An Introduction to an Introduction to Particle Accelerators
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+ ASI&’rrrativc ActioIs/Eq51dS&MtSUdtyErrqsbyer < This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute, Division of Research Resources and Centers, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Edited by Ixruise Taylor, AT Division. DISCLAMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by assagency of the Uruted States &rvcrrrment. Neither the United States Ciovernanerstnor any agency thereof, nor asryof their employru, makes any *anty, express or irnpfied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessof arsyirsfornsation, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specitlc comnserciat product. process, or aer+ce by trade name, trademark, rnamafacmrer, or otherwise, does not necessady constitute or imply ita errdorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Urdted States Government or any agency thersof. llte view and opinions of authors expressed herein do not nemsas-ity stare or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. LA-9144-MS UC-28 and UC-48 Issued: February 1982 . ● / A Linear Accelerator for Radioisotope Production L.D. Hansborough R. W. Harem J. E. Stovall i !-=-—- ‘ - I I . -.... J“’”’ .“ Los Alamos National Laboratory ~~~~la~~s Lo.Alamo.,New.exi..875.~ A LINEAR ACCELERATOR FOR RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION by L. D. Hansborough, R. W. Harem, and J. E. Stovall ABSTRACT A 200- to 500-uA source of 70- to 90-MeV protons would be a valuable asset to the nuclear medicine program. A linear accelerator (linac) can achieve this performance, and it can be extended to even higher energies and currents. Variable energy and current options are available. -
FROM KEK-PS to J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan
FROM KEK-PS TO J-PARC Yoshishige Yamazaki, J-PARC, KEK & JAEA, Japan Abstract target are located in series. Every 3 s or so, depending The user experiments at J-PARC have just started. upon the usage of the main ring (MR), the beam is JPARC, which stands for Japan Proton Accelerator extracted from the RCS to be injected to the MR. Here, it Research Complex, comprises a 400-MeV linac (at is ramped up to 30 GeV at present and slowly extracted to present: 180 MeV, being upgraded), a 3-GeV rapid- Hadron Experimental Hall, where the kaon-production cycling synchrotron (RCS), and a 50-GeV main ring target is located. The experiments using the kaons are (MR) synchrotron, which is now in operation at 30 GeV. conducted there. Sometimes, it is fast extracted to The RCS will provide the muon-production target and the produce the neutrinos, which are sent to the Super spallation-neutron-production target with a beam power Kamiokande detector, which is located 295-km west of of 1 MW (at present: 120 kW) at a repetition rate of 25 the J-PARC site. In the future, we are conceiving the Hz. The muons and neutrons thus generated will be used possibility of constructing a test facility for an in materials science, life science, and others, including accelerator-driven nuclear waste transmutation system, industrial applications. The beams that are fast extracted which was shifted to Phase II. We are trying every effort from the MR generate neutrinos to be sent to the Super to get funding for this facility. -
Synchrotron Light Source
Synchrotron Light Source The evolution of light sources echoes the progress of civilization in technology, and carries with it mankind's hopes to make life's dreams come true. The synchrotron light source is one of the most influential light sources in scientific research in our times. Bright light generated by ultra-rapidly orbiting electrons leads human beings to explore the microscopic world. Located in Hsinchu Science Park, the NSRRC operates a high-performance synchrotron, providing X-rays of great brightness that is unattainable in conventional laboratories and that draws NSRRC users from academic and technological communities worldwide. Each year, scientists and students have been paying over ten thousand visits to the NSRRC to perform experiments day and night in various scientific fields, using cutting-edge technologies and apparatus. These endeavors aim to explore the vast universe, scrutinize the complicated structures of life, discover novel nanomaterials, create a sustainable environment of green energy, unveil living things in the distant past, and deliver better and richer material and spiritual lives to mankind. Synchrotron Light Source Light, also known as electromagnetic waves, has always been an important means for humans to observe and study the natural world. The electromagnetic spectrum includes not only visible light, which can be seen with a naked human eye, but also radiowaves, microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays, classified according to their wave lengths. Light of Trajectory of the electron beam varied kind, based on its varied energetic characteristics, plays varied roles in the daily lives of human beings. The synchrotron light source, accidentally discovered at the synchrotron accelerator of General Electric Company in the U.S. -
