your interest in the Guinean people and Government.

5.36. I fully understand you and thank you for your involvement.

5.37. Guinea has huge potential and a wealth of mineral resources, with large, untapped reserves of bauxite and iron ore deposits which are the richest in the world in terms of quantity and quality, as well as gold, diamond, base metal and heavy metal deposits. The mining sector is regulated by a mining code that is highly appreciated by investors.

5.38. Guinea is poised to become an energy and agricultural powerhouse with its vast areas of arable land and an attractive agricultural policy. In addition to its numerous investment opportunities, the country has an appealing business environment and legal and fiscal framework.

5.39. Guinea has a large infrastructure investment programme and is the only coastal West African country to share six land borders with its neighbours, which makes it a natural crossroads for trade and an area conducive to subregional integration.

5.40. Our country is booming and needs partners such as yourselves to diversify its economy. We have introduced numerous reforms that have yielded positive and encouraging results in enhancing the business climate, with concrete evidence from the investment standpoint.

5.41. Guinea is making a great economic leap forward, and we are hoping to turn the country into a prime destination for investors.

5.42. My delegation has done its best to reply to questions. I humbly ask Members whose questions have not been answered to accept our apologies and give us the time we need to draft

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- 43 - our responses, which will be forwarded to them in writing through the WTO Secretariat. I can promise that these written replies will be sent as soon as possible once we return to our country.

5.43. We believe that this review has given us a comprehensive update of Guinea's trade policies, and our Government will spare no effort to achieve greater compliance with the WTO rules and thus improve its multilateral commitments. This will increase the transparency and predictability of the multilateral trading system and help attract foreign investment.

5.44. I hope that Members will support Guinea in its ongoing efforts by providing broader market access for its goods and services, while taking into account its forthcoming requests for technical assistance and capacity building.

5.45. I would not wish to conclude without expressing my deep gratitude to the Chairperson, whose commitment and personal involvement have ensured the success of our proceedings.

5.46. My renewed thanks go to one and all for their valuable contributions to this review of my country's trade policies.

5.47. Lastly, I would like to pay tribute to the WTO Membership as a whole, the Director-General, the Secretariat, WTO staff, my former colleagues, and the Trade Policies Review Division in particular.

DISCUSSANT

5.48. Last Tuesday, we listened to the introductory statements of Mauritania and Guinea, as well as 28 further statements.

5.49. We also received written replies from Mauritania and Guinea to specific questions from seven delegations, and we look forward to receiving shortly any responses that remain outstanding.

5.50. We welcome the announcement just made by Mauritania's Minister of Trade that her country intends to bring the payment of its outstanding WTO contributions up to date, which will undoubtedly lead to the resumption of important technical assistance projects.

5.51. What struck me in all the questions and statements was a firm will to take advantage of this exercise to enhance transparency and contribute to a better understanding of the trade policies of Mauritania and Guinea. Many topics have been addressed, and in my final comments I find myself compelled to highlight only the most important ones and to summarize the written replies, which are available in room documents RD/TPR/926* and RD/TPR/926/ADD.1*.

5.52. The delegations' first point was to acknowledge the stability-oriented macroeconomic policies followed by Guinea and Mauritania. This represents significant progress that needs to be kept up, especially as regards control of inflation and efforts to reign in the public deficit, which has been severely affected by recurrent fluctuations in mineral prices.

5.53. Members were particularly impressed by Guinea's resilience in the face of the acute crisis caused by the Ebola epidemic.

5.54. There were concerns relating to good governance, security issues, problems resulting from unequal distribution of wealth, and challenges to be faced in effectively combating corruption and any other form of exploitation. We have taken note of the fact that the authorities are working on all these issues, which are indeed of prime importance in overcoming poverty among a significant proportion of the population.

5.55. In its written replies, Mauritania expanded on the legal regime governing the fight against corruption.

5.56. The indicators measuring the business climate have improved as a result of these efforts, as many statements emphasized. These achievements need to be preserved and enhanced, in

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- 44 - particular by simplifying rules, reducing red tape and providing a simple and predictable framework for investment and government procurement. There were a few calls to implement administrative procedures conducive to the development of activities currently taking place in the informal sector.

