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Catholic Church ChurchChurch HistoryHistory ChurchChurch HistoryHistory IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AncientAncient ChurchChurch AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies th th TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance AD 1414th-15-15th centuriescenturies th ConquestConquest andand ReformationReformation AD 1616th centurycentury th th TheThe AgeAge ofof EnlightenmentEnlightenment AD 1717th-18-18th centuriescenturies th TheThe AgeAge ofof RevolutionRevolution AD 1919th centurycentury th TheThe ModernModern AgeAge AD 2020th centurycentury st TheThe PostmodernPostmodern AgeAge AD 2121st centurycentury ChurchChurch HistoryHistory IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AncientAncient ChurchChurch AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies th th TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance AD 1414th-15-15th centuriescenturies th ConquestConquest andand ReformationReformation AD 1616th centurycentury th th TheThe AgeAge ofof EnlightenmentEnlightenment AD 1717th-18-18th centuriescenturies th TheThe AgeAge ofof RevolutionRevolution AD 1919th centurycentury th TheThe ModernModern AgeAge AD 2020th centurycentury Modern Empire-Building Post-War Religion (part 3) TheThe ModernModern AgeAge EveryoneEveryone scrambledscrambled toto figurefigure outout religion...religion... 19261926 TheThe CristeroCristero WarWar brokebroke outout inin MexicoMexico DictatorDictator PorfirioPorfirio DíazDíaz hadhad beenbeen thethe absolute—andabsolute—and basicallybasically corrupt—leadercorrupt—leader ofof MexicoMexico fromfrom 18841884 toto 1911,1911, pushingpushing outout anyoneanyone whowho stoodstood againstagainst himhim But beginning in 1910, a Mexican Revolution put landownerlandowner FranciscoFrancisco MaderoMadero inin powerpower inin 19111911 until he was forced to resign in 1913, and General Victoriano Huerta's military coup left him in charge leadingleading toto aa nasty,nasty, full-borefull-bore MexicanMexican CivilCivil War,War, withwith Huerta deposed and on the run by the end of 1914 installinginstalling thethe ConstitutionalistConstitutionalist VenustianoVenustiano CarranzaCarranza to lead the Mexican government's fight against rebels such as Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PancoPanco VillaVilla hadhad originallyoriginally beenbeen oneone ofof Carranza'sCarranza's bestbest generals,generals, leadingleading thethe fightfight alongsidealongside otherother generalsgenerals suchsuch asas ÁlvaroÁlvaro ObregónObregón againstagainst Huerta'sHuerta's counter-counter- constitutionalconstitutional forcesforces But political struggles between Villa and Carranza grew (they couldn't both be the next President of Mexico) and after Carranza's forces took power first, Villa sought support from revolutionaries like Zapata TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PancoPanco VillaVilla hadhad originallyoriginally beenbeen oneone ofof Carranza'sCarranza's bestbest generals,generals, leadingleading thethe fightfight alongsidealongside otherother generalsgenerals suchsuch asas ÁlvaroÁlvaro ObregónObregón againstagainst Huerta'sHuerta's counter-counter- constitutionalconstitutional forcesforces But political struggles between Villa and Carranza grew (they couldn't both be the next President of Mexico) and after Carranza's forces took power first, Villa sought support from revolutionaries like Zapata But he also sought support from Americans—and he recognized the growing political power of mass media so in 1914, D.W. Griffith produced The Life of Gen. Villa starring Pancho Villa as himself (indelibly painting a picture of Villa as a poor, noble revolutionary in the American psyche) (remind me—how important are our mass media in creating public opinion?) TheThe ModernModern AgeAge EveryoneEveryone scrambledscrambled toto figurefigure outout religion...religion... 