Introduction to Accelerators
Introduction to Accelerators Lecture 4 Basic Properties of Particle Beams William A. Barletta Director, United States Particle Accelerator School Dept. of Physics, MIT US Particle Accelerator School Homework item US Particle Accelerator School From the last lecture US Particle Accelerator School We computed the B-field from current loop with I = constant By the Biot-Savart law we found that on the z-axis I 2 2IR2 B = Rsin d zˆ = zˆ cr2 2 2 3/2 0 cR()+ z What happens if we drive the current to have a time variation? r R US Particle Accelerator School The far field B-field has a static dipole form Importantly the ring of current does not radiate US Particle Accelerator School Question to ponder: What is the field from this situation? r R We’ll return to this question in the second half of the course US Particle Accelerator School Is this really paradoxical? Let’s look at Maxwell’s equations Take the curl of xE Hence US Particle Accelerator School The dipole radiation field: note the similarity to the static dipole US Particle Accelerator School Now on to beams US Particle Accelerator School Beams: particle bunches with directed velocity Ions - either missing electrons (+) or with extra electrons (-) Electrons or positrons Plasma - ions plus electrons Source techniques depend on type of beam & on application US Particle Accelerator School Electron sources - thermionic Heated metals Some electrons have energies above potential barrier Cannot escape + HV Enough energy to escape # of electrons Work function = Electrons in a metal -
Scaling Behavior of Circular Colliders Dominated by Synchrotron Radiation
SCALING BEHAVIOR OF CIRCULAR COLLIDERS DOMINATED BY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Richard Talman Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics Cornell University White Paper at the 2015 IAS Program on the Future of High Energy Physics Abstract time scales measured in minutes, for example causing the The scaling formulas in this paper—many of which in- beams to be flattened, wider than they are high [1] [2] [3]. volve approximation—apply primarily to electron colliders In this regime scaling relations previously valid only for like CEPC or FCC-ee. The more abstract “radiation dom- electrons will be applicable also to protons. inated” phrase in the title is intended to encourage use of This paper concentrates primarily on establishing scaling the formulas—though admittedly less precisely—to proton laws that are fully accurate for a Higgs factory such as CepC. colliders like SPPC, for which synchrotron radiation begins Dominating everything is the synchrotron radiation formula to dominate the design in spite of the large proton mass. E4 Optimizing a facility having an electron-positron Higgs ∆E / ; (1) R factory, followed decades later by a p,p collider in the same tunnel, is a formidable task. The CepC design study con- stitutes an initial “constrained parameter” collider design. relating energy loss per turn ∆E, particle energy E and bend 1 Here the constrained parameters include tunnel circumfer- radius R. This is the main formula governing tunnel ence, cell lengths, phase advance per cell, etc. This approach circumference for CepC because increasing R decreases is valuable, if the constrained parameters are self-consistent ∆E. and close to optimal. -
Tutorial on Accelerator-Based Light Sources∗
TUOAS1 Proceedings of 2011 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, NY, USA A TUTORIAL ON ACCELERATOR-BASED LIGHT SOURCES∗ M. Borland† , ANL, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Abstract light compared to protons, electrons are far easier to ac- celerate to relativistic energies, and hence are preferred Accelerator-based light sources are some of the largest for radiation generation. The first accelerator-generated and most successful scientific user facilities in existence, x-rays were created by the rapid deflection and decel- serving tens of thousands of users each year. These im- eration electrons experience when hitting a metal target portant facilities enable research in diverse fields, includ- (bremsstrahlung radiation). A more controlled technique ing biology, pharmaceuticals, energy conservation and pro- uses a magnetic field to deflect the particle trajectory in a duction, data storage, and archaeology. In this tutorial, circular arc, which produces acceleration at right angles to we briefly review the history of accelerator-based light the direction of motion. sources. We present an overview of the different types of accelerator-based light sources, including a description of For circulating electrons with β 1, radiation is emit- their various operating principles, as well as a discussion of ted in a broad angular pattern at the revolution frequency. measures of performance. Technical challenges of current Radiation is emitted most strongly in the forward and back- and future light sources are also reviewed. ward directions, for which a distant observer sees the great- est acceleration. However, when β ≈ 1 the emitting elec- tron follows closely behind the forward-directed radiation, INTRODUCTION which has β =1. -