5.57. In its written comments, Mauritania provided details concerning benefits and streamlined procedures, especially improvements to business start-up procedures, construction permits, special economic zones and agreements in respect of large-scale investments and the applicable tax system, the possibility of recruiting expatriate workers, and problems linked to tax culture.

5.58. Many delegations expressed support for the efforts made to diversify and industrialize the two economies. Heavy dependence on the mining sector, with its natural fluctuations, calls for measures to dampen exogenous shocks and ensure that mining profits are reinvested in society as a whole and can boost related, higher value-added activities. Some delegations also raised the question of the investment regime applicable to the mining sector.

5.59. Mauritania's written reply provided information on the implications of implementing commitments under the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) and the possibility of calling on the International Chamber of Commerce's International Centre for Technical Expertise, as well as steps taken to increase the transparency of mining licences. It also gave details on new mining licences applied for, granted or rejected in 2017.

5.60. Moreover, we were advised of the positive outcomes of the fight against illegal fishing and the need to implement policies for the sustainable management of fisheries resources.

5.61. On the trade front, numerous delegations were convinced that the Trade Facilitation Agreement would be of considerable benefit to both economies. Many of them invited the two countries to reflect on the matter on the occasion of this review. The Trade Facilitation Agreement provides for many flexibilities and can be coupled with assistance programmes that might help with the reforms already under way to enhance customs operations.

5.62. In its written response, Guinea informed us that it intended to deposit its instrument of ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement in the near future, via the appropriate channels established by the WTO, and to set up a website containing customs-related information in the course of this year.

5.63. As regards customs matters, Mauritania informed us in its written replies that the postal services regime had been opened up to competition and that it intended to set up a website containing customs-related information in the course of 2018.

5.64. Many delegations drew Mauritania's attention to the possibility of adopting the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement to facilitate access to medicines, and the need to improve its record of notifications to the WTO, especially those of high practical relevance, such as notifications concerning State-trading enterprises and import licences.

5.65. In its written response, Guinea announced that it would soon be sending its notifications on import licensing. As regards intellectual property, the country ratified the Bangui Agreement in 2015.

5.66. I also noted general acknowledgment of the achievements made by both Guinea and Mauritania in respect of trade integration within ECOWAS.

5.67. Concerning tariffs, there were a number of questions on tariffs that exceed the bound levels, and, in Mauritania's case, on how the country would apply the ECOWAS common external tariff in respect of these bound rates.

5.68. A number of comments were made regarding the numerous border levies, some of which do not apply to domestic products. Both Guinea and Mauritania have stated the need to achieve a gradual shift towards domestic taxation.

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5.69. In its written response, Mauritania expanded on the application of taxes aimed at promoting culture and sports, and on the tax on sugar. Also in writing, Guinea provided details on mining export taxes and on the steps taken to ensure that the mining sector contributed to the development of local communities.

5.70. More generally but no less importantly, Mauritania and Guinea took advantage of this exercise, as did many of the delegations, to express their commitment to the multilateral system and the WTO trade negotiations.

5.71. I would add that Guinea provided details on export taxes applicable to mining products and tax concessions granted throughout the mining sector, as well as on the steps taken to ensure the sector's contribution to the development of local communities.

5.72. Guinea and Mauritania expressed considerable interest in increasing their participation in WTO technical assistance and aid-for-trade activities. Many delegations highlighted their bilateral cooperation and tariff preferences.

5.73. The representative of the International Trade Centre also put forward an interesting cooperation proposal.

5.74. A large number of delegations emphasized the importance of using this exercise as an opportunity to become more actively involved in the WTO; many of them stressed, in a constructive way, how much the WTO can do for LDCs. I cordially invite both countries not to miss such an opportunity.

5.75. I shall close with thanks to Mauritania and Guinea, and to you, Mr Chairperson, for entrusting me with the task of serving as the Discussant. I am grateful for the Secretariat's wonderful support, but, first and foremost, I want to praise Guinea and Mauritania for their efforts. I understand the huge constraints facing the two countries as they forge ahead with a process of reforms that are not always to everyone's liking. I urge them to reflect on all the matters we have jointly discussed here and to take advantage of these three days in Geneva to look to the future and to re-direct their course wherever they deem necessary.