19261926 TheThe CristeroCristero WarWar brokebroke outout inin MexicoMexico DictatorDictator PorfirioPorfirio DíazDíaz hadhad beenbeen thethe absolute—andabsolute—and basicallybasically corrupt—leadercorrupt—leader ofof MexicoMexico fromfrom 18841884 toto 1911,1911, pushingpushing outout anyoneanyone whowho stoodstood againstagainst himhim TheThe MexicanMexican ConstitutionConstitution ofof 19171917 essentiallyessentially endedended thethe revolutionrevolution withwith aa numbernumber ofof reforms—reforms— notnot onlyonly toto thethe rolerole andand powerpower ofof thethe President,President, butbut alsoalso toto areasareas likelike educationeducation andand religionreligion No longer would the Catholic Church have a monopoly on education, nor control large civilian populations who lived on Catholic lands—now schools would be based on modern, scientific principles, and democracy would be practiced, even in Catholic-held townships, etc. Thus, for instance, priests were forbidden from holding public office, or preaching on behalf of specific political candidates—and the new Constitution even attempted to regulate the number of priests in each state But neither Carranza nor his successor, Álvaro Obregón, did much to enforce any of that... But then along came Plutarco Calles TheThe ModernModern AgeAge EveryoneEveryone scrambledscrambled toto figurefigure outout religion...religion... 19261926 TheThe CristeroCristero WarWar brokebroke outout inin MexicoMexico DictatorDictator PorfirioPorfirio DíazDíaz hadhad beenbeen thethe absolute—andabsolute—and basicallybasically corrupt—leadercorrupt—leader ofof MexicoMexico fromfrom 18841884 toto 1911,1911, pushingpushing outout anyoneanyone whowho stoodstood againstagainst himhim TheThe MexicanMexican ConstitutionConstitution ofof 19171917 essentiallyessentially endedended thethe revolutionrevolution withwith aa numbernumber ofof reforms—reforms— notnot onlyonly toto thethe rolerole andand powerpower ofof thethe President,President, butbut alsoalso toto areasareas likelike educationeducation andand religionreligion CallesCalles camecame toto powerpower inin 19241924 andand immediatelyimmediately beganbegan toto crackcrack downdown onon thethe CatholicCatholic Church—Church— seeingseeing themthem asas aa politicalpolitical entityentity inin theirtheir ownown rightright Passing what became known as the “Calles Law,” he enforced a strict interpretation of the Constitution Only one priest was allowed per state, no foreign priests were allowed in Mexico, Catholic-held lands (including monasteries) were to be turned over to the government, priests were not allowed to wear clerical collars in public or speak against the government in any way, etc. So revolution broke out again in Mexico... TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RadiatingRadiating fromfrom thethe centralcentral states,states, revolutionariesrevolutionaries callingcalling themselvesthemselves “Cristeros”“Cristeros” (after “Cristo Rey” or “Christ the King”) TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RadiatingRadiating fromfrom thethe centralcentral states,states, revolutionariesrevolutionaries callingcalling themselvesthemselves “Cristeros”“Cristeros” beganbegan takingtaking aa standstand againstagainst thethe government'sgovernment's policiespolicies Socio-political groups such as the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty and the Mexican Association of Catholic Youth tried peaceful protests but more radical elements took up arms against the government, particularly in in the region around Guadalajara Battles left dozens dead, and the government stepped up its campaign with public executions of priests which just escalated the conflict, until the Cristeros began to number in the tens of thousands, building up their own army Pius XI officially condemned the whole violent revolution but also offered indulgences to anyone who took part in actively fighting against the Mexican government (including for the rebel leader,leader, FatherFather JoséJosé Reyes Vega—renowned for his level of brutality) TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RadiatingRadiating fromfrom thethe centralcentral states,states, revolutionariesrevolutionaries callingcalling themselvesthemselves “Cristeros”“Cristeros” beganbegan takingtaking aa standstand againstagainst thethe government'sgovernment's policiespolicies InIn thethe UnitedUnited States,States, publicpublic opinionopinion waswas variedvaried In general, people were predisposed to supporting religious freedom—as well as supporting the basic American ideal of freedom fighters taking a stand against an oppressive regime The Knights of Columbus even raised $1,000 to send to the revolutionaries to help with their cause TheThe ModernModern AgeAge FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RadiatingRadiating fromfrom thethe centralcentral states,states, revolutionariesrevolutionaries callingcalling themselvesthemselves “Cristeros”“Cristeros” beganbegan takingtaking aa standstand againstagainst thethe government'sgovernment's
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