Electrostatic Particle Accelerators the Cyclotron Linear Particle Accelerators the Synchrotron +
Uses: Mass Spectrometry Uses Overview Uses: Hadron Therapy This is a technique in analytical chemistry. Ionising particles such as protons are fired into the It allows the identification of chemicals by ionising them body. They are aimed at cancerous tissue. and measuring the mass to charge ratio of each ion type Most methods like this irradiate the surrounding tissue too, against relative abundance. but protons release most of their energy at the end of their It also allows the relative atomic mass of different elements travel. (see graphs) be measured by comparing the relative abundance of the This allows the cancer cells to be targeted more precisely, with ions of different isotopes of the element. less damage to surrounding tissue. An example mass spectrum is shown below: Linear Particle Accelerators Electrostatic Particle Accelerators These are still in a straight line, but now the voltage is no longer static - it is oscillating. An electrostatic voltageis provided at one end of a vacuum tube. This means the voltage is changing - so if it were a magnet, it would be first positive, then This is like the charge on a magnet. negative. At the other end of the tube, there are particles Like the electrostatic accelerator, a charged particle is attracted to it as the charges are opposite, but just with the opposite charge. as the particle goes past the voltage changes, and the charge of the plate swaps (so it is now the same charge Like north and south poles on a magnet, the opposite charges as the particle). attract and the particle is pulled towards the voltage. -
Conceptual Design of Advanced Steady-State Tokamak Reactor -Compact and Safety Commercial Power Plant (A-SSTR2)
Conceptual Design of Advanced Steady-State Tokamak Reactor -Compact and Safety Commercial Power Plant (A-SSTR2)- S. NISHIO 1), K. USHIGUSA 1), S. UEDA 1), A. POLEVOI 2), K. TOBITA 1), R. KURIHARA 1), I. AOKI 1), H. OKADA 1), G. HU 3), S. KONISHI 1), I. SENDA 1), Y. MURAKAMI 1), T. ANDO 1), Y. OHARA 1), M. NISHI 1), S. JITSUKAWA 1), R. YAMADA 1), H. KAWAMURA 1), S. ISHIYAMA 1), K. OKANO 4), T. SASAKI 5), G. KURITA 1), M. KURIYAMA 1), Y. SEKI 1), M. KIKUCHI 1) 1) Naka Fusion Research Establishment, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Naka-machi, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 311-0193 Japan 2) STA fellow, Kurchatov Institute, RF, 3)STA scientist exchange program, SWIP, P.R.China, 4)Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan, 5)Mitsubishi Fusion Center, Japan e-mail contact of main author : [email protected] Abstract. Based on the last decade JAERI reactor design studies, the advanced commercial reactor concept (A- SSTR2) which meets both economical and environmental requirements has been proposed. The A-SSTR2 is a compact power reactor (Rp=6.2m, ap=1.5m, Ip=12MA) with a high fusion power (Pf =4GW) and a net thermal efficiency of 51%. The machine configuration is simplified by eliminating a center solenoid (CS) coil system. SiC/SiC composite for blanket structure material, helium gas cooling with pressure of 10MPa and outlet temperature of 900˚C, and TiH2 for bulk shield material are introduced. For the toroidal field (TF) coil, a high temperature (T C) superconducting wire made of bismuth with the maximum field of 23Tand the critical current density of 1000A/mm2 at a temperature of 20K is applied. -
A Brief History and Review of Accelerators
A BRIEF HISTORY AND REVIEW OF ACCELERATORS P.J. Bryant CERN, Geneva, Switzerland ABSTRACT The history of accelerators is traced from three separate roots, through a rapid development to the present day. The well-known Livingston chart is used to illustrate how spectacular this development has been with, on average, an increase of one and a half orders of magnitude in energy per decade, since the early thirties. Several present-day accelerators are reviewed along with plans and hopes for the future. 1 . INTRODUCTION High-energy physics research has always been the driving force behind the development of particle accelerators. They started life in physics research laboratories in glass envelopes sealed with varnish and putty with shining electrodes and frequent discharges, but they have long since outgrown this environment to become large-scale facilities offering services to large communities. Although the particle physics community is still the main group, they have been joined by others of whom the synchrotron light users are the largest and fastest growing. There is also an increasing interest in radiation therapy in the medical world and industry has been a long-time user of ion implantation and many other applications. Consequently accelerators now constitute a field of activity in their own right with professional physicists and engineers dedicated to their study, construction and operation. This paper will describe the early history of accelerators, review the important milestones in their development up to the present day and take a preview of future plans and hopes. 2 . HISTORICAL ROOTS The early history of accelerators can be traced from three separate roots. -