GHANA

5.76. I will like to begin with Guinea.

5.77. Ghana's historical relations with Guinea go back to the 1950s when the two countries established diplomatic relations, in 1958 founded the Union of Independent African States (UIAS, Ghana-Guinea, 1958-1960) which subsequently became the Union of African States (UAS, Ghana- Guinea-Mali, 1960-1963).

5.78. Guinea later became home to Ghana's first President, Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah after his overthrow in a military coup in 1966 where he was elevated to the status of co-President of Guinea by the late Guinean President Ahmed Sekou Touré.

5.79. In 2014, President Alpha Condé was the Special Guest at Ghana's 57th Independence Anniversary celebration at the invitation of Ghana's President John Mahama in fulfilment of a desire to further deepen existing relations between the two countries.

5.80. Ghana recognizes despite the Ebola crisis and the low commodity prices in 2014-15, the Guinean economy grew at 6.6% in 2016. The more than six million hectares of arable land and the considerable agricultural potential of Guinea which provides employment to over 80% of the population and accounts for around 20% of GDP, with a growth rate faster than other sectors of the economy could be an enable for addressing Guinea's food insecurity. Cognizant that irrigation schemes remain precarious, support for farmers remain inadequate, agricultural inputs and improved seeds are not available, and yields are low, the increasing reliance on food imports remains a great concern, even though about 75% of arable land remains uncultivated.

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5.81. In that regard, we note with appreciation Government's initiatives such as the National Agricultural Investment and Food Security Plan, setting up agriculture finance systems in rural areas and promoting the development irrigation, all aimed at addressing these challenges and increasing production and productivity.

5.82. Guinea is Africa's top producer of bauxite, aluminium ore, and has the world's largest deposits of iron ore, but decades of mining have failed to lift most Guineans out of poverty. The economy had remained dependent on the mining sector, which alone accounted for more than a quarter of GDP and over 75% of export earnings which, if well harnessed, could help achieve genuine, sustained socio-economic development.

5.83. The Guinean Government's efforts at taking Energy to the people through the Decentralized Rural Electrification Project (PERD) and the policy measures aimed at transferring 14 factories back to the private sector are also commendable.

5.84. At the ECOWAS level, Ghana notes Guinea's implementation of the ECOWAS common external tariff (CET), which came into force on 1 January 2017 and trusts that the CET's fifth band, the "Development Band", at 35%, could help her in diversifying and strengthening her production base.

5.85. Let me now turn to Mauritania.

5.86. The reports indicate that Mauritania has considerable natural resources, including iron ore, gold and copper, some quantities of offshore oil and a coastline that provides some of the richest fishing grounds in the world as well as a vast potential for livestock farming.

5.87. Although productivity is poor and the economy is uncompetitive, growth between 2010 and 2014 was strong. The extractive industry (iron ore, gold and copper), played a key role in driving the economy, but generated less than 2.5% of employment (2013).

5.88. The Fisheries sector which contributes around 20% of government revenue and about 60,000 jobs in 2017 is an important sector that should play a leading role in combating food security. The Government's fisheries policy aimed at protecting fisheries resources and integrating them into the framework of national development strategy objectives to manage and sustain revenue, and integrate the sector into the economy in order to maximize the socio-economic benefits that it can offer.

5.89. I wish to recognize and applaud Mauritanian government's efforts to improve the business environment in the form of the adoption of a code of property rights; the implementation of the Doing Business roadmap; the implementation of a business creation process that complies with international standards; improvement in the processing of applications for accreditation under the preferential regimes set out in the investment code; and the adoption of the law on public-private partnerships and its implementing decrees.

5.90. These major reforms have pushed the country rapidly up the Doing Business rankings, gaining 26 places in just three years (2014-2017), including 10 in 2017 alone.

5.91. I however take note that the Mauritanian economy is highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks and the increasingly obvious effects of climate change which has to be addressed.

5.92. To conclude, let me commend both countries for their full participation in negotiations, and signing of the Africa CFTA.