Concept of an Accelerator-Driven Advanced Nuclear Energy System
Article Concept of an Accelerator-Driven Advanced Nuclear Energy System Xuesong Yan, Lei Yang *, Xunchao Zhang and Wenlong Zhan Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-4969-187 Academic Editor: Hiroshi Sekimoto Received: 24 March 2017; Accepted: 10 May 2017; Published: 7 July 2017 Abstract: The utilization of clean energy is a matter of primary importance for sustainable development as well as a vital approach for solving worldwide energy-related issues. If the low utilization rate of nuclear fuel, nuclear proliferation, and insufficient nuclear safety can be solved, nuclear fission energy could be used as a sustainable and low-carbon clean energy form for thousands of years, providing steady and base-load electrical resources. To address these challenges, we propose an accelerator-driven advanced nuclear energy system (ADANES), consisting of a burner system and a fuel recycle system. In ADANES, the ideal utilization rate of nuclear fuel will be >95%, and the final disposal of nuclear waste will be minimized. The design of a high-temperature ceramic reactor makes the burner system safer. Part of fission products (FPs) are removed during the simple reprocessing in the fuel recycle system, significantly reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation of nuclear technology and materials. The ADANES concept integrates nuclear waste transmutation, nuclear fuel breeding, and safety power production, with an ideal closed loop operation of nuclear fission energy, constituting a major innovation of great potential interest for future energy applications. -
Synchrotron Radiation R.P
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION R.P. Walker Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy Abstract The basic properties of synchrotron radiation are described, and their relevance to the design of electron and proton rings is discussed. The development of specialized sources of synchrotron radiation is also considered. 1 . INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle beam in a circular accelerator is termed "synchrotron radiation" (SR) after its first visual observation nearly 50 years ago in the General Electric (G.E.) 70 MeV Synchrotron. The theoretical basis for understanding synchrotron radiation however goes back much further. Maxwell's equations (1873) made it clear that changing charge densities would radiate electromagnetic waves, and Hertz demonstrated these waves in 1887. The first more directly relevant development was the publication of Liénard's paper entitled "The electric and magnetic field produced by an electric charge concentrated at a point and in arbitrary motion" [1]. This work includes the energy loss formula for particles travelling on a circular path with relativistic velocities. Later, Schott published a detailed essay that included also the angular and frequency distribution of the radiation, as well as the polarization properties [2]. No further interest appears to have been taken in the topic until the early 1940's, when theoretical work in the Soviet Union showed that the energy loss may pose a limit on the maximum energy obtainable in the betatron [3]. Then in 1946 Blewett measured the energy loss due to SR in the G.E. 100 MeV betatron and found agreement with theory, but failed to detect the radiation after searching in the microwave region of the spectrum [4]. -
Particle Accelerators
Particle Accelerators By Stephen Lucas The subatomic Shakespeare of St.Neots Purposes of this presentation… To be able to explain how different particle accelerators work. To be able to explain the role of magnetic fields in particle accelerators. How the magnetic force provides the centripetal force in particle accelerators. Why have particle accelerators? They enable similarly charged particles to get close to each other - e.g. Rutherford blasted alpha particles at a thin piece of gold foil, in order to get the positively charged alpha particle near to the nucleus of a gold atom, high energies were needed to overcome the electrostatic force of repulsion. The more energy given to particles, the shorter their de Broglie wavelength (λ = h/mv), therefore the greater the detail that can be investigated using them as a probe e.g. – at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, electrons were accelerated to high energies and smashed into protons and neutrons revealing charge concentrated at three points – quarks. Colliding particles together, the energy is re-distributed producing new particles. The higher the collision energy the larger the mass of the particles that can be produced. E = mc2 The types of particle accelerator Linear Accelerators or a LINAC Cyclotron Synchrotron Basic Principles All accelerators are based on the same principle. A charged particle accelerates between a gap between two electrodes when there is a potential difference between them. Energy transferred, Ek = Charge, C x p.d, V Joules (J) Coulombs (C) Volts (V) Ek = QV Converting to electron volts 1 eV is the energy transferred to an electron when it moves through a potential difference of 1V.