EUROPEAN UNION

5.93. On this second day of the joint trade policy review of Guinea and Mauritania, I would like to extend the European Union's warm thanks to both countries for presenting the developments that have occurred since their previous reviews and for their detailed responses to our questions, which reflect the EU's patent interest in this region in terms of trade and development.

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5.94. My thanks also for the very useful and positive additional details received this morning.

5.95. On the other hand, I note that a number of our questions have not yet been answered, doubtless because of time constraints. We would appreciate it if Guinea would return to the questions we submitted in writing and forwarded to the Secretariat, with thanks for the further replies received this morning already.

5.96. In closing, I thank the delegations that worked hard to ensure the success of these two days of proceedings and wish them a positive conclusion to this review.

UNITED STATES

5.97. The United States would like to thank the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania for their participation and active engagement in this Trade Policy Review, which we believe to be a useful exercise in advancing integration into the WTO system.

5.98. As mentioned during the first day of the TPR, we recognize the challenges of the review process for all Members and we appreciate the partial responses received so far. We certainly look forward to receiving the full answers to the questions we submitted in connection with these reviews.

5.99. We have followed with interest and appreciation the deep challenges faced by both Members since their last reviews and are very pleased to see economic growth trends and deeper regional integration. We look forward to hearing more good news on useful reforms, investment, and progress. In particular, we hope to see evidence of significant reforms by the Mauritanian Government concerning "bonded labour".

5.100. We would again respectfully urge the Governments of Guinea and Mauritania to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement, to notify the WTO of legislation on intellectual property rights, and to ratify the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement. The United States again strongly urges both Members to address outstanding notification obligations in various areas and to meet obligations related to WTO tariff bindings and membership contributions.

5.101. In that regard, we comment Mauritania for the news shared this morning regarding full payment of its contributions. This is an excellent and welcomed news.

5.102. In addition, we look forward to Guinea and Mauritania continuing to make advances in infrastructure, improve the business and regulatory environment, develop the workforce, diversify exports, and to attract increased foreign investment and tourism.

5.103. The United States welcomes and looks forward to continued cooperation with Guinea and Mauritania. We congratulate you both on a successful review.

NIGERIA

5.104. Thank you to the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania for their very comprehensive reports and also for the energy and resources that have been put into place since the beginning of the review.

5.105. We didn't raise any questions, we didn't make any comments but we wish to congratulate the two countries for their successful review as attested to by the last two speakers.

5.106. More importantly, we are mindful of the challenge faced by countries that have to do a joint review. It has not been easy to do that and you deserve a commendation for having done so successfully.

5.107. As a country that is also within the West-African region, we will also be looking forward to an opportunity where we can have our review jointly done together in the context of ECOWAS and I think Members of ECOWAS will also look forward to it, where collectively we can have a joint review which would also deepen and facilitate integration within the sub-region.

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5.108. We also look forward to experience sharing in terms of how we are able to do this successfully.

5.109. Once again, you deserve congratulations.

5.110. I think that there are just three points we need to emphasize. One relates to the issue of the Common External Tariff and I think maybe the discussant must have highlighted it, and perhaps the Chairman also highlighted it in his concluding remarks. I won't go into details about the challenge posed by the implementation of the Common External Tariff but I will leave it at that.

5.111. The second one relates to the implementation and ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement which I think would be very helpful in terms of your business regulatory environment, your competitiveness and also your ability to attract foreign direct investment. We encourage you to do your best to expeditiously ratify the TFA while also minding the challenges posed, and we believe that technical and capacity building will be forthcoming on the basis of positive indications of the ability to ratify the TFA.

5.112. The last one I want to encourage is technical and capacity building both in the context of aid for trade but also of the development initiatives that partners could be encouraged to make available to these two countries that are facing different challenges which are not the same. But honestly, we turn to partners and also the WTO Members to be able to come to your rescue in trying to seek out the necessary technical and capacity building to be able to sustain your reforms that is also very welcomed.

5.113. Like I said, we have gladly taken the floor to congratulate and also to express our solidarity and to continue to assure you that Nigeria will continue to partner with you both in your regional integration, and also our bilateral relations.

MS FANTA CISSÉ (GUINEA)

5.114. I feel that I did not sufficiently thank the friend of Guinea who has been with us today, namely the Discussant, who, despite the huge difficulties facing our countries, as well as the reforms and all the new measures undertaken to lift us out of under-development and poverty, voiced words of encouragement not only to Guinea but also to our fellow country, Mauritania. The thanks I expressed earlier fell short of the deep appreciation I now want to convey.

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6 CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON

6.1. This second joint review of Guinea and Mauritania, the fourth for Guinea and the third for Mauritania, has enabled us to assess the changes in their trade policies and practices, and the effects thereof on their economies since 2011. Our discussions have benefited from the participation of H.E. Ms Naha Mint Hamdi Ould Mouknass, Minister for Trade, Industry and Tourism and head of the delegation of Mauritania, and Ms Fanta Cisse, Secretary General of the Ministry of Trade and head of the delegation of Guinea. I am also grateful to H.E. Mr Alberto Sanz for his contribution as the discussant, and to the Members for their commitment to this review.

6.2. Members began by commending Guinea and Mauritania on the reforms that had helped to improve their macroeconomic situation. Those reforms have included a restructuring of their exchange rate regimes, actions to combat fraud and enhance the transparency of their payment systems, and a tightening of both their monetary and budgetary policies. At the sectoral level, the adoption of new mining and petroleum legislation, implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural sector, improvement of the transport and communication infrastructure and, above all, expansion of electricity generation capacity had to some extent increased the attractiveness of those economies.

6.3. The reforms contributed to a substantial increase in the annual GDP growth rates in both countries until 2014, after which they declined on account of the collapse of the world prices of gold, bauxite and iron ore, exacerbated in 2015, in the case of Guinea by the Ebola epidemic, and of Mauritania by a severe and prolonged drought. Owing to the sharp inequalities in wealth distribution, aggravated in part by the fall in world prices, poverty levels remain high within the two countries, which remain essentially dependent on the mining sector as the main source of their export earnings.

6.4. In regard to trade policy, the Members invited Mauritania and Guinea to ratify and implement the Trade Facilitation Agreement and the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement. They reiterated most of the concerns already expressed at the time of the previous joint review of the two countries and emphasized the need to make further improvements in the business environment in each country and to stimulate investment in the areas in which their potential remained largely untapped. Those concerns relate in particular to:

- the exceeding of WTO tariff bindings which will be aggravated following the implementation of the ECOWAS common external tariff by the two countries;

- the numerous other duties and charges on imports;

- the numerous waivers and exemptions which further complicate the taxation systems of the two countries;

- the need to review the multiple export taxes; and

- the gaps in regard to notifications to the WTO, particularly where technical regulations, SPS measures and state trading are concerned.

6.5. Members also invited the two countries to tackle the lack of competition, particularly in the area of food product imports; to continue in their efforts to diversify their economies; and to pursue their efforts to enhance governance, particularly in the mining sector. Emphasis was laid on the urgent need for sustainable management in the fisheries industries. The two countries were likewise invited once again to strengthen their commitments under the GATS, particularly where banking and insurance services were concerned. Several participants encouraged Guinea and Mauritania to improve the protection of intellectual property rights by, among other measures, effectively combating counterfeiting. Members welcomed the new provisions on government procurement and on public-private partnerships, and called for their full and speedy implementation.

6.6. Members took note of the responses provided by the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania, and look forward to receiving the outstanding responses.

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6.7. In conclusion, I believe that this review has enabled us to deepen our understanding of the trade-related policies and practices of Guinea and Mauritania. The numerous statements made during the course of this review reflect the importance that Members attach to the two countries and to their trade regimes in particular. This is illustrated by the high number – a total of 28 – speakers during the first session, and we have had four further statements, bringing that number to 32, with a total of 138 advance written questions. The consideration by the two Members of the relevant conclusions of this Review as they pursue their reforms, coupled with the improvement of their multilateral commitments, should serve to enhance the transparency and predictability of their trade regimes and contribute to attracting foreign investment. I invite Members to support Guinea and Mauritania in their continued efforts by providing further market access for their goods and services, and by being more attentive to their requests for technical and financial assistance, so as to enable them to meet the challenges that lie along the road towards their full integration into the multilateral trading system.

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